Name: chemical analysis of water-accommodated fractions of crude oil spills using tims-ft-icr ms
Uploaded: 2017-03-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av National Institute of Health (Grant No. R00GM106414 til FFL). Vi ønsker å erkjenne Advanced massespektrometri Facility of Florida International University for deres støtte.

1. Utarbeidelse av Lavenergivann innkvartert Fraksjoner (LEWAF) <ol><li> Ren 2-L aspiratoranordninger flasker ved å skylle flaskene med metylenklorid for å fjerne eventuelle forurensninger. </li><li> Fyll flaskene med 50 ml metylenklorid, lukke dem, og agitere i 30 sek. Tømme dem i riktig avfallsbeholder. Gjenta til totalt tre vaskinger. </li><li> Bruke en aspirator flaske for bestrålingseksponering og den andre flasken som en kontrollprøve (utføre dupliserte sett av hver hvis mulig). </li><li> Forbered kunstig ...

<ol>
	<li>King, S. M., Leaf, P. A., Olson, A. C., Ray, P. Z., Tarr, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photolytic+and+photocatalytic+degradation+of+surface+oil+from+the+Deepwater+Horizon+spill.">Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of surface oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill.</a> Chemosphere. 95, 415-422 (2014).</li><li>Ray, P. Z., Chen, H., Podgorski, D. C., McKenna, A. M., Tarr, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sunlight+creates+oxygenated+species+in+water-soluble+fractions+of+Deepwater+Horizon+oil.">Sunlight creates oxygenated species in water-soluble fractions of Deepwater Horizon oil.</a> J Hazard Mater. 280, 636-643 (2014).</li><li>Duesterloh, S., Short, J. W., Barron, M. 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G., Altin, D., Nordtug, T., Daling, P. S., Hansen, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+comparison+and+acute+toxicity+of+water+accommodated+fraction+(WAF)+of+source+and+field+collected+Macondo+oils+from+the+Deepwater+Horizon+spill.">Chemical comparison and acute toxicity of water accommodated fraction (WAF) of source and field collected Macondo oils from the Deepwater Horizon spill.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 91 (1), 222-229 (2015).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradation+of+dispersed+Macondo+crude+oil+by+indigenous+Gulf+of+Mexico+microbial+communities.">Biodegradation of dispersed Macondo crude oil by indigenous Gulf of Mexico microbial communities.</a> Science of The Total Environment. 557-558, 453-468 (2016).</li><li>McKenna, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expansion+of+the+analytical+window+for+oil+spill+characterization+by+ultrahigh+resolution+mass+spectrometry:+beyond+gas+chromatography.">Expansion of the analytical window for oil spill characterization by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: beyond gas chromatography.</a> Environ Sci Technol. 47 (13), 7530-7539 (2013).</li><li>Fernandez-Lima, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Petroleum+crude+oil+characterization+by+IMS-MS+and+FTICR+MS.">Petroleum crude oil characterization by IMS-MS and FTICR MS.</a> Anal Chem. 81 (24), 9941-9947 (2009).</li><li>Benigni, P., Marin, R., Fernandez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+unsupervised+polyaromatic+hydrocarbons+structural+assignment+from+SA-TIMS-FTMS+data.">Towards unsupervised polyaromatic hydrocarbons structural assignment from SA-TIMS-FTMS data.</a> Int J Ion Mobil Spectrom. 18 (3), 151-157 (2015).</li><li>Benigni, P., Thompson, C. J., Ridgeway, M. E., Park, M. A., Fernandez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+high-resolution+ion+mobility+separation+coupled+to+ultrahigh-resolution+mass+spectrometry+of+endocrine+disruptors+in+complex+mixtures.">Targeted high-resolution ion mobility separation coupled to ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry of endocrine disruptors in complex mixtures.</a> Anal Chem. 87 (8), 4321-4325 (2015).</li><li>Benigni, P., Fernandez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oversampling+Selective+Accumulation+Trapped+Ion+Mobility+Spectrometry+coupled+to+FT-ICR+MS:+Fundamentals+and+Applications.">Oversampling Selective Accumulation Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry coupled to FT-ICR MS: Fundamentals and Applications.</a> Analytical Chemistry. , (2016).</li><li>Castellanos, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+Screening+of+Polycyclic+Aromatic+Hydrocarbons+using+Trapped+Ion+Mobility+Spectrometry+Mass+Spectrometry.">Fast Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry.</a> Anal Methods. 6 (23), 9328-9332 (2014).</li><li>Benigni, P., DeBord, J. D., Thompson, C. J., Gardinali, P., Fernandez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+Polyaromatic+Hydrocarbon+(PAH)+Molecular+Coverage+during+Fossil+Oil+Analysis+by+Combining+Gas+Chromatography+and+Atmospheric-Pressure+Laser+Ionization+Fourier+Transform+Ion+Cyclotron+Resonance+Mass+Spectrometry+(FT-ICR+MS).">Increasing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Molecular Coverage during Fossil Oil Analysis by Combining Gas Chromatography and Atmospheric-Pressure Laser Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS).</a> Energy &amp; Fuels. 30 (1), 196-203 (2016).</li><li>Qi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absorption-Mode+Fourier+Transform+Mass+Spectrometry:+the+Effects+of+Apodization+and+Phasing+on+Modified+Protein+Spectra.">Absorption-Mode Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: the Effects of Apodization and Phasing on Modified Protein Spectra.</a> Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 24 (6), 828-834 (2013).</li><li>Lababidi, S., Schrader, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Online+normal-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography/Fourier+transform+ion+cyclotron+resonance+mass+spectrometry:+Effects+of+different+ionization+methods+on+the+characterization+of+highly+complex+crude+oil+mixtures.">Online normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Effects of different ionization methods on the characterization of highly complex crude oil mixtures.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 28 (12), 1345-1352 (2014).</li></ol>

Kritiske trinn i protokollen Den kjemiske kompleksitet LEWAFs krever nøyaktig forberedelse for at laboratorieforsøk for å gjenspeile det som skjer naturlig. En gyldig vurdering av data hengsler på tre kriterier: minimere innføring av gjenstander i hele prøvehåndtering (for eksempel utarbeidelse av LEWAF, prøvetaking, utklemming, og forberedelse av prøven for analyse), validere den eksperimentelle protokollen (dvs. bruke mørke kontroller for den foto-bestråling ekspe...

Det er mange kilder til miljømessig eksponering for råolje, både fra naturlige årsaker og fra menneskeskapt påvirkning. Ved å slippe ut i omgivelsene, spesielt i sjøen, kan den råolje gjennomgår partisjonering, med dannelse av en oljeflekk på overflaten, et tap av flyktige bestanddeler til atmosfæren, og sedimentering. Imidlertid lavenergi blanding av lite oppløselige olje og vann forekommer, og denne blanding, som ikke er klassisk oppløseliggjort, danner det som refereres til som den vann innpasses fraksjon (LEWAF) lav-energi. Oppløseliggjøringen av oljekomponenter i vann er vanligvis forsterket ved eksponering av olje-vann-grenseflaten for solstråling. Dette bilde-oppløsning av den urene olje i havet kan gjennomgå betydelige kjemiske endringer på grunn av denne eksponering for solstråler og / eller på grunn av enzymatisk nedbrytning 1, 2. Forstå disse kjemiske endringer og<html> hvor de forekommer i nærvær av bulkmassen (dvs. den råolje) er fundamental for å dempe effektene av denne eksponeringen har på miljøet. Tidligere studier har vist at råolje gjennomgår oksygenering, spesielt de polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner (PAH), som representerer en meget giftig forurensningskilde som skader organismer, gjennomgår bioakkumulering, og bioaktivt 3, 5, 6. Forståelse produkter av de forskjellige oksygeneringsprosesser er utfordrende fordi de forekommer bare i nærvær av bulkmassen. Derfor kan en enkelt, standard analyse ikke være representative for de forandringer som forekommer i naturen. Utarbeidelse av LEWAF må gjenskape de naturlige prosessene som foregår i en miljø setting. Av spesiell interesse er den oksygenering av PAH, som oppstår på grunn av solstråling. t &quot;&gt; Den andre utfordringen i studiet av den vann innlemmes fraksjon er molekyl identifikasjon av de forskjellige kjemiske bestanddeler i prøven. På grunn av kompleksiteten av prøven, forårsaket av den høye masse og graden av oksygen, oksygene produktene vanligvis uegnet for den tradisjonelle analyse utført ved gasskromatografi kombinert med MS-analysen, 7, 8. en alternativ tilnærming er å karakterisere endringene i den kjemiske formel for prøven ved å benytte ultrahøye masse-løsnings-MS teknikker (f.eks FT-ICR MS ). Ved å koble TIMS til FT-ICR MS, i tillegg til isobar separasjonen i MS-domenet, gir ionemobilitet spektrometri (IMS) dimensjon separasjon og karakteristiske informasjon fra de forskjellige isomerer tilstede i prøven 9, 10, 11. kombinert med en atmosfærisk trykk laserionisering (Apli) kilde, kan analysen være selektiv for de konjugerte molekyler som finnes i prøven, slik at endringer som PAH gjennomgår for å være nøyaktig, karakterisert 12, 13. I dette arbeidet, beskriver vi en protokoll for fremstilling av LEWAFs utsatt for bilde-bestråling for å studere forandringsprosesser av oljekomponentene. Vi illustrerer også de endringer som oppstår ved foto-bestråling, så vel som fremgangsmåten for prøve ekstraksjon. Vi vil også presentere bruk av Apli med TIMS kombinert med FT-ICR MS for å karakterisere PAH i de LEWAF som en funksjon av eksponering for lys.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="915">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:228px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:156px;"></td>
			<td style="width:156px;"></td>
			<td style="width:375px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">methylene chloride</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">methanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">toluene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Crude oil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instant Ocean&#174;</td>
			<td>Aquarium Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>33 ppt salinity with 0.45 &#956;m pore filtration&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Suntext XLS+</td>
			<td>Atlas Chicalo Ill, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1500 w xeon arc lamp, light intensity of 765 W/m2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Note a 266 nm laser is used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TIMS-FT-ICR MS Instrument</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The set up we had consisted of a 7T magnet with an infinity cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DataAnalysis 4.2</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Python 2.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Requires Numpy, Scipy, Pandas, glob, oct2py, and os</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Octave 4.0</td>
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			<td></td>
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chemical analysis of water-accommodated fractions of crude oil spills using tims-ft-icr ms

Flere kjemiske prosesser kontrollere hvordan råolje er innlemmet i sjøvann og også de kjemiske reaksjoner som oppstår overtid. Studerer dette systemet krever imidlertid fremstilling av prøven for å nøyaktig gjenskape den naturlige dannelse av den vann innpasses fraksjon som oppstår i naturen. vann innkvartert fraksjoner lavenergi (LEWAF) er nøye utarbeidet ved å blande olje og vann i et sett forhold. Aspirator flaskene blir deretter bestrålt, og ved angitte tidspunkter, blir vannet samplet og ekstrahert ved anvendelse av standardteknikker. En annen utfordring er representative karakterisering av prøven, som må ta hensyn til de kjemiske forandringer som finner sted over tid. En målrettet analyse av den aromatiske fraksjon av den LEWAF kan utføres ved hjelp av et atmosfærisk trykk ionisering laserkilde koblet til en spesialbygd innfanget ionemobilitet spektrometri-Fouriertransform-ion syklotron resonans massespektrometer (TIMS-FT-ICR MS). Den TIMS-FT-ICR MS analysen gir høy oppløsning ion mobilitet og ultrahøy oppløsning MS-analyse, noe som ytterligere tillate identifisering av isomere komponenter ved deres kollisjon tverrsnitt (CCS) og kjemisk formel. Resultatene viser at etter hvert som olje-vann-blandingen blir utsatt for lys, er det en betydelig bilde-oppløsning av overflateolje i vannet. Over tid, kjemisk omdannelse av det oppløste molekylene finner sted, med en nedgang i antall identifikasjoner av nitrogen- og svovelbærende art i favør av de med en høyere oksygeninnhold enn det som ble vanligvis observert i basisoljen.

LEWAF analyse ved TIMS-FT-ICR MS resulterer i et to-dimensjonalt spektrum basert på m / z og TIMS overlapping spenning. Hver av prøvene, tatt på forskjellige tidspunkter, kan derfor karakteriseres på grunnlag av den endrede kjemiske sammensetning, som observert ved fordelingen av kjemiske formler og den isomere bidraget identifisert ved IMS (se figur 1). Typisk kan m / z informasjon bli anvendt for å tilordne elementære formler for de analyserte t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS at JoVE.com

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

De lavenergi-vann-innlemmes fraksjon (LEWAF) av råolje er et utfordrende system for å analysere, fordi over tid, gjennomgår dette kompleks blanding kjemiske omdannelser. Denne protokollen illustrerer fremgangsmåter for fremstilling av de LEWAF prøven og for å utføre foto-bestråling og kjemisk analyse av fanget ionemobilitet spektrometri-FT-ICR MS.

Kjemisk analyse av vannet-innkvartert Brøkdeler av Crude oljesøl Bruke TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

The overall goal of these experiments is to illustrate the analytical advantages of enabling emerging technologies based on TIMS-FT-ICR MS for the molecular characterization of complex mixtures, such as water-accommodated fractions for crude oils. The TIMS-FT-ICR MS coupling combines two of the most comprehensive orthogonal and alluvial techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures. TIMS-FT-ICR MS coupling permits in a single analysis the characterization of thousands of molecular components with mobility resolving powers of over 150, mass resolution of 500, 000, and sub-ppm mass accuracy.TIMS-FT-ICR MS enables the separation, identification, and quantitation at the molecular level of complex mixtures, based on differences in size, charge and mass with minimal sample appropriation. To begin the LEGAF preparation, add 50 milliliters of dicholomethane to a two liter glass aspirator bottle. Close the bottle and agitate the bottle for 30 seconds.Discard the dichloromethane wash, and repeat this process two more times. Wash one more two liter aspirator bottle in this way, then add about 1.6 liters of filtered artificial seawater with a salinity of 33 parts per thousand to each bottle. Add a stir bar, and then use a gas-tight syringe to add sufficient crude oil sample to each bottle to achieve a final concentration of one gram per liter of oil and seawater.Wrap the bottles in aluminum foil to exclude light, and stir the mixtures at approximately 100 RPM for 24 hours to finish preparing the LEWAF. It's important that care is used when first mixing the oil and water to avoid over-mixing the solution. Next, unwrap one of the LEWAF bottles in aluminum foil, leaving one as the dark control.Place the bottles in the solar irradiator with the temperature set to maintain the samples at 25 degrees Celsius. Irradiate the mixtures continuously for the desired experiment length. At set intervals during the experiment, obtain 150 milliliter fractions from each bottle by uncorking the bottle and opening the drain valve.Extract each sample aliquot using 50 milliliters of dichloromethane three times using a separatory funnel. Shake the funnel for two minutes each time, remembering to regularly vent the funnel to avoid pressure buildup. Drain the sample into a flat-bottom flask through a funnel containing sulfate and rinse the sodium sulfate with additional DCM.Concentrate the extract to 15 milliliters using a hot water bath set at 58 degrees Celsius. Transfer the concentrate into a concentration tube, rinsing the flask with DCM. Concentrate each sample to one milliliter under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas.For each concentrated sample, using a glass positive displacement micropipette, add 990 microliters of a one to one by volume mixture of methanol and toluene to a glass vial. Then mix in 10 microliters of the sample. To begin the FTR-ICR MS analysis, set the instrument to Operate mode.Draw a sample into a sample syringe. Set the infusion rate to 200 microliters per hour, the nebulizer pressure to two bar, and the vaporizer temperature to 300 degrees Celsius. Set the dry gas rate to 1.2 liters per minute and the temperature to 220 degrees Celsius.Then set the instrument to Tune mode. Based on the resulting spectrum adjust the instrument parameters and recalibrate the mass spectrometer to improve the ion transmission and detection for the desired range of mass to charge ratios. Once the instrument parameters have been optimized, exit Tune mode.Set the desired number of scans to be average per mass spectrum, and then acquire the spectrum. To begin the trapped ion mobility spectrometry analysis turn on the external breaker to the TIMS instrument to engage TIMS mode. Set the FT-ICR instrument to chromatography mode.Turn on the supplementary roughing pump and set the inlet and outlet pressures to the desired values using the TIMS control valve. Allow the pump to warm up for at least three hours, then perform a fast sweep over a wide voltage range at a low IMS and MS resolution to identify the needed voltage range for the analysis. Once the range has been identified, set the voltage per frame to 0.1 volts.Set the number of frames to cover the entirety of the DeltaV ramp and run the analysis. After performing the analyses, process the data with the appropriate software and scripts to determine the chemical composition and mobility values of identified peaks. After sunlight irradiation of an LEWAF of a crude oil sample, changes in the chemical complexity are observed as a function of exposure time.This complexity was detected and visualized in a 2D spectrum based on mass to charge ratio and ion mobility. The use of APLI resulted in greater analytical sensitivity to molecules with double bonds. Four molecular classes were identified in the sample.Distribution plots of double bond equivalents as a function of the number of carbons were used to monitor changes in the molecular composition over time. Two-dimensional plots of inverse mobility versus carbon number were created, with the double bond equivalents represented as the color of each point. Linear trends were observed for each of the four common molecular classes.After watching this video you should have a good understanding of the basic steps and unique advantages of APLI-TIMS-FT-ICR MS for the analysis of LEWAF samples as well as other complex mixtures. While attempting this procedure it's important to remember that sample integrity, such as reducing sources of contamination, is fundamental for accurate results. The characterization at the molecular level of the water-accommodated fractions of crude oils, the transformation products, and their fate during exposure to sunlight in the ocean is of the utmost environmental importance.Compared to other separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, TIMS separation occurs in a shorter time scale, and is timing dependent, which permits better coupling with ultra high resolution MS analyzers while providing collision cross sections and chemical formulas in a single analysis. The generation of new comprehensive analytical tools for the analysis of complex mixtures at molecular level, such as TIMS-FT-ICR MS has great implications for our understanding of the chemical transformations and fate of crude oil in the ocean.

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Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

Måling av rheologi av råolje i likevekt med CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Ved reservoarforholdene

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Spredning av nanomaterialer i vandige Media: mot protokollen optimalisering

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic enheter for å karakterisere Pore skala hendelse prosesser i porøse medier for olje utvinning programmer

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Effekten av anvendelsen av timian essensielle oljen på mikrobiell belastning under kjøtt tørking

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Identification of Pharmaceuticals in The Aquatic Environment Using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and Elimination of Erythromycin Through Photo-Induced Degradation

Identifikasjon av legemidler i vannmiljøet HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MULTIPLE Sclerosis og eliminering av Erythromycin gjennom foto-indusert degradering

Monitoring pharmaceuticals throughout the water cycle is becoming increasingly important for the aquatic environment and eventually for human health. ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

En ny metode for Pentosan analyse i Jute biomasse og konvertering sin inn sukker monomerer med surt ioniske flytende

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Isolation of Mandibular Gland Reservoir Contents from Bornean 'Exploding Ants' (Formicidae) for Volatilome Analysis by GC-MS and MetaboliteDetector

Isolation of Mandibular Gland Reservoir Contents from Bornean 'Exploding Ants' Formicidae for Volatilome Analysis by GC-MS and MetaboliteDetector

Isolering av Mandibular kjertel reservoaret innholdet fra Bornean "eksploderer maur (Formicidae) for Volatilome analyse av GC-MS og MetaboliteDetector

The aim of this manuscript is to present a protocol describing the metabolomic analysis of Bornean &#39;exploding ants&#39; belonging to the Colobopsis ...