Name: generation of ipsc-derived human brain organoids to model early neurodevelopmental disorders
Uploaded: 2017-04-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders at JoVE.com

이 작품은 프리츠 티센 재단 (Az.10.14.2.152)에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 조직 삽입 시설 및 CMMC의 현미경의 핵심 시설에 감사하고 있습니다. 우리는 중심체와 세포 뼈대 생물학 연구소의 회원들에 의해 제공되는 토론 및 기술 지원에 대한 감사합니다. 우리는 원고를 교정하기위한 이명 Gooi 감사합니다.

뇌 Organoids의 1 세대 (이십삼일) <ol><li> neuroectoderm의 개시 (5 일) 주 : 다음 사항이 분화를 시작하기 전에 고려되어야한다. 인간 iPSCs를 얻기 위해 프로그래밍 방법 (lentiviral- 센다이 바이러스에 episomal-, 또는 마이크로 RNA 기반 등)을 이상적으로 모든 환자에게 동일 및 IPSC 라인을 제어한다. 다양한 프로그래밍 키트 및 출판 프로토콜에 따라 지침은 15,</sup...

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MCPH는 생체 내에서 또는 단순 인간의 세포 배양 시험관에 접근에서 동물 모델에서 효과적으로 요약 할 수없는 복잡한 인간의 신경 발달 장애이다. MCPH의 임상 양상은 초기 신경이 시작될 때 첫 번째 임신 동안 표시하기 시작합니다. 따라서, 3D 뇌 organoids는 MCPH 개발을 모델링하는 신뢰할 수있는 실험 시스템을 나타냅니다. 또한, 3D 인간 뇌 organoids는 중요한, ⅲ) 다양한 분화 I)들은 다양...

같은 소두증과 같은 인간의 신경 발달 장애는 단지 가난으로 인해 인간의 두뇌가 확장 된 대뇌 피질의 표면, 인간이 아닌 동물과는 다른 독특한 기능을 가지고 있다는 사실을 동물 모델에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 이 측면은 인간의 두뇌 발달을 충분히 체외 세포 배양 시스템에서, 2 차원에서 연구 할 수없는 복잡한 과정을 수 있습니다. 신흥 3D 배양 기술은 유도 다 능성 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)에서 조직 형 organoids의 생성을 허용한다. 차원 현탁 배양에서 다 능성 줄기 세포의 체외 분화 조직, 층상 조직의 1, 2, 3를 야기한, 적시 영역 특정 수단으로 각종 종류의 세포를 형성 할 수있다. 3D 문화 기술을 개척하고 줄기 세포에서 시작, 기관 형성의 복잡성을 신화화 실험실 덕분에,우리는 인간의 두뇌 발달의 초기 이벤트를 묘사하고 시험관 1, 2, 3 소두증을 모델링 뇌 organoids를 생성하는 강력한 방법을 개발했다. 우리가 랭카스터 동부 등에 의해 개발 된 일본어 방법을 채택하는 것이 주목된다. 대뇌 organoids 1을 생성한다. 이 방법은 우리의 실험 요구 사항에 따라 수정되었습니다. 가브리엘 등의 알에서 연구의 목적. 두뇌 개발하는 동안 신경 줄기 세포의 유지 보수의 세포 및 분자 메커니즘을 분석했다. 이를 위해, 기계 론적 연구는 소두증 환자 4에서 파생 된 3D 뇌 organoids에서 신경 전구 세포 (NPC들)을 분석하여 수행되었다. 이 환자는 CPAP, 중심체 생합성 5에 필요한 보존 centrosomal 단백질에 돌연변이를 실시했다. 널리 인정 저자논문 소두증는 NPC 풀의 고갈의 결과 인 것으로하고,이 중 세포 사멸 또는 분화 조기 1, 6, 7, 8, 9에 기인 할 수있다. 소두증 뇌 organoids의 심실 영역 (VZs)를 분석함으로써, NPC의 상당수는 건강한 공여체 (4)로부터 유도 뇌 organoids 달리 비대칭 세포 분열을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 소두의 뇌 organoids의 광범위한 현미경 및 생화학 분석은 적절 섬모의 분해 4 CPAP에 대한 예기치 않은 역할을 한 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 구체적으로는, 돌연변이가 CPAP NPC의 조기 (4)의 분화를 초래 지연 섬모 분해 지연 세포주기 재진입와 연관된다. 이러한 결과는 소두증과 일에 섬모의 역할을 제안신경과 뇌의 크기 제어 10시 EIR 참여. 이 프로토콜의 첫 번째 부분은 뇌 균질 organoids를 생성하는 세 단계 방법의 설명이다. 앞서 언급 한 바와 같이, 원래 랭커스터 프로토콜은 적응하고 우리의 목적 (1)에 맞게 수정되었습니다. 첫째, 인간 iPSCs는 Engelbreth-Holm이 - 스웜 (EHS) 행렬에 정의 된 장치가없는 상태에서 배양했다. 이 단계는 공급에 의존하는 만능 줄기 세포 배양의 변화를 방지 할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에서 신경 분화 유도 신경 상피 iPSCs로부터 시작 형성한다. 배아 체 (EB)의 형성 공정, 및보다 제어 지시하게 신경 분화의 진행을 스킵함으로써. 이 방법은 중배엽 및 내배엽 다른 생식 세포 층의 자발적 무향 형성을 제한한다. 이 프로토콜을 적용하여, 신경 근엽을 포함 neurosphere를가 EH을 위해 5 일에 수확 할 수있다S 행렬 삽입 및 고정 현탁 배양. 우리 프로토콜의 세 번째 단계에 사용 된 배지는 유사 장기 dorsomorphin 및 SB431542로 보충된다. Dorsomorphin 뼈 형태 형성 단백질 (BMP)의 소분자 억제제 및 SB431542은 TGFβ / 티빈 / 절점 신호 전달 체계를 억제한다. 이러한 요인들의 조합은 신경 분화를 더 효율적으로 단독보다 11, 12, 13, 14, 레티노 산을 촉진 할 수있다. 요컨대, 이러한 수정은 organoids에서 최소한의 변화로, 뇌 organoids의 재현 세대 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은,이 방법은 견고 중심체와 세포주기 역학에 영향을 미치는 유전자 변이를 가지고 환자 iPSCs에서 소두의 뇌 organoids를 생성하기 위해 적용되었다. 이 프로토콜의 두 번째 부분은 BR을 준비하는 지침을 제공합니다아인은 분석 및 소두증의 세포 결함의 해석 organoids. 이것은 고정, 저온 절편, 면역 형광 염색법, 및 공 촛점 현미경 분석을 포함한다. 이 프로토콜은 예상 된 결과에 대한 자세한 설명과 해석에 대한 안내와 함께 독자를 제공 할 것입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="670">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-mouse 488</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-11001</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-rabbit 647</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-21245</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Arl13b</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">proteintech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17711-1-AP</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">ARL13B rabbit polyclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CELLSPIN system</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">IBS Integra Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">183001</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32670</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">4&#8242;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31331093</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dorsomorphin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P5499</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Compound C; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Embedding medium</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9011, 0100</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Mowiol; embedding medium; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) matrix</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354277</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Matrigel hESC-qualified matrix; important: hESC qualified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fish gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G7765-250ML</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Gelatin from cold water fish skin; multiple suppliers; autoclave after adding to PBS to dissolve and sterilize, store at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1067,1000</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Glycine for molecular biology; multiple suppliers&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Inoculation loop with needle, disposable (1 &#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BR452201-1000EA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">multiple suppliers&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I3536-100MG</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25030081</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">L-glutamine (200 mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Medium A</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Stem cell technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#05850</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">mTeSR1 (hiPSC medium)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Medium B</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Stem cell technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#05835</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Neural induction medium (NIM); neural differentiation medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medium C</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21103049</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Neural Basal Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MEM</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140035</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">MEM non-essential amino acids solution (100x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Lonza, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#LT07-218</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Mycoplasma detection kit; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Novus biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NBP1-92717</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Nestin mouse monoclonal antibody (4D11)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3813, 0500</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">4% in PBS, store solution at -20&#176;C; caution: wear skin and eye protection and work under hood&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PBS tablets</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18912014</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">See manufacturer&#180;s instructions; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10.000 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Poly-L-lysine solution (PLL)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8920-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pVim</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MBL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D076-3S</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Phospho-Vimentin (Ser55) mAb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">Reagent A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Stem cell technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"># 05872</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Note to Protocol 1.1.1.2; ReLSR (Enzyme-free human ES and iPS cell selection and passaging reagent); please follow manufactorer&#180;s protocol; alternative products from muliple suppliers available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Reagent B&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A6964-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Accutase solution is an enzymatic solution for single cell dissociation; multiple suppliers; protocol 1.1.2 &#34;enzymatic cell dissociation solution&#8221;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Research Cryostat Leica CM3050 S</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Leica biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CM3050 S</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SB431542</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Selleckchem.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1067</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spinner flask 250 ml</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">IBS Integra Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">182026</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4734, 1000</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Superfrost ultra plus microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thermo scientific, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J3800AMNZ</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Slides should be labeled with a &#34;+&#34; and positively charged</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Supplement 1</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17502048</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">N-2 supplement (100x)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Supplement 2 w/o Vitamin A</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12587010</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">B-27 supplement (50x), minus vitamin A; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue-Tek Cryomold</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sakura, NL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4565</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T. compound</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sakura, NL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4583</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1388,0500</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TUJ1</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T2200</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">&#946;-Tubulin III (rabbit polyclonal)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TUNEL assay</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Promega, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G3250</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL system; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween 20 for molecular biology</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4974,0500</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">waterproof sheet</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BEMIS company, inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PM996</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Parafilm &#8220;M&#8221;; multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Y-27632&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Selleckchem.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1049</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">ROCK-inhibitor (Y-27632 2HCL); multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gibco, US</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31350010</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">2-mercaptoethanol (50 mM); multiple suppliers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of ipsc-derived human brain organoids to model early neurodevelopmental disorders

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that limits the translation of basic brain research into clinical application. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have replaced the ethically questionable human embryonic stem cells, iPSC-based neuronal differentiation studies remain descriptive at the cellular level but fail to adequately provide the details that could be derived from a complex, 3D human brain tissue. 
This gap is now filled through the application of iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids, "Brains in a dish," that model many features of complex human brain development. Here, a method for generating iPSC-derived, 3D brain organoids is described. The organoids can help with modeling autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), a rare human neurodevelopmental disorder. A widely accepted explanation for the brain malformation in MCPH is a depletion of the neural stem cell pool during the early stages of human brain development, a developmental defect that is difficult to recreate or prove in vitro. 
To study MCPH, we generated iPSCs from patient-derived fibroblasts carrying a mutation in the centrosomal protein CPAP. By analyzing the ventricular zone of microcephaly 3D brain organoids, we showed the premature differentiation of neural progenitors. These 3D brain organoids are a powerful in vitro system that will be instrumental in modeling congenital brain disorders induced by neurotoxic chemicals, neurotrophic viral infections, or inherited genetic mutations.

뇌 organoids의 생성은 연속 배양 (그림 1A)의 적어도 세 주이 필요합니다. 재현 가능한 결과를 달성하기 위해, 우리는 연구자가 모든 단계를 문서화하고, 중요한 매체 구성 요소, 시점, 세포 처리에 관한 변경을 방지하는 것이 좋습니다. 여기서 우리는 중요한 이정표가 실험의 끝에서 충분한 품질의 organoids를 얻기 위해 도달하는 경우 평가하는 방법에 대한 요약?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders at JoVE.com

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Modeling human brain development has been hindered due to the unprecedented complexity of neural epithelial tissue. Here, a method for the robust generation of brain organoids to delineate early events of human brain development and to model microcephaly in vitro is described.

IPSC 파생 된 인간의 두뇌 Organoids의 세대는 초기 신경 발달 장애를 모델링하기

The restricted availability of suitable in vitro models that can reliably represent complex human brain development is a significant bottleneck that ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

인간의 신경 선구자 세포 (Npc)에서 Neurodevelopmental 고기의 신속한 감지

Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and ...

연구

발생학

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간에서 표준화 되 고 재현 가능한 개 타입 대뇌 Organoids의 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Zika Virus Infection of Cultured Human Fetal Brain Neural Stem Cells for Immunocytochemical Analysis

Immunocytochemical 분석에 대 한 교양된 인간 태아 뇌 신경 줄기 세포의 Zika 바이러스 감염

Human fetal brain neural stem cells are a unique non-genetically modified model system to study the impact of various stimuli on human developmental ...

Defined Xeno-free and Feeder-free Culture Conditions for the Generation of Human iPSC-derived Retinal Cell Models

정의 된 이종 무료 및 급지대 무료 문화 세대의 인간 iPSC 파생 된 망막 세포 모델에 대 한

The production of specialized cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a powerful tool to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. The use of ...

An In Vitro 3D Model and Computational Pipeline to Quantify the Vasculogenic Potential of iPSC-Derived Endothelial Progenitors

iPSC 유래 내피 선조의 혈관 전위를 정량화하는 체외 3D 모델 및 전산 파이프라인

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a patient-specific, proliferative cell source that can differentiate into any somatic cell type. Bipotent ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Organoids 마우스 Extrahepatic 담 즙 덕트에서의 세대

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...

Generation of Induced Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Mononuclear Cells and Differentiation Toward Dopaminergic Neuron Precursors for Transplantation Studies

말초 단핵 세포에서 유도 된 신경 줄기 세포의 생성 및 이식 연구에 대 한 도파민성 신경 전구체로 분화

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the ventral ...

A Static Self-Directed Method for Generating Brain Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 뇌 오르가노이드를 생성하기위한 정적 자기 지향 방법

Human brain organoids differentiated from embryonic stem cells offer the unique opportunity to study complicated interactions of multiple cell types in a ...

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

다세포 인간 1 차 자궁 내막 오르가노이드의 생성

The human endometrium is one of the most hormonally responsive tissues in the body and is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. This tissue can ...

Generation of Mosaic Mammary Organoids by Differential Trypsinization

차동 시도에 의한 모자이크 유방 오르가노이드 생성

Organoids offer self-organizing, three-dimensional tissue structures that recapitulate physiological processes in the convenience of a dish. The murine ...