Name: a protocol to characterize the morphological changes of clostridium difficile in response to antibiotic treatment
Uploaded: 2017-05-25T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment at JoVE.com

These experiments have been supported by research grants from Merck and Co. and Summit, PLC.

1. Isolamento de C. difficile a partir de diferentes fontes ambientais ou clínicas <ol><li> Isolados ambientais: Utilizando um indicador de algodão pré-esterilizado (ligeiramente molhado com NaCl a 0,85%), limpe a superfície de qualquer área de interesse (chão, porta, pega, prateleira, etc. ). 8 Certifique-se de usar luvas estéreis e coloque o cotonete em um tubo esterilizado após concluído. </li><li> Isolados clínicos (fezes): Placa de 10 a 100 mg de amostras clíni...

<ol>
	<li>Lessa, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+of+Clostridium+difficile+infection+in+the+United+States.">Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States.</a> N Engl J Med. 372 (9), 825-834 (2015).</li><li>Vickers, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ridinilazole:+a+novel+therapy+for+Clostridium+difficile+infection.">Ridinilazole: a novel therapy for Clostridium difficile infection.</a> Int J Antimicrob Agents. 48 (2), 137-143 (2016).</li><li>Shah, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clostridium+difficile+infection:+update+on+emerging+antibiotic+treatment+options+and+antibiotic+resistance.">Clostridium difficile infection: update on emerging antibiotic treatment options and antibiotic resistance.</a> Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8 (5), 555-564 (2010).</li><li>Ambrose, P. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+EMA+guideline+for+antimicrobial+development.">New EMA guideline for antimicrobial development.</a> Lancet Infect Dis. 12 (4), 265-266 (2012).</li><li>Bass&#232;res, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+on+toxin+production+and+cell+morphology+in+Clostridium+difficile+by+ridinilazole+(SMT19969),+a+novel+treatment+for+C.+difficile+infection.">Impact on toxin production and cell morphology in Clostridium difficile by ridinilazole (SMT19969), a novel treatment for C. difficile infection.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 71 (5), 1245-1251 (2016).</li><li>Endres, B. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+imaging+the+pharmacological+effects+of+antibiotic+treatment+on+Clostridium+difficile.">A novel method for imaging the pharmacological effects of antibiotic treatment on Clostridium difficile.</a> Anaerobe. 40, 10-14 (2016).</li><li>Endres, B. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+Effects+of+Surotomycin+Treatment+on+Clostridium+difficile+Toxin+A+and+B+Production,+Immune+Response,+and+Morphological+Changes.">Evaluating the Effects of Surotomycin Treatment on Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B Production, Immune Response, and Morphological Changes.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60 (6), 3519-3523 (2016).</li><li>Alam, M. J., Anu, A., Walk, S. T., Garey, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+potentially+pathogenic+Clostridium+difficile+contamination+in+household+environs.">Investigation of potentially pathogenic Clostridium difficile contamination in household environs.</a> Anaerobe. 27, 31-33 (2014).</li><li>Aitken, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+the+Endemic+Setting,+Clostridium+difficile+Ribotype+027+Is+Virulent+But+Not+Hypervirulent.">In the Endemic Setting, Clostridium difficile Ribotype 027 Is Virulent But Not Hypervirulent.</a> Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. , 1-6 (2015).</li><li>Basseres, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+on+toxin+production+and+cell+morphology+in+Clostridium+difficile+by+ridinilazole+(SMT19969),+a+novel+treatment+for+C.+difficile+infection.">Impact on toxin production and cell morphology in Clostridium difficile by ridinilazole (SMT19969), a novel treatment for C. difficile infection.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 71 (5), 1245-1251 (2016).</li><li>Walters, B. A., Roberts, R., Stafford, R., Seneviratne, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relapse+of+antibiotic+associated+colitis:+endogenous+persistence+of+Clostridium+difficile+during+vancomycin+therapy.">Relapse of antibiotic associated colitis: endogenous persistence of Clostridium difficile during vancomycin therapy.</a> Gut. 24 (3), 206-212 (1983).</li><li>Chilton, C. 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O objetivo do presente estudo foi criar um método de alto rendimento para isolar C. difficile e testar a susceptibilidade aos antibióticos usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) como meio para uma caracterização mais completa da ação farmacológica do antibiótico. Usando os protocolos aqui delineados, demonstrámos que imaginar a resposta fenotípica da célula ao tratamento com antibióticos pode revelar uma visão da acção farmacológica do fármaco. No total, a porção de imagem deste pr...

Clostridium difficile é uma bactéria gram-positiva, formadora de esporos, causando cerca de 500.000 infecções anualmente nos EUA e é considerada um patógeno urgente de ameaça pelos Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC), o maior nível de risco. A década passada tem visto um desenvolvimento considerável de fármacos em antimicrobianos com atividade contra C. difficile . 2 , 3 Os estudos in vitro são um componente necessário do processo de desenvolvimento do fármaco. 4 Tradicionalmente, estudos de susceptibilidade in vitro e morte são usados ​​para validar futuros estudos animais e outros in vivo . Embora estes métodos desempenhem um papel importante na avaliação da acção de morte, não capturam a resposta fenotípica das células ao tratamento farmacológico. Ao incorporar microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) comD matando estudos cinéticos, uma caracterização mais completa dos efeitos diretos do antibiótico é possível. 5 , 6 , 7 Aqui, apresentamos um método em que o SEM é utilizado como um meio para perfilar a eficácia do tratamento antibiótico.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton gauze&#160;</td>
			<td>Caring</td>
			<td>PRM21408C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Macron</td>
			<td>7532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)&#160;</td>
			<td>Criterion</td>
			<td>C5141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-cysteine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast extract</td>
			<td>Criterion</td>
			<td>C741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium taurocholate</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A18346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anaerobic chamber</td>
			<td>Coy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>vinyl anaerobic chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cycloserinecefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA) plates</td>
			<td>Anaerobe systems</td>
			<td>AS-213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blood agar plates</td>
			<td>Hardy diagnostics</td>
			<td>A-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>latex agglutination reagent</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>DR1107A</td>
			<td>C. diff test kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>222363204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-259-98</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope slides</td>
			<td>J. Melvin freed brand</td>
			<td>7525M</td>
			<td>75x25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flow hood</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>Class II type A2&#160;</td>
			<td>biosafety cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>desk sputtering machine</td>
			<td>Denton Vacuum</td>
			<td>Desk II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tape</td>
			<td>Plastic Core</td>
			<td>05072-AB</td>
			<td>SPI Double Sided Adhesive Carbon Tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gold</td>
			<td>Denton Vacuum</td>
			<td>TAR001-0158</td>
			<td>2.375&#8221; Diameter x .002&#8221; Thick Gold foil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>XL-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol to characterize the morphological changes of clostridium difficile in response to antibiotic treatment

A avaliação da ação antibiótica com o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos voltados para as bactérias anaeróbias é difícil e tecnicamente exigente. Para se ter uma ideia do possível MOA, as alterações morfológicas associadas à exposição aos antibióticos podem ser visualizadas utilizando microscopia electrónica de varrimento (SEM). Integrar a imagem de SEM com as curvas tradicionais de morte pode melhorar nossa visão sobre a ação da droga e avançar no processo de desenvolvimento da droga. Para testar esta premissa, as curvas de morte e os estudos de SEM foram conduzidos utilizando fármacos com MOA conhecidos mas diferentes (vancomicina e metronidazol). As células de C. difficile (R20291) foram cultivadas com ou sem a presença de antibiótico até 48 h. Ao longo do intervalo de 48 h, as células foram recolhidas em múltiplos pontos de tempo para determinar a eficácia de antibióticos e para imagens no SEM. De acordo com os relatórios anteriores, a vancomicina eo metronidazol apresentaram uma actividade bactericida significativa após 24 h de tratamento, tal como medido pela unidade de formação de colónias (UFC)Ting Usando a imagem SEM, determinou-se que o metronidazol teve efeitos significativos sobre o comprimento celular (&gt; 50% de redução no comprimento celular para cada antibiótico, P &lt;0,05) em comparação com os controles e vancomicina. Embora a resposta fenotípica ao tratamento com fármaco não tenha sido previamente documentada desta forma, são consistentes com o MOA do fármaco demonstrando a versatilidade e fiabilidade da imagem e medições e a aplicação desta técnica para outros compostos experimentais.

Clostridium difficile é uma bactéria formadora de esporos e, portanto, é essencial para determinar as diferenças morfológicas entre células vegetativas e esporos antes de qualquer análise funcional. A Figura 1 demonstra imagens representativas de células vegetativas que foram capturadas durante a fase exponencial da curva de crescimento e células de esporos. Conforme ilustrado, as células vegetativas são longas, lisas, em forma de haste estru...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment at JoVE.com

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Antibiotic efficacy is most commonly determined by conducting killing kinetic studies and measuring colony forming units (CFUs). By integrating scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with these standard methods, we can distinguish the pharmacological effects of treatment between different antibiotics.

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