Name: using enzyme-based biosensors to measure tonic and phasic glutamate in alzheimer's mouse models
Uploaded: 2017-05-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af National Institute of General Medical Sciences (MNR, U54GM104942), NIA (MNR, R15AG045812), Alzheimers Association (MNR, NIRG-12-242.187), WVU Faculty Research Senatet Grant (MNR), og WVU PSCOR Grant (MNR).

1. Belægning af mikroelektrode Array med enzymer eller Matrix Layer <ol><li> Fremstilling af proteinet matrixopløsning <ol><li> Afvej 10 mg bovint serumalbumin (BSA), som overføres til 1,5 ml mikrocentrifugerør. </li><li> Tilføj 985 pi af DI vand til mikrocentrifugerør indeholdende BSA. Bland opløsningen ved manuel omrøring (re-pipettering anvendelse 1.000 pi pipette ~ 3 gange, indtil BSA opløses). BEMÆRK: Brug ikke vortex at blande opløsningen da dette kan indføre luft ind i løsni...

<ol>
	<li>Bito, L., Davson, H., Levin, E., Murray, M., Snider, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concentrations+of+free+amino+acids+and+other+electrolytes+in+cerebrospinal+fluid,+in+vivo+dialysate+of+brain,+and+blood+plasma+of+the+dog.">The concentrations of free amino acids and other electrolytes in cerebrospinal fluid, in vivo dialysate of brain, and blood plasma of the dog.</a> J Neurochem. 13 (11), 1057-1067 (1966).</li><li>Cavus, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+metabolites+in+the+cortex+and+hippocampus+of+epileptic+patients.">Extracellular metabolites in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic patients.</a> Ann Neurol. 57 (2), 226-235 (2005).</li><li>Montgomery, A. J., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Egerton, A., Nutt, D. J., Grasby, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+nicotine+on+striatal+dopamine+release+in+man:+A+[11C]raclopride+PET+study.">The effect of nicotine on striatal dopamine release in man: A [11C]raclopride PET study.</a> Synapse. 61 (8), 637-645 (2007).</li><li>Chefer, V. I., Thompson, A. C., Zapata, A., Shippenberg, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+brain+microdialysis.">Overview of brain microdialysis.</a> Curr Protoc Neurosci. , (2009).</li><li>Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Ehrlich, L. C., Peterson, P. K., Chao, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+effects+on+glutamate+uptake+by+human+astrocytes.">Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes.</a> Neuroimmunomodulation. 7 (3), 153-159 (2000).</li><li>He, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+association+between+CCL2+polymorphisms+and+drug-resistant+epilepsy+in+Chinese+children.">The association between CCL2 polymorphisms and drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese children.</a> Epileptic Disord. 15 (3), 272-277 (2013).</li><li>Xie, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+of+High-Frequency+Mesoscale+Intracortical+Maps+Using+the+Genetically+Encoded+Glutamate+Sensor+iGluSnFR.">Resolution of High-Frequency Mesoscale Intracortical Maps Using the Genetically Encoded Glutamate Sensor iGluSnFR.</a> J Neurosci. 36 (4), 1261-1272 (2016).</li><li>Marvin, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+fluorescent+probe+for+visualizing+glutamate+neurotransmission.">An optimized fluorescent probe for visualizing glutamate neurotransmission.</a> Nat Methods. 10 (2), 162-170 (2013).</li><li>Hefendehl, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+synaptic+glutamate+transporter+dysfunction+in+vivo+to+regions+surrounding+Abeta+plaques+by+iGluSnFR+two-photon+imaging.">Mapping synaptic glutamate transporter dysfunction in vivo to regions surrounding Abeta plaques by iGluSnFR two-photon imaging.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 13441 (2016).</li><li>Hinzman, J. M., Thomas, T. C., Quintero, J. E., Gerhardt, G. A., Lifshitz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruptions+in+the+regulation+of+extracellular+glutamate+by+neurons+and+glia+in+the+rat+striatum+two+days+after+diffuse+brain+injury.">Disruptions in the regulation of extracellular glutamate by neurons and glia in the rat striatum two days after diffuse brain injury.</a> J Neurotrauma. 29 (6), 1197-1208 (2012).</li><li>Thomas, T. C., Hinzman, J. M., Gerhardt, G. A., Lifshitz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypersensitive+glutamate+signaling+correlates+with+the+development+of+late-onset+behavioral+morbidity+in+diffuse+brain-injured+circuitry.">Hypersensitive glutamate signaling correlates with the development of late-onset behavioral morbidity in diffuse brain-injured circuitry.</a> J Neurotrauma. 29 (2), 187-200 (2011).</li><li>Hinzman, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffuse+brain+injury+elevates+tonic+glutamate+levels+and+potassium-evoked+glutamate+release+in+discrete+brain+regions+at+two+days+post-injury:+an+enzyme-based+microelectrode+array+study.">Diffuse brain injury elevates tonic glutamate levels and potassium-evoked glutamate release in discrete brain regions at two days post-injury: an enzyme-based microelectrode array study.</a> J Neurotrauma. 27 (5), 889-899 (2010).</li><li>Stephens, M. L., Quintero, J. E., Pomerleau, F., Huettl, P., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+glutamate+release+in+the+CA3+and+dentate+gyrus+of+the+rat+hippocampus.">Age-related changes in glutamate release in the CA3 and dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 32 (5), 811-820 (2009).</li><li>Nickell, J., Salvatore, M. F., Pomerleau, F., Apparsundaram, S., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+plasma+membrane+surface+expression+of+GLAST+mediates+decreased+glutamate+regulation+in+the+aged+striatum.">Reduced plasma membrane surface expression of GLAST mediates decreased glutamate regulation in the aged striatum.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 28 (11), 1737-1748 (2006).</li><li>Hascup, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+allosteric+modulator+of+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+(mGluR(2)+)+(+)-TFMPIP,+inhibits+restraint+stress-induced+phasic+glutamate+release+in+rat+prefrontal+cortex.">An allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR(2) ) (+)-TFMPIP, inhibits restraint stress-induced phasic glutamate release in rat prefrontal cortex.</a> J Neurochem. 122 (2), 619-627 (2012).</li><li>Rutherford, E. C., Pomerleau, F., Huettl, P., Stromberg, I., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+second-by-second+measures+of+L-glutamate+in+the+central+nervous+system+of+freely+moving+rats.">Chronic second-by-second measures of L-glutamate in the central nervous system of freely moving rats.</a> J Neurochem. 102 (3), 712-722 (2007).</li><li>Matveeva, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+vesicle-associated+membrane+protein+2+expression+leads+to+a+kindling-resistant+phenotype+in+a+murine+model+of+epilepsy.">Reduction of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 expression leads to a kindling-resistant phenotype in a murine model of epilepsy.</a> Neuroscience. 202, 77-86 (2011).</li><li>Matveeva, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kindling-induced+asymmetric+accumulation+of+hippocampal+7S+SNARE+complexes+correlates+with+enhanced+glutamate+release.">Kindling-induced asymmetric accumulation of hippocampal 7S SNARE complexes correlates with enhanced glutamate release.</a> Epilepsia. 53 (1), 157-167 (2012).</li><li>Hunsberger, H. C., Rudy, C. C., Batten, S. R., Gerhardt, G. A., Reed, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P301L+tau+expression+affects+glutamate+release+and+clearance+in+the+hippocampal+trisynaptic+pathway.">P301L tau expression affects glutamate release and clearance in the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway.</a> J Neurochem. 132 (2), 169-182 (2015).</li><li>Hunsberger, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riluzole+rescues+glutamate+alterations,+cognitive+deficits,+and+tau+pathology+associated+with+P301L+tau+expression.">Riluzole rescues glutamate alterations, cognitive deficits, and tau pathology associated with P301L tau expression.</a> J Neurochem. 135 (2), 381-394 (2015).</li><li>Hunsberger, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripherally+restricted+viral+challenge+elevates+extracellular+glutamate+and+enhances+synaptic+transmission+in+the+hippocampus.">Peripherally restricted viral challenge elevates extracellular glutamate and enhances synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.</a> J Neurochem. , (2016).</li><li>Obrenovitch, T. P., Urenjak, J., Zilkha, E., Jay, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitotoxicity+in+neurological+disorders--the+glutamate+paradox.">Excitotoxicity in neurological disorders--the glutamate paradox.</a> Int J Dev Neurosci. 18 (2-3), 281-287 (2000).</li><li>Hillered, L., Vespa, P. M., Hovda, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+neurochemical+research+in+acute+human+brain+injury:+the+current+status+and+potential+future+for+cerebral+microdialysis.">Translational neurochemical research in acute human brain injury: the current status and potential future for cerebral microdialysis.</a> J Neurotrauma. 22 (1), 3-41 (2005).</li><li>Burmeister, J. J., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-referencing+ceramic-based+multisite+microelectrodes+for+the+detection+and+elimination+of+interferences+from+the+measurement+of+L-glutamate+and+other+analytes.">Self-referencing ceramic-based multisite microelectrodes for the detection and elimination of interferences from the measurement of L-glutamate and other analytes.</a> Anal Chem. 73 (5), 1037-1042 (2001).</li><li>Burmeister, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+ceramic-based+multisite+microelectrode+for+rapid+measurements+of+L-glutamate+in+the+CNS.">Improved ceramic-based multisite microelectrode for rapid measurements of L-glutamate in the CNS.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 119 (2), 163-171 (2002).</li><li>Diamond, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deriving+the+glutamate+clearance+time+course+from+transporter+currents+in+CA1+hippocampal+astrocytes:+transmitter+uptake+gets+faster+during+development.">Deriving the glutamate clearance time course from transporter currents in CA1 hippocampal astrocytes: transmitter uptake gets faster during development.</a> J Neurosci. 25 (11), 2906-2916 (2005).</li><li>Greene, J. G., Borges, K., Dingledine, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+transcriptional+neuroanatomy+of+the+rat+hippocampus:+evidence+for+wide-ranging,+pathway-specific+heterogeneity+among+three+principal+cell+layers.">Quantitative transcriptional neuroanatomy of the rat hippocampus: evidence for wide-ranging, pathway-specific heterogeneity among three principal cell layers.</a> Hippocampus. 19 (3), 253-264 (2009).</li><li>Borland, L. M., Shi, G., Yang, H., Michael, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltammetric+study+of+extracellular+dopamine+near+microdialysis+probes+acutely+implanted+in+the+striatum+of+the+anesthetized+rat.">Voltammetric study of extracellular dopamine near microdialysis probes acutely implanted in the striatum of the anesthetized rat.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 146 (2), 149-158 (2005).</li><li>Jaquins-Gerstl, A., Michael, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+brain+penetration+injury+associated+with+microdialysis+and+voltammetry.">Comparison of the brain penetration injury associated with microdialysis and voltammetry.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 183 (2), 127-135 (2009).</li><li>Azbill, R. D., Mu, X., Springer, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riluzole+increases+high-affinity+glutamate+uptake+in+rat+spinal+cord+synaptosomes.">Riluzole increases high-affinity glutamate uptake in rat spinal cord synaptosomes.</a> Brain Res. 871 (2), 175-180 (2000).</li><li>Gourley, S. L., Espitia, J. W., Sanacora, G., Taylor, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antidepressant-like+properties+of+oral+riluzole+and+utility+of+incentive+disengagement+models+of+depression+in+mice.">Antidepressant-like properties of oral riluzole and utility of incentive disengagement models of depression in mice.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 219 (3), 805-814 (2011).</li><li>Frizzo, M. E., Dall'Onder, L. P., Dalcin, K. B., Souza, D. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riluzole+enhances+glutamate+uptake+in+rat+astrocyte+cultures).">Riluzole enhances glutamate uptake in rat astrocyte cultures).</a> Cell Mol Neurobiol. 24 (1), 123-128 (2004).</li><li>Fumagalli, E., Funicello, M., Rauen, T., Gobbi, M., Mennini, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Riluzole+enhances+the+activity+of+glutamate+transporters+GLAST,+GLT1+and+EAAC1.">Riluzole enhances the activity of glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT1 and EAAC1.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 578 (2-3), 171-176 (2008).</li><li>Day, B. K., Pomerleau, F., Burmeister, J. J., Huettl, P., Gerhardt, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+array+studies+of+basal+and+potassium-evoked+release+of+L-glutamate+in+the+anesthetized+rat+brain.">Microelectrode array studies of basal and potassium-evoked release of L-glutamate in the anesthetized rat brain.</a> J Neurochem. 96 (6), 1626-1635 (2006).</li><li>Kane, R. L., Martinez-Lopez, I., DeJoseph, M. R., Vina, J. R., Hawkins, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na(+)-dependent+glutamate+transporters+EAAT1,+EAAT2,+and+EAAT3)+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) of the blood-brain barrier.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (45), 31891-31895 (1999).</li><li>Ramsden, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+neurofibrillary+tangle+formation,+neuron+loss,+and+memory+impairment+in+a+mouse+model+of+human+tauopathy+(P301L).">Age-dependent neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuron loss, and memory impairment in a mouse model of human tauopathy (P301L).</a> J Neurosci. 25 (46), 10637-10647 (2005).</li><li>Oddo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triple-transgenic+model+of+Alzheimer's+disease+with+plaques+and+tangles:+intracellular+Abeta+and+synaptic+dysfunction.">Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction.</a> Neuron. 39 (3), 409-421 (2003).</li><li>Zang, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+reveals+neuronal+degeneration+in+the+brainstem+of+the+superoxide+dismutase+1+transgenic+mouse+model+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Magnetic resonance imaging reveals neuronal degeneration in the brainstem of the superoxide dismutase 1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 20 (7), 1745-1751 (2004).</li></ol>

MEA teknik muliggør måling af hurtige kinetik for neurotransmitterfrigivelse og optagelse in vitro og in vivo. Derfor er teknologi frembringer en lang række data output herunder tonisk neurotransmitterniveauer, fremkaldt neurotransmitterfrigivelse, og neurotransmitter clearance. Men fordi brug af multilaterale miljøaftaler er en forholdsvis kompliceret procedure, der er mange faktorer, der kan have brug for at være optimeret til succesfuld brug. For eksempel under kalibrering, kan man konstatere, ...

Måling neurotransmitter ændringer i hjernen er et vigtigt redskab for neuroscientists studerer sygdomme i centralnervesystemet (CNS), der er ofte kendetegnet ved neurotransmitter dysregulering. Selvom mikrodialyse i kombination med højtryksvæskekromatografi (HPLC / EF) har været den mest udbredte metode til at måle ændringer i ekstracellulære neurotransmitterniveauer 1, 2, 3, 4, den rumlige og tidsmæssige opløsning af mikrodialysesonder måske ikke ideel til neurotransmittere , såsom glutamat, der er tæt reguleret i det ekstracellulære rum 5, 6. På grund af de seneste fremskridt inden for genetik og billeddannelse, er der yderligere metoder, der kan anvendes til at kortlægge glutamat in vivo. Anvendelse genetisk indkodede glutamat fluorescerende reportere (iGluSnFR) end to-foton-billeddannelse, kan forskerne visualisere glutamatfrigørelse ved neuroner og astrocytter både in vitro og in vivo 7, 8, 9. Især dette giver mulighed for optagelse fra en større synsfelt og ikke forstyrrer de iboende forbindelser i hjernen. Mens disse nye optiske teknikker tillader visualisering af glutamat kinetik og måling af sensoriske fremkaldte svar og neuronal aktivitet, mangler de evnen til at kvantificere mængden af ​​glutamat i det ekstracellulære rum i diskrete hjerneområder. En alternativ fremgangsmåde er enzymbundet mikroelektrode array (MEA), der selektivt kan måle ekstracellulære neurotransmitterniveauer, såsom glutamat, ved anvendelse af en selv-refereret optagelse ordning. Den MEA teknik har været anvendt til at studere ændringer i ekstracellulær glutamat følgende traumatisk hjerneskadeskade 10, 11, 12, ældning 13, 14, stress 15, 16, epilepsi 17, 18, Alzheimers sygdom 19, 20, og injektion af en viral mimic 21 og repræsenterer en forbedring i forhold de rumlige og tidsmæssige begrænsningerne ved mikrodialyse. Ud fra følgende betragtninger mikrodialyse begrænser evnen til at måle nær synapse 22, 23, MMA har en høj rumlig opløsning, der giver mulighed for selektive foranstaltninger af ekstracellulær glutamat afsmittende nær synapser 24, 25. Sekund, den lave tidsmæssige opløsning af mikrodialyse (1 - 20 min) begrænser muligheden for at undersøgehurtige dynamik glutamatfrigivelse og clearance forekommer i millisekund til andet interval 26. Fordi forskelle i frigivelsen eller clearance af glutamat kan ikke altid tydeligt i foranstaltninger af tonic, hvilende glutamatniveauer, kan det være væsentligt at glutamatfrigivelse og clearance måles direkte. MEA&#39;er mulighed for sådanne foranstaltninger på grund af deres høje tidsmæssig opløsning (2 Hz) og lave påvisningsgrænser (&lt;1 um). Tredje, MEA tillader undersøgelse af subregionale variationer i neurotransmittere i en bestemt hjerneregion, såsom en rotte eller mus hippocampus. For eksempel ved anvendelse MEA&#39;er vi kan separat målrette den tandede gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) og cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) af hippocampus, som er forbundet via en trisynaptic kredsløb 27, at undersøge subregionale forskelle i ekstracellulær glutamat. På grund af størrelsen af mikrodialysesonder (1 - 4 mm længde) og skader forårsaget af implantation 28 &lt;/ sup&gt;, 29, subregionale forskelle er vanskelige at løse. Endvidere er de optiske systemer kun tillade stimulering via eksterne stimuli, såsom en knurhår stimulation eller lys flimmer, som ikke tillader subregionale stimulation 7. En endelig fordel af multilaterale miljøaftaler i forhold til andre metoder er evnen til at studere disse subregioner in vivo uden at forstyrre deres ydre og indre forbindelser. Her beskriver vi, hvordan et registreringssystem (fx FAST16mkIII) i kombination med MEA&#39;er, der består af en keramisk-baseret multisite mikroelektrode, kan differentielt overtrækkes på optagemediet sider for at muliggøre interfererende midler, der skal detekteres og fjernes fra analytsignalet. Vi også demonstrere disse arrays kan anvendes til amperometri-baserede undersøgelser af in vivo glutamat forskrift i GD, CA3 og CA1 hippocampale delområder bedøvede RTG (TauP301L) 4510-mus, et udbredt mOuse model af Alzheimers sygdom. Derudover giver vi bekræftelse af følsomheden af MEA systemet til de hurtige dynamik glutamatfrigivelse og efter behandling af mus med riluzol, at et lægemiddel vist in vitro falde glutamatfrigivelse og øge glutamatoptagelse 30, 31, 32, 33, og demonstrere disse respektive ændringer i vivo i TauP301L musemodellen.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FAST-16mkIII-8 channel</td>
			<td>Quanteon</td>
			<td>16mkIII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode arrays</td>
			<td>CenMet</td>
			<td>W4 or 8-TRK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-3059</td>
			<td>10 g (expires after 1 month)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G-6257</td>
			<td>100 mL (expires after 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamate Oxidase</td>
			<td>US Biological or Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4001-01 or 100646</td>
			<td>50 UI (expires after 6 months)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton Syringes</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>#701</td>
			<td>2 syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>UN1230</td>
			<td>4 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (mPD)</td>
			<td>ACROS Organics</td>
			<td>1330560250</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference Electrodes (RE-5B)</td>
			<td>BAS</td>
			<td>MF-2079</td>
			<td>3 electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stir plate</td>
			<td>Cole-parmer</td>
			<td>EW-04804-01</td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G-1626</td>
			<td>100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>50-81-7</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dopamine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>62-31-7</td>
			<td>5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perchloric acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>UN2920</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Postassium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7447-40-7</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7647-40-7</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>MP</td>
			<td>153502</td>
			<td>100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>1310732</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pressure ejection pipettes</td>
			<td>CenMet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sticky wax</td>
			<td>Kerrlab</td>
			<td>625</td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsyringe</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MF28G-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling clay</td>
			<td>WalMart</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picospritzer III</td>
			<td>Parker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire</td>
			<td>AM systems</td>
			<td>782000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>7647010</td>
			<td>2.5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>AM Systems</td>
			<td>778000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solder gun</td>
			<td>Lowes or Home Depot</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multimeter</td>
			<td>WalMart</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhysioSuite</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic device</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Lab Standard</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meiji EMZ microscope</td>
			<td>Meiji</td>
			<td>EMZ-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Micro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metricide</td>
			<td>Metrex</td>
			<td>102800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgery scissors</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>25806</td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye ointment</td>
			<td>Puralube Vet Ointment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Obtain from the vet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine swabs</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>S48050</td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol swabs</td>
			<td>Local drug store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgery drape</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>4410</td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile saline</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>S5815</td>
			<td>Can make own soltuion using filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide (3%)</td>
			<td>Local drug store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>WalMart</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can purchase from different supplier</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using enzyme-based biosensors to measure tonic and phasic glutamate in alzheimer's mouse models

Neurotransmitter forstyrrelser er ofte en vigtig del af sygdomme i centralnervesystemet (CNS), spiller en rolle i patologien bag Alzheimers sygdom, Parkinsons sygdom, depression og angst. Traditionelt har mikrodialyse været den mest almindelige (rost) teknik til at undersøge neurotransmitter forandringer, der sker i disse lidelser. Men fordi mikrodialyse har evnen til at måle langsomme 1-20 minut ændringer på tværs af store områder af væv, det har den ulempe er invasiv, potentielt ødelægge iboende forbindelser i hjernen og en langsom prøveudtagning kapacitet. En relativt nyere teknik, mikroelektroden array (MEA), har talrige fordele til måling bestemte neurotransmitter ændringer inden diskrete hjerneområder som de opstår, hvilket giver en rumligt og tidsmæssigt præcise fremgangsmåde. Under anvendelse af MEA er minimalt invasiv, hvilket tillader måling af neurotransmitter ændringer i vivo. I vores laboratorium, vi hahar været specielt interesseret i ændringer i neurotransmitter, glutamat, relateret til Alzheimers sygdom patologi. Som sådan har den her beskrevne fremgangsmåde blevet anvendt til at vurdere potentielle hippocampale forstyrrelser i glutamat i en transgen musemodel for Alzheimers sygdom. Kort fortalt, den anvendte fremgangsmåde involverer at coate en multi-site mikroelektrode med et enzym meget selektiv for neurotransmitteren af ​​interesse og anvendelse selvhenvisende sider for at trække baggrundsstøj og forstyrrende. Efter udpladning og kalibrering kan MEA konstrueres med en mikropipette og sænkes ind i hjernen området af interesse under anvendelse af et stereotaktisk apparat. Her angivne metode involverer bedøve RTG (TauP301L) 4510-mus og under anvendelse af en stereotaktisk anordning til præcist at målrette subregioner (GD, CA1 og CA3) i hippocampus.

Mens denne teknologi kan bruges til at måle ændringer i glutamaterge signalering i mange typer af dyremodeller, såsom traumatisk hjerneskade, aldring, stress og epilepsi, her viser vi, hvordan MEA teknologi kan bruges til at undersøge glutamaterge ændringer i transgen musemodel af human tauopati 19, 20. RTG (TauP301L) 4510 mus udtrykker P301L mutationen i tau forbundet med frontotemporal demens og parkinsonisme koblet til kr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models at JoVE.com

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Her beskriver vi opsætningen, software navigation, og dataanalyse for et rumligt og tidsligt nøjagtig metode til måling tonic og fasiske ekstracellulære glutamat ændringer in vivo ved anvendelse af enzymbundne mikroelektrodepositionerne arrays (MEA).

Ved hjælp af Enzym-baserede biosensorer til måling Tonic og fasiske Glutamat i Alzheimers musemodeller

Neurotransmitter disruption is often a key component of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), playing a role in the pathology underlying ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

We describe a protocol for establishing mouse models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). PVL is the predominant form of brain injury in premature ...

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Detection of Neuritic Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation is one of the pathological hallmarks ...

GABA-activated Single-channel and Tonic Currents in Rat Brain Slices

The GABAA channels are present in all neurons and are located both at synapses and outside of synapses where they generate phasic and tonic currents, ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Hurtig Mikro-iontophoresis af glutamat og GABA: et nyttigt redskab til Undersøge Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Stereotaktisk Infusion af Oligomert amyloid-beta i musen Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala

Kombineret optogenetic og Freeze-fraktur Replica immunolabeling til at undersøge Input-specifikke Placering af glutamatreceptorer i Mouse Amygdala

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been a major technique in ultrastructural research for over 40 years. However, the lack of effective means to ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

En simpel måde at måle Ændringer i Reward-søger Behavior Brug<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

A High-throughput Calcium-flux Assay to Study NMDA-receptors with Sensitivity to Glycine/D-serine and Glutamate

En høj overførselshastighed Calcium-flux Assay at studere NMDA-receptorer med følsomhed over for glycin/D-Serin og glutamat

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR) are classified as ionotropic glutamate receptors and have critical roles in learning and memory. NMDAR ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Brug af Near-Infrared fluorescens og høj opløsning scanning til at måle protein Expression i gnaver hjernen

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...