Name: synthesis of biocompatible liquid crystal elastomer foams as cell scaffolds for 3d spatial cell cultures
Uploaded: 2017-04-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

이 프로젝트의 재정 지원을위한 - 저자 켄트 주립 대학 (ReMedIKS 켄트 주에서 재생 의학 이니셔티브에 대한 공동 연구 보조금 및 지원) 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

주 : 3 아암 스타 블록 공중 합체를 이용하여 3 차원 LCE 발포 형 제조를위한 다음 단계는도 1에 도시된다. 핵 자기 공명 (NMR) 특성의 경우, 스펙트럼은 브루 커 400 메가 헤르츠 DMX 악기에 실온에서 클로로포름 (CDCl3 중)에 기록되고, 내부에 잔류 7.26 피크를 참조. 푸리에 약화 총 반사 모드를 이용하여 브루 커 벡터 33 FT-IR 분광기를 사용하여 기록 된 적외선 (FT-IR) 스펙트?...

<ol>
	<li>Khor, E., Lim, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantable+applications+of+chitin+and+chitosan.">Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan.</a> Biomaterials. 24 (13), 2339-2349 (2003).</li><li>Chung, H. J., Park, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+engineered+and+drug+releasing+pre-fabricated+scaffolds+for+tissue+engineering.">Surface engineered and drug releasing pre-fabricated scaffolds for tissue engineering.</a> Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59 (4-5), 249-262 (2007).</li><li>Yakacki, C. M., Gall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shape-Memory+Polymers+for+Biomedical+Applications.">Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications.</a> Shape-Memory Polymers. 226, 147-175 (2010).</li><li>Agrawal, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimuli-responsive+liquid+crystal+elastomers+for+dynamic+cell+culture.">Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal elastomers for dynamic cell culture.</a> J. of Mat. Res. 30 (4), 453-462 (2015).</li><li>Agrawal, A., Yun, T. H., Pesek, S. L., Chapman, W. G., Verduzco, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shape-responsive+liquid+crystal+elastomer+bilayers.">Shape-responsive liquid crystal elastomer bilayers.</a> Soft Matter. 10 (9), 1411-1415 (2014).</li><li>Sharma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+and+Porous+Liquid+Crystal+Elastomer+Scaffolds+for+Spatial+Cell+Cultures.">Biodegradable and Porous Liquid Crystal Elastomer Scaffolds for Spatial Cell Cultures.</a> Macromol. Biosci. 15 (2), 200-214 (2015).</li><li>Yakacki, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailorable+and+programmable+liquid-crystalline+elastomers+using+a+two-stage+thiol-acrylate+reaction.">Tailorable and programmable liquid-crystalline elastomers using a two-stage thiol-acrylate reaction.</a> RSC Adv. 5 (25), 18997-19001 (2015).</li><li>deGennes, P. G., Hebert, M., Kant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+muscles+based+on+nematic+gels.">Artificial muscles based on nematic gels.</a> Macromolecular Symposia. 113, 39-49 (1997).</li><li>Fleischmann, E. -. K., Zentel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid-Crystalline+Ordering+as+a+Concept+in+Materials+Science:+From+Semiconductors+to+Stimuli-Responsive+Devices.">Liquid-Crystalline Ordering as a Concept in Materials Science: From Semiconductors to Stimuli-Responsive Devices.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (34), 8810-8827 (2013).</li><li>Finkelmann, H., Kim, S. T., Munoz, A., Palffy-Muhoray, P., Taheri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+mirrorless+lasing+in+cholesteric+liquid+crystalline+elastomers.">Tunable mirrorless lasing in cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers.</a> Adv. Mater. 13 (14), 1069-1072 (2001).</li><li>Artal, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SHG+characterization+of+different+polar+materials+obtained+by+in+situ+photopolymerization.">SHG characterization of different polar materials obtained by in situ photopolymerization.</a> Macromolecules. 34 (12), 4244-4255 (2001).</li><li>Camacho-Lopez, M., Finkelmann, H., Palffy-Muhoray, P., Shelley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+liquid-crystal+elastomer+swims+into+the+dark.">Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark.</a> Nat. Mater. 3 (5), 307-310 (2004).</li><li>Yamada, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photomobile+polymer+materials:+Towards+light-driven+plastic+motors.">Photomobile polymer materials: Towards light-driven plastic motors.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (27), 4986-4988 (2008).</li><li>Ohm, C., Brehmer, M., Zentel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+Crystalline+Elastomers+as+Actuators+and+Sensors.">Liquid Crystalline Elastomers as Actuators and Sensors.</a> Adv. Mater. 22 (31), 3366-3387 (2010).</li><li>Fleischmann, E. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-piece+micropumps+from+liquid+crystalline+core-shell+particles.">One-piece micropumps from liquid crystalline core-shell particles.</a> Nat. Commun. 3, (2012).</li><li>Herzer, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Printable+Optical+Sensors+Based+on+H-Bonded+Supramolecular+Cholesteric+Liquid+Crystal+Networks.">Printable Optical Sensors Based on H-Bonded Supramolecular Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Networks.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (18), 7608-7611 (2012).</li><li>Lockwood, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermotropic+liquid+crystals+as+substrates+for+imaging+the+reorganization+of+matrigel+by+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Thermotropic liquid crystals as substrates for imaging the reorganization of matrigel by human embryonic stem cells.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 (5), 618-624 (2006).</li><li>Sharma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+structural+variations+on+the+cellular+response+and+mechanical+properties+of+biocompatible,+biodegradable,+and+porous+smectic+liquid+crystal+elastomers.">Effects of structural variations on the cellular response and mechanical properties of biocompatible, biodegradable, and porous smectic liquid crystal elastomers.</a> Macromol. Biosci. , (2016).</li><li>Bera, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+Crystal+Elastomer+Microspheres+as+Three-Dimensional+Cell+Scaffolds+Supporting+the+Attachment+and+Proliferation+of+Myoblasts.">Liquid Crystal Elastomer Microspheres as Three-Dimensional Cell Scaffolds Supporting the Attachment and Proliferation of Myoblasts.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7 (26), 14528-14535 (2015).</li><li>Bera, T., Malcuit, C., Clements, R. J., Hegmann, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Surfactant+during+Microemulsion+Photopolymerization+for+the+Creation+of+Three-Dimensional+Liquid+Crystal+Elastomer+Microsphere+Spatial+Cell+Scaffolds.">Role of Surfactant during Microemulsion Photopolymerization for the Creation of Three-Dimensional Liquid Crystal Elastomer Microsphere Spatial Cell Scaffolds.</a> Front. Mater. 3 (31), (2016).</li><li>McKee, C. T., Last, J. A., Russell, P., Murphy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indentation+Versus+Tensile+Measurements+of+Young's+Modulus+for+Soft+Biological+Tissues.">Indentation Versus Tensile Measurements of Young's Modulus for Soft Biological Tissues.</a> Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 17 (3), 155-164 (2011).</li><li>Kung, C. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+characterization+of+three+dimensional+graphene+foam+supported+platinum-ruthenium+bimetallic+nanocatalysts+for+hydrogen+peroxide+based+electrochemical+biosensors.">Preparation and characterization of three dimensional graphene foam supported platinum-ruthenium bimetallic nanocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide based electrochemical biosensors.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 52, 1-7 (2014).</li><li>Amsden, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Curable,+biodegradable+elastomers:+emerging+biomaterials+for+drug+delivery+and+tissue+engineering.">Curable, biodegradable elastomers: emerging biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering.</a> Soft Matter. 3 (11), 1335-1348 (2007).</li><li>Sinturel, C., Vayer, M., Morris, M., Hillmyer, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+Vapor+Annealing+of+Block+Polymer+Thin+Films.">Solvent Vapor Annealing of Block Polymer Thin Films.</a> Macromolecules. 46 (14), 5399-5415 (2013).</li><li>Riboldi, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+myogenesis+on+highly+orientated+microfibrous+polyesterurethane+scaffolds.">Skeletal myogenesis on highly orientated microfibrous polyesterurethane scaffolds.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 84 (4), 1094-1101 (2008).</li><li>Chung, S., Moghe, A. K., Montero, G. A., Kim, S. H., King, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofibrous+scaffolds+electrospun+from+elastomeric+biodegradable+poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone)+copolymer.">Nanofibrous scaffolds electrospun from elastomeric biodegradable poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) copolymer.</a> Biomed. Mater. 4 (1), 9 (2009).</li><li>Gao, Y. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biocompatible+3D+Liquid+Crystal+Elastomer+Cell+Scaffolds+and+Foams+with+Primary+and+Secondary+Porous+Architecture.">Biocompatible 3D Liquid Crystal Elastomer Cell Scaffolds and Foams with Primary and Secondary Porous Architecture.</a> ACS Macro Lett. 5 (1), 14-19 (2016).</li><li>Lenoir, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ring-opening+polymerization+of+alpha-chloro-is+an+element+of-caprolactone+and+chemical+modification+of+poly(alpha-chloro-is+an+element+of-caprolactone)+by+atom+transfer+radical+processes.">Ring-opening polymerization of alpha-chloro-is an element of-caprolactone and chemical modification of poly(alpha-chloro-is an element of-caprolactone) by atom transfer radical processes.</a> Macromolecules. 37 (11), 4055-4061 (2004).</li><li>Younes, H. M., Bravo-Grimaldo, E., Amsden, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+characterization+and+in+vitro+degradation+of+a+biodegradable+elastomer.">Synthesis, characterization and in vitro degradation of a biodegradable elastomer.</a> Biomaterials. 25 (22), 5261-5269 (2004).</li><li>Donaldson, T., Henderson, P. A., Achard, M. F., Imrie, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chiral+liquid+crystal+tetramers.">Chiral liquid crystal tetramers.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 21 (29), 10935-10941 (2011).</li><li>Palmgren, R., Karlsson, S., Albertsson, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+degradable+crosslinked+polymers+based+on+1,5-dioxepan-2-one+and+crosslinker+of+bis-epsilon-caprolactone+type.">Synthesis of degradable crosslinked polymers based on 1,5-dioxepan-2-one and crosslinker of bis-epsilon-caprolactone type.</a> J. Pol. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 35 (9), 1635-1649 (1997).</li></ol>

액정 탄성체는 최근 인해 자극에 응답에 생체 세포 골격으로 연구되어왔다. 그들은 세포 골격으로 이상적인 플랫폼으로 입증되었다. 그러나 준비하고 새로운 LCE 발판을 설계 할 때 염두에 두어야 할 중요한 요소는 다공성이다. 침출 고체 (23) 또는 가스의 도입은 항상 균일 한 다공성 또는 완전히 상호 모공 발생하지 않습니다. 식각 할 수있는 금속 템플릿의 사용뿐만 아니라보다...

세포 연구 및 세포 부착 및 증식 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 목표 조직 재생을위한 응용 프로그램을 위해 설계된 생물학적 생체 합성 재료의 몇 가지 예들이있다. 6,7 주문 이방성 분자와 외부 자극에 응답 할 수있는 액정 엘라스토머 (LCEs)라고도 생체 적합성 재료의 몇 가지 예,가 있었다. LCEs 광학 기능과 액정 분자 (8)의 순서, 9 엘라스토머의 기계적 성질과 탄성 결합 자극에 반응하는 물질이다. LCEs 외부 STIM에 응답하여 형상 변화, 기계적 변형, 탄성 거동 및 광학 특성을 이용할 수울리 (예., 열 스트레스, 빛 등) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 이전 연구는 액정 LCS (가) 세포 (4), (17)의 성장 방향을 감지 할 수 있음을 보여 주었다. LCEs 셀 목재 및 정렬을 포함한 생물학적으로 중요한 의학적 응용에 적합 할 수 있다고 가정하는 것이 가능하다. 우리는 이전에 &quot;스위스 치즈 유형&quot;다공성 형태 6, 18을 갖춘 스 멕틱 생체 적합성, 생분해 성, 주조 성형, 얇은 LCEs 필름의 준비를보고했다. 우리는 또한 세포 성장 (19) &lt;위한 발판으로 구상 형태와 네마 틱 생체 적합성 LCEs 준비SUP&gt; 20. 우리의 작업은 관심 (21)의 조직과 일치하는 재료의 기계적 특성을 조정하기위한되었다. 또한,이 연구는 탄성 중합체 세포의 상호 작용뿐만 아니라 탄성 중합체가 외부 자극을받습니다 세포 반응을 이해에 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 주요 문제는 탄성 중합체 매트릭스를 통해 세포 부착 및 침투를 허용하는 LCEs의 공극률을 조정하는 부분에 더 잘 질량 운송 하였다. 이러한 박막 (6)의 다공성 매트릭스의 대부분을 통해 세포 투과 허용하지만, 모든 세공이 완전히 상호 연결된 기공했다 또는 (균질)보다 일정한 크기를 가졌다. 우리는 구상 형태학와 생체 적합성 네마 틱 LCE 탄성 중합체 보도했다. 이러한 네마 엘라스토머 부착 세포의 증식을 허용하지만, 기공 크기는 10-30 ㎛의 방지, 또는 원거리 단에서 이들의 사용을 제한세포주 (19), (20)의 폭 넓은 다양한 엘라스토머. 쿵푸 등의 알에 의해 이전 작업. 은 &quot;희생&quot;금속 템플릿을 이용하여 그래 핀 발포체의 형성에 관한 얻어진 그라 발포체 선택된 금속 주형 (22)에 의해 지시 매우 일정한 다공성 형태를 한 것으로 나타났다. 이 방법론은 기공과 기공 크기의 전체 제어를 제공합니다. 다른 템플릿의 형성 발포 조제 전에 모양을 동시에, 금속 템플릿의 가단성 및 유연성을 허용한다. 이러한 재료 침출 23 가스 템플릿 (24) 또는 전기 방사 섬유 (25) 등의 다른 기술은, (26)는 다공질 재료의 제조 가능성을 제공하지만, 더 많은 시간이 어떤 경우에는 구멍 크기는 한정되어 걸리고이다 몇 마이크로 미터. 거품-like 3D LCEs 금속 템플릿 높은 셀 부하를 허용하여 제조; 개선 된 증식 속도; 공동 배양; 와, 적어도 마지막하지만, 더 나은 대중 교통 관리 (즉, 영양소, 가스, 폐기물)은 전체 조직 개발 (27)을 보장합니다. 폼 같은 3D LCEs 또한 셀 정렬을 개선하기 위해 표시; 이것은 세포 증식 및 세포 방향을 감지 LC 펜던트 관련된 대부분이다. LCE 내의 LC 잔기의 존재는 LCE 골격 내의 셀 위치에 대하여 셀의 정렬을 향상 보인다. 스트러트 함께 (접합부) (27)에 가입 여기서 명확한 방향은 관찰되지 동안 세포는 LCE의 스트러트 내에서 정렬. 전반적으로, 세포 지지체로서의 LCE 세포 골격 플랫폼 튜닝 엘라스토머 형태와 탄성 구체적 O 순서, 공간적인 배치를 만들 수 (개별) 세포 유형의 정렬을 지시하는이 기회를 제공한다생명체와 유사한 F 세포. 별개로 유지 장기 세포 성장 및 증식을 유도 할 수있는 발판을 제공하는 것을, 또한 셀 LCEs 방향 및 상호 작용을 실시간으로 수정 될 수 동적 실험을 허용한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="723">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">L16606</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Silanizing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-bis(4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)propane</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/commodity/B0928/">B0928</a></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-chlorohexanone&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A18613</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-heptanone&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W254401</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-propanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-chloroperbenzoic acid, m-CPBA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>273031</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-dimethylaminopyridine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A13016</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Nuclear Stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-hexynoic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B25132-06</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>36289</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34850</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alcohol 200 proof ACS Grade&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>71001-866</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzene</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>AA33290</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#949;-caprolactone&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10299-0E</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1109</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8503</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chromium(VI) oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>232653</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Copper (I) iodide</td>
			<td>Strem Chemicals</td>
			<td>100211-060</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D,L-Lactide&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L09026</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>320269</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethyl ether&#160;</td>
			<td>Emd Millipore</td>
			<td>EX0190</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270547</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium, DEME&#160;</td>
			<td>CORNING Cellgo</td>
			<td>10-013</td>
			<td>Cell Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>33361</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>SIGMA Life Science</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td>Fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum, FBS&#160;</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30071.01</td>
			<td>Media Component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter paper, Grade 415, qualitative, crepe</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28320</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td>Central node (3-arm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>52649</td>
			<td>Crosslinker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iron(III) chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>12357</td>
			<td>Etching agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1133</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L13255</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N&#39;-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D80002</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270547</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nickel metal template</td>
			<td>American Elements</td>
			<td>Ni-860</td>
			<td>Foam template</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neuroblastomas cells (SH-SY5Y)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2266</td>
			<td>Cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 2000, PEG</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B22181</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium azide&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-646</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>865</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH9286</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S-374</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>239313</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>41819</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thiosulfate de sodium</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>393</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3252</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Toluene&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>22903</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>471283</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30042.01</td>
			<td>Cell Detachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of biocompatible liquid crystal elastomer foams as cell scaffolds for 3d spatial cell cultures

여기서는 3 차원, 생분해 성, 발포 셀 형상 지지체의 단계별 제조를 제시한다. 이러한 골격은 멕틱-A (SMA) 액정 엘라스토머 (LCEs) 결과, 측쇄 부속기로서 콜레스테롤을 갖춘 단위 성 블록 코 폴리머를 가교 결합하여 제조 하였다. 폼과 같은 골격은, 3 차원 세포 배양 지지체로 적합, 금속 템플릿을 이용하여 제조 상호 연결된 마이크로 채널이 있습니다. 금속 발포체의 종래 다공성 템플릿 필름이지만 질량 수송보다 잘 관리 (즉, 영양소, 가스 폐기물 비교뿐만 아니라 높은 세포 증식을 촉진하는 3 차원 세포 지지체의 엘라스토머 결과의 일반적인 구조의 결합 특성 등). 금속 템플릿의 특성상 거품 형상 (즉, 롤 또는 필름)의 간편한 조작을 가능하게하고 다른 세포 연구 다양한 기공 크기의 골격의 제조를위한 interconnec을 유지하면서템플릿의 테드 다공성 성격. 에칭 공정은 생체 적합성 및 생분해 성 특성을 보존, 엘라스토머의 화학적 성질에 영향을주지 않습니다. 우리는 세포의 성장과 증식을 촉진하면서 이러한 멕틱 LCEs는 광범위한 기간에 재배 할 때, 임상 적으로 복잡한 조직 구조의 연구를 수 있음을 보여준다.

이 보고서는 니켈 템플릿을 사용하는 세포 배양 용 지지체로서 다공성 3 차원 LCE의 제조 방법을 도시한다. 얻어진 3D LCE는 쉽게 세포의 침윤을 허용 복잡한 상호 채널 네트워크뿐만 아니라 더 적합 질량 수송 (27)를 보여줍니다. 그것은 세포가 완전히 상호 연결된 채널 네트워크에 침투 할 수 있고 또한 LCE 내에서 정렬 할 수있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 여기서,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

본 연구는 3D, 생체 측쇄 액정 엘라스토머 (LCEs)에 기초한 생분해 성 발포 셀 형상 지지체를 제조하는 방법을 제공한다. 공 초점 현미경 실험은 거품 같은 LCEs가 세포 부착, 증식 및 C2C12s의 근육 모세포의 자연 정렬 할 수 있음을 보여준다.

3D 공간 세포 배양을위한 세포 발판으로 생체 적합성 액정 엘라스토머 거품의 합성

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

The goal of this procedure is to prepare biodegradable, three dimensional foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side chain liquid crystal elastomers. This method can help answer key questions in the liquid crystal and biomedical fields, such as the effects of liquid crystal elastomer properties on cell proliferation and alignment. The main advantage of this method of two dimensional cell scaffolds is it permits the study of spatial cell-cell interactions which is rarely possible in 2D macro environments.Generally, those new to this method will struggle with the tactile compression tests. We first had the idea for this method after having to change the media in hundreds of Petri dishes. We wondered if liquid crystal elastomers could support muscle cells on a 3D network, to eliminate the use of so many Petri dishes.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as some steps require careful manipulation of chemicals. Further, shaping the metal foam template may be challenging. First, fill a 20 milliliter ampoule with a 2%by volume solution of PFOTES in toluene.Stir the solution in the ampoule for 24 hours to silanize the ampoule interior. Rinse the silanized ampoule with isopropyl alcohol and dry it at 140 degrees celsius for 30 minutes. Place 3.64 grams of distilled epsilon-caprolactone, 0.5 grams of alpha-chloro-epsilon-caprolactone, and 0.25 milliliters of glycerol in the dry ampoule.Vortex the mixture for one minute. Then, add 4.90 grams of DL-lactide to the mixture, and purge the ampoule atmosphere with nitrogen gas for one minute. Cover the ampoule opening with aluminum foil, and heat the mixture at 120 degrees Celsius for about two hours to melt the DL-lactide.Vortex the mixture to disrupt any unmelted solids, and then, add 66 microliters of 10-2-ethylhexanoate to the ampoule, and vortex again. Close the ampoule with aluminum foil and heat the mixture at 120 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes to remelt the DL-lactide. Once the DL-lactide has melted again, vigorously vortex the mixture, and purge the ampoule atmosphere with nitrogen gas.Seal the ampoule with a rubber septum. Insert a needle connected to a vacuum line through the septum, and start the vacuum. Flame-seal the neck of the ampoule, being careful not to melt the rubber stopper.Once the neck is sealed, heat the reaction mixture at 140 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Then, allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Break open the ampoule and dissolve the viscous reaction mixture in 10 milliliters of dichloromethane.Transfer the mixture to a separatory funnel. Place a flask containing 100 milliliters of methanol in a dry ice and acetone bath to cool down the methanol to approximately minus 78 degrees Celsius. Once the methanol has cooled down, secure the separatory funnel over the flask.Add the reaction mixture to the cold methanol at a rate of two drops every second. Collect the resulting white precipitate on filter paper. Dry the precipitate in a vacuum oven between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius to obtain the three-arm alpha-chloro SBC product.To prepare the alpha cholesteryl three-arm SBC, the pendant chlorine atom is replaced by an azide. A click reaction with cholesteryl 5-hexynoate results in a pendant cholesteryl as the liquid crystal moiety. To begin preparing the liquid crystal elastomer scaffold, combine 0.75 grams of alpha-cholesteryl three-arm SBC with 0.25 milliliters of HDI and 0.24 milliliters of distilled epsilon-caprolactone.Add to this 60 microliters of 10-2-ethylhexanoate and vortex the mixture. Then, cut out a one centimeter by four centimeter piece of nickel metal foam. Roll the nickel foam into a cylinder one centimeter in diameter and one centimeter tall to form a template for the liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffold.Place the template in a glass vial or aluminum foil enclosure, and pour the liquid crystal elastomer mixture over the template until it is completely covered. Allow the template to sit in the liquid crystal elastomer mixture for two minutes, and then, remove the excess with a pipette. Heat the mixture and template at 80 degrees Celsius overnight.Then, peel away the aluminum foil, or break the glass. Use a razor blade to remove excess liquid crystal elastomer to expose the nickel metal template. Place the foam in a flask and add 70 milliliters of a saturated aqueous solution of iron three chloride.Stir the foam in the solution for three days at room temperature to dissolve the nickel template. Every 24 hours, stir the foam in deionized water for 30 minutes, and then, resume stirring in a fresh iron three chloride solution. After the second day of stirring, perform a tactile compression test on the liquid crystal elastomer foam.Resistance to tactile compression indicates that the nickel template is still present in the foam. After the third day, all nickel template has been eliminated, and the resulting foam appears very soft and easy to fully compress. The nickel template must be completely eliminated.It is important to thoroughly rinse the liquid crystal elastomer foam in iron chloride until it's soft to the touch when a tactile compression test is performed. The liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffold is now ready to be characterized and used. Once the liquid crystal elastomer foam is soft, rinse it with 70%ethanol to sterilize it.To begin the seeding procedure, wash again the liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffolds twice in one milliliter of 70%ethanol to sterilize the elastomer surfaces. Then, irradiate the scaffolds with UV light for 10 minutes. Wash the scaffolds with another one milliliter portion of 70%ethanol.Rinse the scaffolds with one milliliter each of sterile water and phosphate-buffered saline. Load the sterilized liquid crystal elastomer scaffolds into 24-well culture plates. Prepare and count a suspension of the cells of interest in the appropriate cell growth medium with penicillin and streptomycin.Dilute the cell suspension to 1.5 times 10 to the fifth cells per 100 microliters using growth medium. Deposit a drop of diluted cell suspension on top of each liquid crystal elastomer scaffold. Incubate the seeded liquid crystal elastomer scaffolds at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%CO2 atmosphere for two hours.Add another 0.5 milliliters of growth medium to each scaffold, and continue incubation. Every 48 hours, wash the seeded scaffolds with one milliliter of PBS, and add fresh growth medium. Continue incubating the scaffolds until the cells are ready for microscopy.These smetic LCs enable the study of complex tissue constructs while promoting cell growth and proliferation. In order to maintain cell viability, foams must be sterilized and cleanliness of cultures maintained at all times. To prepare for microscopy, fix the cells on the scaffolds with a solution of 4%paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes.Soak the samples three times in three milliliters of PBS for five minutes. Place one scaffold sample in an Eppendorf tube. Stain the sample with a solution of 0.1%DAPI in 500 microliters of PBS for 10 minutes.Soak the sample twice in one milliliter of PBS for five minutes. And then, immediately image the sample with confocal microscopy. Acquire image stacks spanning the sample and analyze the data in an image processing program.A three-arm SBC with liquid crystal moieties was cast on a nickel foam template with HDI as the cross-linker. The nickel template was removed by etching to obtain the liquid crystal elastomer foam. Compression deformation testing was periodically performed to monitor the etching process.Once the nickel had been completely dissolved, the compression deformation testing showed a 70%reduction in size when compressed. Upon releasing compression, the liquid crystal elastomer foam consistently recovered its original size and shape. This behavior is attributed to the liquid crystal moieties, as similar elastomer foams lacking the cholesterol epsilon-caprolactone moiety did not recover from compression.SCM of the internal foam morphology showed an interconnected network of hollow foam struts. The regular morphology was attributed to the structure of the nickel foam, indicating that pore size and overall shape can be controlled by selection of an appropriate metal template. The foam was seeded with neuroblastoma cells, which attached to the walls of the network within two days.30 days after seeding, confocal microscopy revealed that the cells extended over the liquid crystal elastomer network, and had formed multiple layers dispersed throughout the elastomer foam. Elongation of cell nuclei was observed, and was correlated to cell alignment. Once mastered, this technique can be done within three to four weeks if performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to design and prepare liquid crystal elastomer cell scaffolds with specific pore sizes and morphologies. While attempting this procedure, it's important to fully characterize each product and to monitor cell viability and expansion. Further, proper staining technique is important to easily acquire confocal microscopy images.Following this procedure, liquid crystal elastomers can also be exposed to external stimuli, such as stress, or magnetic and electric fields, to answer additional questions about how the anisotropic molecular ordering of the liquid crystal elastomers affects cell response. The implications of this technique apply to the study of disease processes, as it provides a platform to dynamically study the effects of external agents on simulated disease activity, and subsequent repair processes. Though this smectic liquid crystal elastomer foam can provide insight into cell-cell interactions, they can also be used with other materials, such as semiconductor or metal nanostructures.After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in biomedical fields to design long-term experimental platforms mirroring living systems.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC) to Different Lineages

Alginate Microcapsule as a 3D Platform for Propagation and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESC to Different Lineages

다른 Lineages로 인간 배아 줄기 세포 (hESC)의 전파 및 차별 화를위한 3D 플랫폼으로서 알긴산의 Microcapsule

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are emerging as an attractive alternative source for cell replacement therapy since they can be expanded in culture ...

연구

생체공학

Preparation of 3D Fibrin Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culture Applications

3D 섬유소의 준비는 줄기 세포 배양 용도 공사장 공중 발판

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

3 차원 세포 배양을위한 자기보고 발판

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness ...

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

제어 약물 릴리스에 대한 자기장 응답 하이브리드 젤라틴 마이크로 겔을 교류

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of ...

Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

모노 도메인 액정 탄성체 및 액정 엘라스토머 나노 복합 재료의 제조

LCEs are shape-responsive materials with fully reversible shape change and potential applications in medicine, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

미세화 및 3D 미세 혈관의 조립

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms

조직 특이 적 세포 배양 및 전달 플랫폼과 같은 세포 외 기질 유래 거품과 마이크로 담체의 제조

Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus ...

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

전통적인 담배 연기와 전자 담배 연 무질에서 액체 추출의 세대에 대 한 장치를 운영 하는 마이크로컨트롤러

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among ...

3D Analysis of Multi-cellular Responses to Chemoattractant Gradients

화학 유인 그라데이션에 대 한 다중 세포 반응의 3D 분석

Various limitations of 2D cell culture systems have sparked interest in 3D cell culture and analysis platforms, which would better mimic the spatial and ...