Name: synthesis of biocompatible liquid crystal elastomer foams as cell scaffolds for 3d spatial cell cultures
Uploaded: 2017-04-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

Авторы хотели бы поблагодарить Kent State University (совместный грант исследований и поддержку Инициативы по регенеративной медицине в Kent State - ReMedIKS) за финансовую поддержку данного проекта.

Примечание: Следующие шаги для 3D - LCE пенообразного подготовки с использованием 3-рука звезды блок - сополимера показаны на рисунке 1. Для получения ядерного магнитного резонанса (ЯМР) характеристики, спектры записаны в дейтерированном хлороформе (CDCl 3) при комнатно...

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Жидкокристаллические эластомеры недавно были исследованы в качестве биосовместимых каркасов клеток из-за их стимулы к реагированию. Они оказались идеальными платформами, как мобильные строительные леса. Тем не менее, является важным фактором, чтобы иметь в виду при подготовке и разр?...

Есть несколько примеров биосовместимых биологических и синтетических материалов , предназначенных для применения в исследованиях клеток и для регенерации ткани , направленной на прикрепление клеток и пролиферации 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Там было несколько примеров биосовместимых материалов, известных как жидкокристаллические эластомеры (LCEs), которые могли бы реагировать на внешние раздражители с анизотропной молекулярным упорядочением 6, 7. LCEs являются стимулы-чувствительных материалами , которые сочетают в себе механические и эластичные свойства эластомеров с оптической функциональностью и молекулярным упорядочением жидких кристаллов 8, 9. LCEs может испытывать изменения в форме, механическую деформацию, упругое поведение и оптические свойства в ответ на внешние ститулы (то есть., жара, стресс, свет и т.д.) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Более ранние исследования показали , что жидкие кристаллы (ЖК) может ощутить рост и ориентацию клеток 4, 17. Можно тогда предположить, что LCEs может быть пригоден для биологических и медицинских соответствующих приложений, включая клетку леса и выравнивание. Ранее мы уже сообщали о подготовке смектических биосовместимые, биодеградируемые, литье под давлением, и тонкие LCEs фильмов с участием в «типа швейцарского сыра» пористый морфологию 6, 18. Мы также подготовили нематические биосовместимые LCEs с глобулярной морфологией , как каркасы для роста клеток 19 &lt;SUP&gt; 20. Наша работа была направлена на настройку механических свойств материалов , чтобы они соответствовали интересующей ткани 21. Кроме того, эти исследования сосредоточены на понимании эластомер-клеточных взаимодействий, а также клеточный ответ, когда эластомеры подвергается воздействию внешних раздражителей. Основные проблемы были частично адаптировать пористость LCEs, чтобы обеспечить прикрепление клеток и проникновение через матрицу эластомера и для лучшего переноса массы. Пористость этих тонких пленок 6 позволила клеточной проницаемости через объем матрицы, но не все поры были полностью соединены между собой или имели более регулярные (однородный) размер пор. Затем мы сообщили о биосовместимых нематико LCE эластомеры с шаровыми морфологией. Эти нематических эластомеры разрешены для прикрепления и пролиферации клеток, но размер пор в диапазоне от 10-30 только мкм, что помешало или ограничить использование этихэластомеры с более широким разнообразием клеточных линий 19, 20. Предыдущая работа Кунг и др. связанные с формированием графеновых пен с использованием «жертвенную» шаблон металла показал , что полученный графен пена имела очень регулярный пористой морфологии , диктуемой выбранного шаблона 22 металла. Эта методика обеспечивает полный контроль пористости и размера пор. В то же время, пластичность и гибкость шаблона металла позволяют формирование другого шаблона формы перед приготовлением пены. Другие методы, такие как материал выщелачивание 23, газ шаблоны 24 или электрооптического прядением волокон 25, 26 также обеспечивают потенциал для получения пористых материалов, но они больше времени, и, в некоторых случаях, размер пор ограничен лишь несколько микрометров. пена-как 3D LCEs готовили с использованием шаблонов металлов позволяют более высокую нагрузку клеток; улучшенная скорость пролиферации; совместное культивирование; и, наконец , но не в последнюю очередь, лучше массовое управление транспортом (то есть, питательные вещества, газы и отходы) , чтобы обеспечить развитие полной ткани 27. Пенообразный 3D LCEs также появляется, чтобы улучшить выравнивание клеток; это, скорее всего по отношению к LC подвескам зондирования роста клеток и ориентации клеток. Наличие LC остатки в пределах LCE появляется для улучшения выравнивания клеток относительно расположения клеток внутри LCE строительных лесов. Клетки выравнивания в пределах распорок в LCE, в то время как нет четкой ориентации не наблюдаются , где распорки объединяются (переходы) 27. В целом, наша LCE клетки подмости платформа в качестве опорной ячейки среды открывает новые возможности для настройки морфологии эластомера и упругих свойства и конкретно направлять выравнивание (индивидуальные) типов клеток для создания нумерованных, пространственные расположений оF клетки, похожие на живые системы. Помимо обеспечения лески, способной выдержать и направляя долгосрочный клеточный рост и пролиферацию, LCEs также позволяет для динамических экспериментов, в которых ориентация и взаимодействие клеток могут быть изменены на лета.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">L16606</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Silanizing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-bis(4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)propane</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/commodity/B0928/">B0928</a></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-chlorohexanone&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A18613</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-heptanone&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W254401</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-propanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-chloroperbenzoic acid, m-CPBA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>273031</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-dimethylaminopyridine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A13016</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Nuclear Stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-hexynoic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B25132-06</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>36289</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34850</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alcohol 200 proof ACS Grade&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>71001-866</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzene</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>AA33290</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#949;-caprolactone&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10299-0E</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1109</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8503</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chromium(VI) oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>232653</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Copper (I) iodide</td>
			<td>Strem Chemicals</td>
			<td>100211-060</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D,L-Lactide&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L09026</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>320269</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethyl ether&#160;</td>
			<td>Emd Millipore</td>
			<td>EX0190</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270547</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium, DEME&#160;</td>
			<td>CORNING Cellgo</td>
			<td>10-013</td>
			<td>Cell Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>33361</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>SIGMA Life Science</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td>Fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum, FBS&#160;</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30071.01</td>
			<td>Media Component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter paper, Grade 415, qualitative, crepe</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28320</td>
			<td>Filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td>Central node (3-arm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>52649</td>
			<td>Crosslinker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iron(III) chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>12357</td>
			<td>Etching agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1133</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L13255</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N&#39;-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D80002</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>270547</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nickel metal template</td>
			<td>American Elements</td>
			<td>Ni-860</td>
			<td>Foam template</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neuroblastomas cells (SH-SY5Y)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2266</td>
			<td>Cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol 2000, PEG</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B22181</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium azide&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97064-646</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>865</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH9286</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S-374</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9638</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>239313</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>41819</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thiosulfate de sodium</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>393</td>
			<td>Drying salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3252</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Toluene&#160;</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>22903</td>
			<td>Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>471283</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30042.01</td>
			<td>Cell Detachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of biocompatible liquid crystal elastomer foams as cell scaffolds for 3d spatial cell cultures

Здесь мы представляем шаг за шагом подготовку 3D, биоразлагаемых, пенообразные клетки строительных лесов. Эти каркасы были получены путем поперечного сшивания звезд блок-сополимеров, показывающие единицы холестерина в боковой цепи боковых групп, в результате чего смектической-А (СМА) жидкокристаллических эластомеров (LCEs). Пенообразный каркасы, подготовленный с использованием шаблонов металлов, имеет взаимосвязанные микроканалы, что делает их пригодными в качестве 3D-клеточной культура каркасов. Объединенные свойства обычной структуры металлической пены и в результате эластомера в клеточном помосте 3D , что способствует не только более высокой пролиферации клеток по сравнению с обычными пористыми шаблонными фильмами, но и более эффективным управлением переносом массы (то есть, питательными веществами, газов, отходы и т.д.). Природа шаблона металла позволяет легко манипулировать пены форм (т.е. рулонов или пленки) , а также для подготовки каркасов различных размеров пор для различных исследований клеток при сохранении interconnecTed пористая природа шаблона. Процесс травления не влияет на химический состав эластомеров, с сохранением их биологически совместимая и биологически разлагаемой природы. Показано, что эти Смектические LCEs при выращивании в течение длительного периода времени, времени, позволит исследование клинически значимых и сложных конструкций ткани, содействуя росту и пролиферации клеток.

Этот отчет показывает способ получения пористой 3D LCE в качестве каркаса для культуры клеток с использованием шаблона никель-металл. Полученный 3D ХПЛ демонстрирует сложную взаимосвязанную сеть каналов , что позволяет легко клеточной инфильтрации, а также более подход...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

Данное исследование представляет методологию для подготовки 3D, биоразлагаемый, пенообразный каркасы клеточного на основе биосовместимых жидкокристаллических эластомеров боковой цепи (LCEs). Конфокальные микроскопия эксперименты показывают, что пенообразный LCEs позволяет прикрепление клеток, пролиферации и спонтанного выравниванию C2C12s миобластов.

Синтез биосовместимых жидкого кристалла эластомерных пен, как Cell Каркасы для 3D-пространственных культур клеток

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

The goal of this procedure is to prepare biodegradable, three dimensional foam-like cell scaffolds based on biocompatible side chain liquid crystal elastomers. This method can help answer key questions in the liquid crystal and biomedical fields, such as the effects of liquid crystal elastomer properties on cell proliferation and alignment. The main advantage of this method of two dimensional cell scaffolds is it permits the study of spatial cell-cell interactions which is rarely possible in 2D macro environments.Generally, those new to this method will struggle with the tactile compression tests. We first had the idea for this method after having to change the media in hundreds of Petri dishes. We wondered if liquid crystal elastomers could support muscle cells on a 3D network, to eliminate the use of so many Petri dishes.Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as some steps require careful manipulation of chemicals. Further, shaping the metal foam template may be challenging. First, fill a 20 milliliter ampoule with a 2%by volume solution of PFOTES in toluene.Stir the solution in the ampoule for 24 hours to silanize the ampoule interior. Rinse the silanized ampoule with isopropyl alcohol and dry it at 140 degrees celsius for 30 minutes. Place 3.64 grams of distilled epsilon-caprolactone, 0.5 grams of alpha-chloro-epsilon-caprolactone, and 0.25 milliliters of glycerol in the dry ampoule.Vortex the mixture for one minute. Then, add 4.90 grams of DL-lactide to the mixture, and purge the ampoule atmosphere with nitrogen gas for one minute. Cover the ampoule opening with aluminum foil, and heat the mixture at 120 degrees Celsius for about two hours to melt the DL-lactide.Vortex the mixture to disrupt any unmelted solids, and then, add 66 microliters of 10-2-ethylhexanoate to the ampoule, and vortex again. Close the ampoule with aluminum foil and heat the mixture at 120 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes to remelt the DL-lactide. Once the DL-lactide has melted again, vigorously vortex the mixture, and purge the ampoule atmosphere with nitrogen gas.Seal the ampoule with a rubber septum. Insert a needle connected to a vacuum line through the septum, and start the vacuum. Flame-seal the neck of the ampoule, being careful not to melt the rubber stopper.Once the neck is sealed, heat the reaction mixture at 140 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Then, allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Break open the ampoule and dissolve the viscous reaction mixture in 10 milliliters of dichloromethane.Transfer the mixture to a separatory funnel. Place a flask containing 100 milliliters of methanol in a dry ice and acetone bath to cool down the methanol to approximately minus 78 degrees Celsius. Once the methanol has cooled down, secure the separatory funnel over the flask.Add the reaction mixture to the cold methanol at a rate of two drops every second. Collect the resulting white precipitate on filter paper. Dry the precipitate in a vacuum oven between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius to obtain the three-arm alpha-chloro SBC product.To prepare the alpha cholesteryl three-arm SBC, the pendant chlorine atom is replaced by an azide. A click reaction with cholesteryl 5-hexynoate results in a pendant cholesteryl as the liquid crystal moiety. To begin preparing the liquid crystal elastomer scaffold, combine 0.75 grams of alpha-cholesteryl three-arm SBC with 0.25 milliliters of HDI and 0.24 milliliters of distilled epsilon-caprolactone.Add to this 60 microliters of 10-2-ethylhexanoate and vortex the mixture. Then, cut out a one centimeter by four centimeter piece of nickel metal foam. Roll the nickel foam into a cylinder one centimeter in diameter and one centimeter tall to form a template for the liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffold.Place the template in a glass vial or aluminum foil enclosure, and pour the liquid crystal elastomer mixture over the template until it is completely covered. Allow the template to sit in the liquid crystal elastomer mixture for two minutes, and then, remove the excess with a pipette. Heat the mixture and template at 80 degrees Celsius overnight.Then, peel away the aluminum foil, or break the glass. Use a razor blade to remove excess liquid crystal elastomer to expose the nickel metal template. Place the foam in a flask and add 70 milliliters of a saturated aqueous solution of iron three chloride.Stir the foam in the solution for three days at room temperature to dissolve the nickel template. Every 24 hours, stir the foam in deionized water for 30 minutes, and then, resume stirring in a fresh iron three chloride solution. After the second day of stirring, perform a tactile compression test on the liquid crystal elastomer foam.Resistance to tactile compression indicates that the nickel template is still present in the foam. After the third day, all nickel template has been eliminated, and the resulting foam appears very soft and easy to fully compress. The nickel template must be completely eliminated.It is important to thoroughly rinse the liquid crystal elastomer foam in iron chloride until it's soft to the touch when a tactile compression test is performed. The liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffold is now ready to be characterized and used. Once the liquid crystal elastomer foam is soft, rinse it with 70%ethanol to sterilize it.To begin the seeding procedure, wash again the liquid crystal elastomer foam scaffolds twice in one milliliter of 70%ethanol to sterilize the elastomer surfaces. Then, irradiate the scaffolds with UV light for 10 minutes. Wash the scaffolds with another one milliliter portion of 70%ethanol.Rinse the scaffolds with one milliliter each of sterile water and phosphate-buffered saline. Load the sterilized liquid crystal elastomer scaffolds into 24-well culture plates. Prepare and count a suspension of the cells of interest in the appropriate cell growth medium with penicillin and streptomycin.Dilute the cell suspension to 1.5 times 10 to the fifth cells per 100 microliters using growth medium. Deposit a drop of diluted cell suspension on top of each liquid crystal elastomer scaffold. Incubate the seeded liquid crystal elastomer scaffolds at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%CO2 atmosphere for two hours.Add another 0.5 milliliters of growth medium to each scaffold, and continue incubation. Every 48 hours, wash the seeded scaffolds with one milliliter of PBS, and add fresh growth medium. Continue incubating the scaffolds until the cells are ready for microscopy.These smetic LCs enable the study of complex tissue constructs while promoting cell growth and proliferation. In order to maintain cell viability, foams must be sterilized and cleanliness of cultures maintained at all times. To prepare for microscopy, fix the cells on the scaffolds with a solution of 4%paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 minutes.Soak the samples three times in three milliliters of PBS for five minutes. Place one scaffold sample in an Eppendorf tube. Stain the sample with a solution of 0.1%DAPI in 500 microliters of PBS for 10 minutes.Soak the sample twice in one milliliter of PBS for five minutes. And then, immediately image the sample with confocal microscopy. Acquire image stacks spanning the sample and analyze the data in an image processing program.A three-arm SBC with liquid crystal moieties was cast on a nickel foam template with HDI as the cross-linker. The nickel template was removed by etching to obtain the liquid crystal elastomer foam. Compression deformation testing was periodically performed to monitor the etching process.Once the nickel had been completely dissolved, the compression deformation testing showed a 70%reduction in size when compressed. Upon releasing compression, the liquid crystal elastomer foam consistently recovered its original size and shape. This behavior is attributed to the liquid crystal moieties, as similar elastomer foams lacking the cholesterol epsilon-caprolactone moiety did not recover from compression.SCM of the internal foam morphology showed an interconnected network of hollow foam struts. The regular morphology was attributed to the structure of the nickel foam, indicating that pore size and overall shape can be controlled by selection of an appropriate metal template. The foam was seeded with neuroblastoma cells, which attached to the walls of the network within two days.30 days after seeding, confocal microscopy revealed that the cells extended over the liquid crystal elastomer network, and had formed multiple layers dispersed throughout the elastomer foam. Elongation of cell nuclei was observed, and was correlated to cell alignment. Once mastered, this technique can be done within three to four weeks if performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to design and prepare liquid crystal elastomer cell scaffolds with specific pore sizes and morphologies. While attempting this procedure, it's important to fully characterize each product and to monitor cell viability and expansion. Further, proper staining technique is important to easily acquire confocal microscopy images.Following this procedure, liquid crystal elastomers can also be exposed to external stimuli, such as stress, or magnetic and electric fields, to answer additional questions about how the anisotropic molecular ordering of the liquid crystal elastomers affects cell response. The implications of this technique apply to the study of disease processes, as it provides a platform to dynamically study the effects of external agents on simulated disease activity, and subsequent repair processes. Though this smectic liquid crystal elastomer foam can provide insight into cell-cell interactions, they can also be used with other materials, such as semiconductor or metal nanostructures.After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in biomedical fields to design long-term experimental platforms mirroring living systems.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

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Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

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Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

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Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

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In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms

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Cell function is mediated by interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has complex tissue-specific composition and architecture. The focus ...

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

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3D Analysis of Multi-cellular Responses to Chemoattractant Gradients

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Various limitations of 2D cell culture systems have sparked interest in 3D cell culture and analysis platforms, which would better mimic the spatial and ...