Name: atomic force microscopy investigations of dna lesion recognition in nucleotide excision repair
Uploaded: 2017-05-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair at JoVE.com

PUC19N, CPD içeren oligonükleotidler ve p44 sırasıyla Samuel Wilson, Korbinian Heil ve Thomas Carell, ve Gudrun Michels ve Caroline Kisker tarafından nazikçe sağlandı. Bu çalışma Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) FZ82 ve TE-671 / 4&#39;ten BT&#39;ye hibelerle desteklendi.

1. Numune Hazırlama <ol><li> DNA substratlarının hazırlanması 11 <ol><li> Plazmidde bir ssDNA boşluğu üretme <ol><li> Üreticinin protokolüne göre koşulları kullanarak, enzim ısısı inaktivasyonunu takiben uygun bir lümenli bir reaksiyon tüpünde (burada: Nt.BstNBI) plazmidden bir numuneyi (burada modifiye edilmiş pUC19, pUC19N) tamamen sindirin (şematik için Şekil 1&#39;e bakın) sunum). Yeterli bir verim için ~ 50 uL ve ~ 500 nM plazmid ile başlayın. </...

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R., Grossman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+a+cryptic+ATPase+activity+of+UvrB+and+its+proteolysis+product,+UvrB*+in+DNA+repair.">Involvement of a cryptic ATPase activity of UvrB and its proteolysis product, UvrB* in DNA repair.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (22), 10891-10902 (1988).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UvrB+domain+4,+an+autoinhibitory+gate+for+regulation+of+DNA+binding+and+ATPase+activity.">UvrB domain 4, an autoinhibitory gate for regulation of DNA binding and ATPase activity.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 281 (22), 15227-15237 (2006).</li><li>Chammas, O., Billingsley, D. J., Bonass, W. A., Thomson, N. 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C., Michels, G., Kisker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+structural+studies+of+the+nucleotide+excision+repair+helicase+XPD+suggest+a+polarity+for+DNA+translocation.">Functional and structural studies of the nucleotide excision repair helicase XPD suggest a polarity for DNA translocation.</a> EMBO J. 31 (2), 494-502 (2012).</li><li>Verhoeven, E. E., Wyman, C., Moolenaar, G. F., Goosen, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+presence+of+two+UvrB+subunits+in+the+UvrAB+complex+ensures+damage+detection+in+both+DNA+strands.">The presence of two UvrB subunits in the UvrAB complex ensures damage detection in both DNA strands.</a> EMBO J. 21 (15), 4196-4205 (2002).</li><li>Verhoeven, E. E., Wyman, C., Moolenaar, G. F., Hoeijmakers, J. 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Belirli hedef alanları içeren uzun DNA fragmanları üzerindeki proteinlerin bağlanma pozisyonlarının AFM istatistiksel analizleri, proteinin bu siteleri tanıması için kullanılan stratejilere ilginç ayrıntılar 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 gösterebilir. Ortaya çıkan konum dağılımlarını yorumlamak için DNA&#39;daki hedeflerin pozisyonları tam olarak ...

Atomik kuvvet mikroskobu (AFM), protein-DNA etkileşimlerinin analizi için güçlü bir tekniktir 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Tek molekül düzeyinde bir çözünürlükle heterojen örnekleri doğrudan görselleştirmek için yalnızca düşük miktarda numune malzemesi gerekir. Heterojenlik, bir proteinin farklı konformasyonel veya oligomerik durumlarından kaynaklanabilir. Özellikle, protein-DNA örnekleri bağlamında, protein kompleksleri genel olarak DNA bağlanması veya DNA içindeki spesifik bir hedef bölgeye bağlanma ile uyarılan farklı stoikiometri ve / veya konformasyonlar gösterebilir. Heterojen numuneler ayrıca iki (veya daha fazla) farklı protein türü ve farklı protein kompleksi içerebilirFormlar ( örn . Heteromerik komplekslere karşı yalnızca bir protein türünü kapsar) DNA ile farklı etkileşime girebilirler. Burada tartışılan çalışmalar, bu proteinlerin bir hedefini temsil eden bir lezyon içeren uzun (~ 900 baz çiftli, bp) DNA fragmanlarına bağlı DNA onarım proteinlerinin statik, kurutulmuş örnekleri üzerindeki havadaki AFM görüntülemesini kullanmaktadır. AFM&#39;nin yüksek, moleküler çözünürlüğü, farklı protein kompleksleri türleri arasında ayrım yapmayı ve proteinlerin DNA fragmanları üzerindeki bağlanma yerlerini belirlemeyi sağlar. Önemli olan, lezyonlar, DNA substratlarına iyi tanımlanmış pozisyonlarda eklenir. DNA&#39;daki lezyon yerinin konumu bilindiğinden, DNA&#39;ya bağlı olan proteinlerin dağılımı, (farklı) protein komplekslerinin (farklı) lezyon tanıma özelliklerine, örneğin belirli bir lezyon tipini ne kadar iyi tanıdıklarını (karşılaştırıldığında) Hasar görmemiş DNA&#39;ya) 2 , 3 , <supClass = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 4 , 5 , 6 . DNA&#39;daki pozisyonları ayrıca lezyonlara spesifik olarak bağlanan protein kompleksleri ile DNA&#39;nın başka yerlerinde spesifik olmayan şekilde bağlanmış olan kompleksler arasındaki ayrımı da mümkün kılar. Bu farklı karmaşık türlerin (lezyona spesifik olmayan komplekslere spesifik olarak bağlanan kompleksler) ayrı karakterizasyonu, hedef bölge tanımlamasında indüklenen komplekslerde potansiyel konformasyonel değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarabilir. Burada odaklanan DNA tamir proteinleri, nükleotid eksizyon tamiri (NER) yolunda lezyonun tanınmasından sorumlu helikazlardır. Bakterilerde NER, UvrA, UvrB ve UvrC proteinleriyle elde edilir. UvrA, bir UvaA 2 / UvrB 2 DNA tarama kompleksinde başlangıç ​​lezyon algılamasından sorumludur. UvrB lezyon doğrulamasının ardından bu kompleks, lezyon yerinde bağlı monomerik UvrB&#39;ye dönüşür ve bu spesifik kompleks pRokaryotik NER endonükleaz UvrC. UvrC, lezyonu içeren kısa (12-13 nt) bir tek sarmallı DNA (ssDNA) uzatır. Eksik streç daha sonra DNA polimeraz ile doldurulur. Son olarak, DNA ligazı yeni sentezlenmiş gerdirmeyi orijinal DNA 9 , 10 ile sızdırmaz hale getirir. Ökaryotlarda, NER basamaklarının çoğunun proteinleri büyük, multimerik transkripsiyon faktörü II H (TFIIH) kompleksinin bir parçasıdır. Trimerik CEN2-XPC-HR23B kompleksi yoluyla ilk lezyon algılamasından sonra, TFIIH DNA hedef bölgeye yönlendirilir. Kompleks içindeki XPD, bir NER hedef lezyon varlığını doğruladığında, ökaryot NER endonükleazlar XPG ve XPF, lezyon 9 , 10 içeren kısa (24-32 nt) bir ssDNA serisini tüketmek üzere görevlendirilir. Burada, özellikle sırasıyla prokaryotik ve ökaryotik NER&#39;den gelen UvrB ve XPD helikazları incelenmiştir. Bu helikazlar, eşleştirilmemiş bir bölge gerektirir.DNA (bir DNA kabarcığı) iki DNA tek sarmalından birine bağlanıp daha sonra ATP hidroliziyle beslenen bu sarmal boyunca yer değiştirir. DNA lezyonlarına ilaveten, proteinler için yükleme yeri olarak işlev gören substratlara bir DNA kabarcığı ilave edildi. Spesifik lezyon DNA substratlarının hazırlanması prosedürü daha önce 11 açıklanmıştır. Bir lümen için iki birbirine yakın aralıklı kısıtlama bölgeleri olan dairesel bir DNA yapısı (plazmid) gerektirir. Bu çalışma bağlamında plazmid pUC19N (2729 bp) kullanıldı (S. Wilson laboratuarı, NIEHS tarafından hazırlandı). Bu plazmit, 48 nükleotit (nt) bir gerilimi çerçeve içine alan Nt.BstNBI nickazı için birbirine yakın mesafeli üç sınırlama bölgesi içerir. Lipaz ile inkübe edildikten sonra, bu alanlar arasındaki ssDNA&#39;nın uzantısı uzaklaştırılabilir ve herhangi bir hedef özelliği içeren bir oligonükleotid ile değiştirilebilir. Her adımdan sonra, enzimatik sindirim, agaroz jeliElektroforez. Yuvarlak dairesel DNA, orijinal süper-sargılı plazmid ile karşılaştırıldığında daha düşük elektroforetik hareketliliğinden dolayı ayırdedilebilir. DNA&#39;nın boşluk bırakılması ve çıkarılan gerilmenin spesifik alt tabaka oligonükleotidiyle değiştirilmesi, alt tabakayı münhasıran çentikler arasındaki bölgede kesen bir kısıtlama enzimi ile sindirim yoluyla değerlendirilebilir. Dolayısıyla, dairesel plazmitin enzim tarafından doğrusallaştırılması, çakıştırılmış DNA için bastırılacak ve spesifik oligonükleotidin eklenmesinden sonra restore edilecektir. Son olarak, iki endonükleaz sınırlama alanı (ideal olarak tek kesiciler), arzu edilen uzunlukta ve belirlenmiş bir konumda spesifik hedef alanı ve aynı zamanda lezyondan belirli bir mesafede bulunan bir DNA kabarcık ile, doğrusal bir DNA substratının oluşturulmasına izin verir. &#39;Veya 3&#39; yönünde. Lezyonların NER helikazları tarafından tanınması AFM görüntüleme yoluyla araştırılabilir. Tepedeki helikazların duraklatılmış DNA translokasyonuLezyon bölgesi, DNA üzerindeki protein pozisyon dağılımında zirve olarak görünür ve lezyon tanımayı gösterir. Bu helikazların DNA translokasyonu ayrıca yönlü, 5&#39;-3 &#39;polarite ile lezyon tanımanın yükleme yerine (DNA kabarcık yukarı akış veya lezyonun aşağısında) bağımlılığı da lezyonun öncelikli olarak tanınıp onaylanmadığını gösterir Translokasyona uğratılmış veya tersine, translokasyona uğramamış ssDNA iplikçikleri 5 , 9 . Sonraki bölümlerde, kullanılan yöntemler tanıtılacak ve bu deneylerden elde edilen önemli bulgular kısaca tartışılacaktır. Önemli olarak, burada gösterilen DNA tamiri ile ilgili örnek çalışmalara benzeyen AFM görüntüleme, DNA replikasyonu veya transkripsiyon 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 gibi farklı DNA etkileşen sistemlerin çalışmasına uygulanabilir </&gt; Sup.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular Force Probe (MFP) 3D</td>
			<td>Asylum Research</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>atomic force microscope (AFM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision 390</td>
			<td>DELL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoMixer and 1.5 ml block</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5382000015</td>
			<td>heat block for DNA preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotilabo Block-Heater H 250 &#38; blocks for 0.5 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>Y264.1 &#38; Y267.1</td>
			<td>heat block for protein-DNA incubations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Sub Cell GT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH</td>
			<td>1704467</td>
			<td>electrophoresis chamber with gel caster and power supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Pac Basic</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH</td>
			<td>1645050</td>
			<td>electrophoresis power supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centifuge 5415 D with rotor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2262120-3</td>
			<td>table centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-Lum electronic UV transillumonator MEB-15</td>
			<td>Ultralum</td>
			<td>900-1322-02</td>
			<td>UV irradiation table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop ND-1000</td>
			<td>VWR International / PEQLAB Biotechnologie GmbH</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>UV spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TKAX-CAD with 0.2 &#956;m capsule filter</td>
			<td>Unity Lab Services</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>water deionization and filter unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MFP software on Igor Pro</td>
			<td>Asylum Research</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>AFM software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ (open source Java image processing)</td>
			<td>NIH Image</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft Office)</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin9 / Origin2016</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>statistical data analysis and graphing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OMCL-AC240TS</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>OMCL-AC240TS</td>
			<td>AFM cantilevers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>grade V-5 muscovite</td>
			<td>SPI Supplies</td>
			<td>1805</td>
			<td>mica sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra 0.5ml 50k Ultracell</td>
			<td>Millipore Ireland Ltd.</td>
			<td>UFC505096</td>
			<td>centrifuge filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Extract II&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Macherey-Nagel GmbH</td>
			<td>740 609.250</td>
			<td>Agarose gel extraction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotilabo cellulose paper type 111A</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>AP59.1</td>
			<td>AFM deposition blotting paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anatop 25 (0.02 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Whatman GmbH</td>
			<td>6809-2102</td>
			<td>syringe filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSpI, BspQI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs (NEB)</td>
			<td>R0132, R0712</td>
			<td>restriction enzymes for DNA substrate preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XhoI, BglII</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>R0146, R0144</td>
			<td>restriction enzymes for DNA preparation controls</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nicking restriction enzyme Nt.BstNBI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs (NEB)</td>
			<td>R0607</td>
			<td>nickase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs (NEB)</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td>Ligase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris, HEPES</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>4855, 9105</td>
			<td>buffer chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, MgAcetate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>3957, HN03, HN02, P026</td>
			<td>salt chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaAc</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH</td>
			<td>32318</td>
			<td>salt chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT, TCEP, EDTA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6908, HN95, 8040</td>
			<td>chemicals/reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>agarose, acetic acid, HCl</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>2267, 3738, K025</td>
			<td>reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP&#404;S</td>
			<td>Jena Bioscience</td>
			<td>NU-406</td>
			<td>nucleotides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>K054</td>
			<td>nucleotides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucleotide #1 in Table 1</td>
			<td>Biomers</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>complementary DNA oligonucleotide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucleotides #2, #3, and #6 in Table 1</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT)</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>fluorescein containing oligonucleotides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucleotides #4&#160; and #5 in Table 1</td>
			<td>private (available from e.g. TriLink or GlenResearch)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CPD containing oligonucleotides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SafeSeal reaction tube 0.5 ml and 1.5 ml</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>72.704 and 72.706</td>
			<td>incubation tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneRuler 1 kb</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SM0311</td>
			<td>DNA ladder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6x concentrate gel loading dye purple</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs (NEB)</td>
			<td>51406</td>
			<td>DNA loading dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midori Green&#160;</td>
			<td>Nippon Genetics Europe GmbH</td>
			<td>999MG28055</td>
			<td>DNA stain</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

atomic force microscopy investigations of dna lesion recognition in nucleotide excision repair

AFM imaging is a powerful technique for the study of protein-DNA interactions. This single molecule method allows the simultaneous resolution of different molecules and molecular assemblies in a heterogeneous sample. In the particular context of DNA interacting protein systems, different protein complex forms and their corresponding binding positions on target sites containing DNA fragments can thus be distinguished. Here, an application of AFM to the study of DNA lesion recognition in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic nucleotide excision DNA repair (NER) systems is presented. The procedures of DNA and protein sample preparations are described and experimental as well as analytical details of the experiments are provided. The data allow important conclusions on the strategies by which target site verification may be achieved by the NER proteins. Interestingly, they indicate different approaches of lesion recognition and identification for the eukaryotic NER system, depending on the type of lesion. Furthermore, distinct structural properties of the two different helicases involved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic NER result in and explain the different strategies observed for these two systems. Importantly, these experimental and analytical approaches can be applied not only to the study of DNA repair but also very similarly to other DNA interacting protein systems such as those involved in replication or transcription processes.

Protein kompleks hacimlerine dayanan farklı karmaşık tipleri ayırt etme Prokaryot NER helikaz UvrB&#39;nin helikaz aktivitesi DNA bağlanması 22 , 23 tarafından uyarıldı. UvrB, iki adet tek ssDNA diziliminden birinin üzerine doğru yüklemek için DNA&#39;da (DNA kabarcığı) eşleştirilmemiş bir bölgenin olmasını gerektirir. In vivo , bu DNA yapı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair at JoVE.com

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Here, the study of different DNA lesion recognition approaches via single molecule AFM imaging is demonstrated with the nucleotide excision repair system as an example. The procedures of DNA and protein sample preparations and experimental as well as analytical details for the AFM experiments are described.

Nükleotid Eksizyon Onarımında DNA Lezyon Tanınması için Atomik Kuvvet Mikroskopi Araştırmaları

AFM imaging is a powerful technique for the study of protein-DNA interactions. This single molecule method allows the simultaneous resolution of different ...

The overall goal of this atomic force microscopy experiment is to resolve interactions of DNA repair proteins with damage sites in DNA and to distinguish between different DNA interactions by various protein complexes. This method can help answer key questions in the DNA repair field, such as how a particular DNA repair system achieves the recognition of its target lesions in the DNA. The main advantage of this technique is that we can directly see and analyze the different types of complexes that are involved in the DNA lesion recognition process.Demonstrating the procedure will be Nicolas Wirth, who used this approach during his bachelor research. To begin, prepare a suitable DNA substrate by generating a single-stranded DNA gap in a plasmid. Refill the gap with modified, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, and finally, linearize the plasma DNA using appropriate restriction enzymes.For these experiments, the double-stranded DNA substrates are about 1, 000 base pairs long and contain a DNA lesion as well as an unpaired region called a DNA bubble for protein loading onto the DNA. Next, prepare a protein DNA sample for AFM analysis by first pipetting 10x Reaction Buffer and water into a microreaction tube. Then, add the DNA and proteins under investigation.For example, here, 100 nanomolar of the DNA sample and one micromolar or each of the eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair proteins XPD and p44. Then, incubate the reaction for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in a heat block. Following the incubation, briefly spin down the sample.Next, prepare a mica substrate to place the sample onto. Use a scalpel to cut a one-centimeter by one-centimeter piece of mica from a larger strip. Then, use a piece of adhesive tape to remove the top layers of the mica to reveal a clean, flat, anatomically smooth substrate surface.Dilate the protein DNA sample fifty to a hundredfold in AFM deposition buffer, and immediately deposit 20 microliters of the diluted sample onto the mica surface. The dilution factor depends on the sample concentration. Immediately after depositing the sample on the mica surface, rinse the sample three to four times with a few milliliters of filtered, deionized water and blot off excess liquid.Use a gentle stream of nitrogen to blow dry the sample. Finally, use adhesive tape to fix the sample at its edges onto a microscope slide. Place the sample in the middle of the AFM stage and use magnetic pads to fix the microscope slide on the stage.Then, insert the AFM tip into the tip holder. Fix the tip in the holder under a clamp by tightening the screw so that it is finger tight. Once secured, enter the tip holder into the AFM measurement head.Use the positioning screws to move the sample in a central position. Place the AFM measurement head on top of the sample, making sure the head stands stably with its legs inside the stage indentations. Next, align the AFM laser on the back of the cantilever for optimal signal strength.Watch the reflection signal in the AFM video window to crudely position the laser. For this AFM model, turn the wheels of the right side and back of the AFM measurement head to adjust the X and Y positions of the AFM laser in order to direct it centrally onto the end of the cantilever. Then, optimize the detector sum signal by fine-tuning the laser position with the two wheels.Direct the AFM laser reflection onto the detector center by zeroing the different signal from the top and bottom diodes of the detector array. For this step, turn the screw on the left-side of the measurement head for this AFM model. Next, determine the cantilever residence frequency by going into the master panel tune window in the software.Choose an amplitude corresponding to a one-volt input for the Piezo that drives the cantilever oscillation and then set the oscillation frequency to negative 5%slightly lower than the residence frequency. Now perform an auto frequency tune and zero the phase of the oscillation. Leave the system to reach thermal equilibrium for about one hour before you start imaging, in order to avoid drift.When you are ready to start imaging, in the software main panel, set a protecting set point and prepare to approach the tip to the sample surface by selecting engage. Lower the front wheel of the AFM head manually until the protective setting, or set point, is reached. Then, carefully lower the front wheel further until the Z sensor signal is fully extended to the left.Activate the vibration oscillation table and close the acoustic isolation enclosure. Next, lower the set point in the AFM software using the hamster wheel to fine engage the AFM tip with the sample. To perform tapping mode imaging in the repulsive regime, lower the set point until the phase signal becomes slightly lower than the free level phase.Then, begin scanning the sample. Use the scan speed of 2.5 micrometers per second in image surface areas of four micrometer by four micrometer or eight micrometer by eight micrometer squares with pixel resolutions of 2, 048 or 4, 096, respectively;and press the Do Scan button. Preselect relevant protein DNA complexes by direct visual inspection of the images in the AFM software.For XPD samples, possible complexes include XPD p44 DNA, as well as XPD DNA and p44 DNA with distinctly different sizes due to the different molecular masses of XPD and p44. Measure volumes of individual protein peaks on the DNA by using the section tool in the analysis window to measure the height and diameter of the protein peak sections with the section window cursors. Use these values to determine the volume of the peaks using simple mathematical models to verify the complex type.Finally, calibrate your AFM system with a range of proteins with known molecular weights to translate these volumes into approximate molecular weights of proteins and protein complexes. In order to determine additional features, such as DNA fragment lengths, the positions of protein complexes on the DNA and their target-site specificities or DNA band angles, see the accompanying text protocol. Shown here is an AFM image with three different types of DNA-bound complexes that can be distinguished based on their different sizes.Class one complexes are consistent with only the helicase activating co-factor p44, class two complexes consist of only the XPD protein, and class three complexes consist of both XPD and p44 as legion recognition by XPD requires the activation of its helicase activity by p44, and only the class three complexes show lesion recognition. In order to identify different lesion recognition strategies, the locations of proteins on the DNA substrates were measured for protein loading at a DNA bubble in either the five prime or three prime directions from a DNA lesion shown in red for prokaryotic and eukaryotic NER helicases. In the protein position distributions, DNA lesion recognition can be seen as a peak due to enhanced binding at the DNA lesion position.The prokaryotic NER helicase UVRB and its eukaryotic counterpart, XPD, show different strategies of CPD lesion recognition that indicate different DNA strand preferences. Specifically, CPD lesions are recognized on the translocated strand by UVRB, but preferentially on the opposite, non-translocated strand by XPD. Once mastered, this method can be done in a few hours or days including analysis.It's important to work with highly pure protein and DNA samples to be able to interpret the features in the AFM images and to carefully design the DNA substrate depending on the biological system and on the question you want to address. In addition, ensemble methods, such as gel electrophoresis space, electromobility shift, or DNA incision assays are, of course, highly complementary to these AFM experiments;and these methods can help address additional questions, such as on DNA binding affinities or DNA lesion excision activities. This technique is a relatively fast and simple approach to directly visualize protein DNA complexes, and these complexes give us a good picture of the processes that occur in a biological system.Of course, this is not only useful in understanding DNA repair processes, but it can also be applied to other protein DNA systems. After watching this video, you should have a pretty good idea of how to prepare a sample on your favorite protein DNA system, how to image it by AFM, and of how to extract useful parameters for an interpretation of your data.

Education

Research

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Molecular Biology

Biology

Genetics

Unit 1

DNA Structure and Function

DNA Repair and Recombination

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

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