Name: in vitro methods for comparing target binding and cdc induction between therapeutic antibodies: applications in biosimilarity analysis
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis at JoVE.com

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1. Evaluering af målbindingen ved flowcytometri <ol><li> Fremstilling af biologiske materialer og reagenser <ol><li> Lav 500 ml RPMI dyrkningsmedium suppleret med 10% varmeinaktiveret føtalt bovint serum (H-IFBS). </li><li> Kultur Daudi Burkitts lymfom (Daudi) celler og Daudi GFP + -celler under anvendelse af RPMI og 75 cm2 kulturflasker. Oprethold kulturerne ved 37 ° C i en 5% CO 2 fugtet atmosfære indtil de når 6 - 9 x 10 5 celler / ml. </li><li> Lav 50 ml farvn...

<ol>
	<li>Schimizzi, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosimilars+from+a+practicing+rheumatologist+perspective:+An+overview.">Biosimilars from a practicing rheumatologist perspective: An overview.</a> Autoimmun Rev. 15 (9), 911-916 (2016).</li><li>Cuello, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparability+of+Antibody-Mediated+Cell+Killing+Activity+Between+a+Proposed+Biosimilar+RTXM83+and+the+Originator+Rituximab.">Comparability of Antibody-Mediated Cell Killing Activity Between a Proposed Biosimilar RTXM83 and the Originator Rituximab.</a> Bio Drugs. 30 (3), 225-231 (2016).</li><li>Iwamoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validated+LC/MS+Bioanalysis+of+Rituximab+CDR+Peptides+Using+Nano-surface+and+Molecular-Orientation+Limited+(nSMOL)+Proteolysis.">Validated LC/MS Bioanalysis of Rituximab CDR Peptides Using Nano-surface and Molecular-Orientation Limited (nSMOL) Proteolysis.</a> Biol Pharm Bull. 39 (7), 1187-1194 (2016).</li><li>Chapman, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Waiving+in+vivo+studies+for+monoclonal+antibody+biosimilar+development:+National+and+global+challenges.">Waiving in vivo studies for monoclonal antibody biosimilar development: National and global challenges.</a> MAbs. 8 (3), 427-435 (2016).</li><li>Zembruski, N. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+physicochemical+properties+of+rituximab+related+to+its+immunomodulatory+activity.">Assessment of physicochemical properties of rituximab related to its immunomodulatory activity.</a> J Immunol Res. 2015, 910763 (2015).</li><li>Visser, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physicochemical+and+functional+comparability+between+the+proposed+biosimilar+rituximab+GP2013+and+originator+rituximab.">Physicochemical and functional comparability between the proposed biosimilar rituximab GP2013 and originator rituximab.</a> BioDrugs. 27 (5), 495-507 (2013).</li><li>Ylera, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Off-rate+screening+for+selection+of+high-affinity+anti-drug+antibodies.">Off-rate screening for selection of high-affinity anti-drug antibodies.</a> Anal Biochem. 441 (2), 208-213 (2013).</li><li>Broyer, L., Goetsch, L., Broussas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+complement-dependent+cytotoxicity+using+ATP+measurement+and+C1q/C4b+binding.">Evaluation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity using ATP measurement and C1q/C4b binding.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 988, 319-329 (2013).</li><li>Herbst, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B-cell+depletion+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+with+an+afucosylated+anti-CD19+antibody.">B-cell depletion in vitro and in vivo with an afucosylated anti-CD19 antibody.</a> J Pharm Exp Ther. 335 (1), 213-222 (2010).</li><li>Lazar, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+antibody+Fc+variants+with+enhanced+effector+function.">Engineered antibody Fc variants with enhanced effector function.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (11), 4005-4010 (2006).</li><li>Winiarska, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statins+impair+antitumor+effects+of+rituximab+by+inducing+conformational+changes+of+CD20.">Statins impair antitumor effects of rituximab by inducing conformational changes of CD20.</a> PLoS medicine. 5 (3), e64 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, X., Hu, W., Qin, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+complement+in+the+mechanism+of+action+of+rituximab+for+B-cell+lymphoma:+implications+for+therapy.">The role of complement in the mechanism of action of rituximab for B-cell lymphoma: implications for therapy.</a> Oncologist. 13 (9), 954-966 (2008).</li><li>Hayashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gemcitabine+enhances+rituximab-mediated+complement-dependent+cytotoxicity+to+B+cell+lymphoma+by+CD20+upregulation.">Gemcitabine enhances rituximab-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity to B cell lymphoma by CD20 upregulation.</a> Cancer Sci. 107 (5), 682-689 (2016).</li><li>Mossner, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+efficacy+of+CD20+antibody+therapy+through+the+engineering+of+a+new+type+II+anti-CD20+antibody+with+enhanced+direct+and+immune+effector+cell-mediated+B-cell+cytotoxicity.">Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity.</a> Blood. 115 (22), 4393-4402 (2010).</li><li>Lapalombella, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+Raji-Burkitt's+lymphoma+model+for+preclinical+and+mechanistic+evaluation+of+CD52-targeted+immunotherapeutic+agents.">A novel Raji-Burkitt's lymphoma model for preclinical and mechanistic evaluation of CD52-targeted immunotherapeutic agents.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 14 (2), 569-578 (2008).</li><li>Mitoma, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+cytotoxic+effects+of+anti-tumor+necrosis+factor+agents+on+transmembrane+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha-expressing+cells:+comparison+among+infliximab,+etanercept,+and+adalimumab.">Mechanisms for cytotoxic effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents on transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha-expressing cells: comparison among infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 58 (5), 1248-1257 (2008).</li><li>Kaymakcalan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparisons+of+affinities,+avidities,+and+complement+activation+of+adalimumab,+infliximab,+and+etanercept+in+binding+to+soluble+and+membrane+tumor+necrosis+factor.">Comparisons of affinities, avidities, and complement activation of adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept in binding to soluble and membrane tumor necrosis factor.</a> Clin Immunol. 131 (2), 308-316 (2009).</li><li>Zent, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+and+complement+dependent+cytotoxicity+in+CLL+cells+from+patients+with+high-risk+early-intermediate+stage+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia+(CLL)+treated+with+alemtuzumab+and+rituximab.">Direct and complement dependent cytotoxicity in CLL cells from patients with high-risk early-intermediate stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with alemtuzumab and rituximab.</a> Leuk Res. 32 (12), 1849-1856 (2008).</li><li>Goswami, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+complement-dependent+cytotoxicity+by+TGF-beta-induced+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity by TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> Oncogene. 35 (15), 1888-1898 (2016).</li><li>Wang, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+anti-EGFR+immune+response+with+mimotopes+identified+from+a+phage+display+peptide+library+by+panitumumab.">Induction of anti-EGFR immune response with mimotopes identified from a phage display peptide library by panitumumab.</a> Oncotarget. , (2016).</li><li>Ueda, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cytotoxic+effects+of+certolizumab+pegol+and+golimumab+mediated+by+transmembrane+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha.">The cytotoxic effects of certolizumab pegol and golimumab mediated by transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha.</a> Inflamm Bowel Dis. 19 (6), 1224-1231 (2013).</li><li>Nesbitt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+action+of+certolizumab+pegol+(CDP870):+in+vitro+comparison+with+other+anti-tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha+agents.">Mechanism of action of certolizumab pegol (CDP870): in vitro comparison with other anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents.</a> Inflamm Bowel Dis. 13 (11), 1323-1332 (2007).</li><li>Teeling, J. 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Patentudløbet af et terapeutisk mAb fremmer udviklingen af ​​biosimilars. Således er der et behov for enkle metoder, der kan identificere forskelle i klinisk relevante aktiviteter af disse produkter. CD20 + dyrkede celler blev anvendt til evaluering af to vigtige funktionelle egenskaber rituximab: targetbindende og CDC induktion. Den tidligere aktivitet kræver anerkendelse af CD20 af Fab-området af mAb&#39;et, mens sidstnævnte afhænger hovedsageligt af interaktionen af Fc-regionen med dets komplemen...

Terapeutiske antistoffer er rekombinante monoklonale antistoffer (mAbs) udviklet til behandling af forskellige patologier, herunder kræftformer, autoimmune og kroniske sygdomme, neurologiske lidelser og andre 1 . FDA har i øjeblikket godkendt mere end 40 terapeutiske mAbs, og flere forventes at nå markedet i de følgende år. Rituximab er et high-affinitet kimært monoklonalt IgG1 antistof godkendt til behandling af CD20 + B-celle ikke-Hodgkins lymfom (NHL), CD20 + follikulært NHL, kronisk lymfocytisk leukæmi og reumatoid arthritis 2 , 3 . Anerkendelsen af ​​CD20, som er overudtrykt i B-celler, ved rituximab inducerer apoptose; Komplement aktivering; Og antistofafhængig celle-medieret cytotoksicitet (ADCC) 3 . Patenterne af dette lægemiddel udløb i Europa og i USA i 2013 og 2016, henholdsvis. Således udvikler farmaceutiske virksomheder verden over rituximabbiosimilarer. Som i ethvert andet stof til konsum kræver biosimilarer godkendelse fra reguleringsorganer. Internationale retningslinjer tyder på, at biosimilaritet for mAbs skal påvises ved at sammenligne de fysisk-kemiske egenskaber, farmakokinetik, effektivitet og sikkerhed for de nye og referenceprodukter 4 . Følgelig må de metoder, der anvendes i sådanne sammenligninger, vurdere de strukturelle og funktionelle egenskaber af mAb&#39;erne, især dem med klinisk relevans. Til dette formål viser in vitro- analyser flere fordele i forhold til in vivo eksperimenter (gennemgået i Chapman et al. ) 5 : i) in vitro- undersøgelser er mere følsomme for forskelle mellem de foreslåede biosimilar og referenceproduktet; Ii) in vivo undersøgelser skal udføres i relevante arter, som for mange mAbs erprimater; og iii), da virkningsmekanismen, den prækliniske toksikologi, og de kliniske virkninger af referenceproduktet er velkendte, in vivo studier med biosimilars måske ikke giver yderligere nyttige oplysninger. I overensstemmelse hermed Den Europæiske Unions Vejledning til biosimilars giver kandidater til at indtaste kliniske forsøg baseret på solide in vitro-data alene 6. Her præsenterer vi to hurtige, økonomiske og enkle analyser, der evaluerer den biologiske aktivitet af rituximab hjælp CD20 + dyrkede celler. Disse assays kan indgå som en del af sammenligneligheden øvelse for rituximab bioækvivalente kandidater.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-2001</td>
			<td>Modify the culture depending on the cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td>0.4%, liquid, sterile-filtered, suitable for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Daudi Burkitt&#39;s Lymphoma Cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-213</td>
			<td>You can modify the cell line depending on the antibody of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum(FBS)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td>You can modify the source of serum depending of requirements of the cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Human Serum Complement</td>
			<td>Quidel</td>
			<td>A113</td>
			<td>It is therefore appropriate for use in biocompatibility experiments including drug development, biomaterials testing and other applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7AA-D</td>
			<td>BDPharmigen</td>
			<td>559925</td>
			<td>You can use broad range of color options, compatible with most instrument configurations for to analyze viability.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PECy5 Mouse Anti-human IgG</td>
			<td>BDPharmigen</td>
			<td>551497</td>
			<td>Change fluorochrome depending on the filter and laser of your flow cytometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IgG Isotype Control</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>07-7102</td>
			<td>Change depending to mAb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDCytofix</td>
			<td>BDPharmigen</td>
			<td>554655</td>
			<td>Flow Cytometry Fixation Buffer (1-4% formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS pH 7.4 10X (Phosphate buffer saline)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>70011-044</td>
			<td>Phosphatebuffer without Ca2+/Mg2+ [137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4, 1.46 mM KH2PO4] and endotoxin free.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates 96 well, V-bottom</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>29442-068</td>
			<td>12 x 75 mm round bottom test tubes or 96-well V- or U- bottom microtiter plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MabThera (Rituximab)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Reference product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rituximab</td>
			<td>Indian</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Biosimilar product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15- or 50-mL conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430290 or 430052</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Multiple volume configurations are necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Adjustable-volume pipettes are necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5430/ 5430R model</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Refrigerated variable-speed centrifuge (4 to 25 &#176; C) with speeds ranging from 10 to 30,130 &#215; g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Dickinson</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>BD FACSAria III or other flow cytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus optical and light microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>To quantify and evaluate cell growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Incubatorfor temperature andCO2 control to culture cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>CHC BIOLUS</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td>Biological safety cabinet that is used to protect the researcher, product and environment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro methods for comparing target binding and cdc induction between therapeutic antibodies: applications in biosimilarity analysis

Terapeutiske monoklonale antistoffer (mAb&#39;er) er relevante for behandlingen af ​​forskellige patologier, herunder cancere. Udviklingen af ​​biosimilære monoklonale antistoffer af farmaceutiske virksomheder er en mulighed på markedet, men det er også en strategi for at øge narkotika tilgængelighed og reducere terapi-associerede omkostninger. Protokollerne beskrevet her beskriver evalueringen af ​​målbindingsmedlemmet og CDC induktion ved rituximab i Daudi-celler. Disse to funktioner kræver forskellige strukturelle regioner af antistoffet og er relevante for den kliniske virkning induceret af rituximab. Protokollerne tillader side-til-side sammenligning af en reference rituximab og et markedsført rituximab biosimilært. De evaluerede produkter viste forskelle i såvel targetbindende og CDC induktion, hvilket antyder, at der er underliggende fysisk-kemiske forskelle og understreger behovet for at analysere virkningerne af disse forskelle i kliniske omgivelser. Metoderne rapporteret her udgør enkel og billig in vitro &lt;/ Em&gt; modeller til evaluering af aktiviteten af ​​rituximabbiosimilarer. Således kan de være nyttige under biosimilar udvikling, såvel som for kvalitetskontrol i biosimilar produktion. Desuden kan de fremlagte metoder ekstrapoleres til andre terapeutiske mAb&#39;er.

Under anvendelse af de ovenfor beskrevne protokoller målbinding og CDC induktion af henvisning rituximab blev sammenlignet parallelt med dem for et biosimilært rituximab fremstillet og kommercielt tilgængelige i Asien. I Daudi-celler, begge mAb&#39;er bundet CD20 i en koncentrationsafhængig måde (figur 1D). Ikke-lineære regressionsanalyse af bindingsdata vist en r2 af 0,978 og 0,848 for refere...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis at JoVE.com

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

Denne protokol beskriver in vitro sammenligning af to centrale funktionelle egenskaber af rituximab: targetbindende og komplement-afhængig cytotoksicitet (CDC) induktion. Metoderne blev anvendt til en side-til-side sammenligning mellem henvisning rituximab og en rituximab biosimilært. Disse assays kan anvendes under biosimilar udvikling eller som en kvalitetskontrol i deres produktion.

In vitro- metoder til sammenligning af målbinding og CDC-induktion mellem terapeutiske antistoffer: applikationer i biosimilaritetsanalyse

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In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

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A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

A Novel<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Model for at studere samspillet mellem humant fuldblod og Endothelium

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrofil Isolering og analyse for at fastslå deres rolle i lymfom Cell Følsomhed til terapeutiske midler

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

en<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Caseum Binding Assay, der forudser lægemiddelpenetration i tuberkulose-læsioner

The eradication of tuberculosis disease requires drug regimens that can penetrate the multiple layers of complex pulmonary lesions. Drug distribution in ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Induktion af lammelse og visuelle System skade i mus af T celler specifik for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Alternative In Vitro Methods for the Determination of Viral Capsid Structural Integrity

Alternative In Vitro metoder til bestemmelse af Viral kapsid strukturelle integritet

Human norovirus exacts considerable public health and economic losses worldwide. Emerging in vitro cultivation advances are not yet applicable for routine ...

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium

Menneskelige Colonoid encellelag at studere samspillet mellem patogener, latente og vært intestinale epitel

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal ...