Name: an all-on-chip method for rapid neutrophil chemotaxis analysis directly from a drop of blood
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An All-on-chip Method for Rapid Neutrophil Chemotaxis Analysis Directly from a Drop of Blood at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde støttes delvist af stipendier fra Canadas Naturvidenskabsforskningsråd (NSERC) og de canadiske institutter for sundhedsforskning (CIHR). Vi takker Det Kliniske Institut for Anvendt Forskning og Uddannelse på Victoria General Hospital i Winnipeg og Seven Oaks General Hospital i Winnipeg til styring af kliniske prøver fra mennesker. Vi takker Dr. Hagit Peretz-Soroka for en god diskussion om analyseprocessen. <style type="text/css">
</style> Vi takker professor Carolyn Ren og Dr. Xiaoming (Cody) Chen fra University of Waterloo for deres generøse støtte i filmen.

Alle humane prøveindsamlingsprotokoller blev godkendt af Det Etiske Fakultet for Forskningsetik ved University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. 1. Fremstilling af mikrofluidiske enheder ( figur 1A ) <ol><li> Design og udskrifts gennemsigtighedsmaske. <ol><li> Design enheden som beskrevet tidligere 25 . Se figur 1A . BEMÆRK: Enheden indeholder to lag. Det første lag (4 μm høje) definerer c...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+cells+in+motion:+migrating+toward+improved+therapies.">Targeting cells in motion: migrating toward improved therapies.</a> Eur. J. Immunol. 43 (6), 1430-1435 (2013).</li><li>Laird, D. J., von Andrian, U. H., Wagers, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+trafficking+in+tissue+development,+growth,+and+disease.">Stem cell trafficking in tissue development, growth, and disease.</a> Cell. 132 (4), 612-630 (2008).</li><li>Condeelis, J., Segall, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+imaging+of+cell+movement+in+tumours.">Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3 (12), 921-930 (2003).</li><li>Kruger, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils:+between+host+defence,+immune+modulation,+and+tissue+injury.">Neutrophils: between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue injury.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11 (3), e1004651 (2015).</li><li>M&#243;csai, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+novel+functions+of+neutrophils+in+immunity,+inflammation,+and+beyond.">Diverse novel functions of neutrophils in immunity, inflammation, and beyond.</a> J Exp Med. 210 (7), 1283-1299 (2013).</li><li>Foxman, E. F., Campbell, J. J., Butcher, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multistep+navigation+and+the+combinatorial+control+of+leukocyte+chemotaxis.">Multistep navigation and the combinatorial control of leukocyte chemotaxis.</a> J Cell Biol. 139 (7), 1349-1360 (1997).</li><li>Tazzyman, S., Niaz, H., Murdoch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil-mediated+tumour+angiogenesis:+subversion+of+immune+responses+to+promote+tumour+growth.">Neutrophil-mediated tumour angiogenesis: subversion of immune responses to promote tumour growth.</a> Semin Cancer Biol. 23 (3), 149-158 (2013).</li><li>Boyden, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chemotactic+effect+of+mixtures+of+antibody+and+antigen+on+polymorphonuclear+leucocytes.">The chemotactic effect of mixtures of antibody and antigen on polymorphonuclear leucocytes.</a> J Exp Med. 115 (3), 453-466 (1962).</li><li>Wu, J., Wu, X., Lin, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+in+microfluidics-based+chemotaxis+studies.">Recent developments in microfluidics-based chemotaxis studies.</a> Lab Chip. 13 (13), 2484-2499 (2013).</li><li>Sackmann, E. K., Fulton, A. L., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+present+and+future+role+of+microfluidics+in+biomedical+research.">The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research.</a> Nature. 507 (7491), 181-189 (2014).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Jeon, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+applications+of+microfluidic+gradient+devices.">Biological applications of microfluidic gradient devices.</a> Integr Biol. 2 (11-12), 584-603 (2010).</li><li>Irimia, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+system+for+measuring+neutrophil+migratory+responses+to+fast+switches+of+chemical+gradients.">Microfluidic system for measuring neutrophil migratory responses to fast switches of chemical gradients.</a> Lab Chip. 6 (2), 191-198 (2006).</li><li>Lin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+migration+in+opposing+chemoattractant+gradients+using+microfluidic+chemotaxis+devices.">Neutrophil migration in opposing chemoattractant gradients using microfluidic chemotaxis devices.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 33 (4), 475-482 (2005).</li><li>Ambravaneswaran, V., Wong, I. Y., Aranyosi, A. J., Toner, M., Irimia, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directional+decisions+during+neutrophil+chemotaxis+inside+bifurcating+channels.">Directional decisions during neutrophil chemotaxis inside bifurcating channels.</a> Integr Biol. 2 (11-12), 639-647 (2010).</li><li>Jones, C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+neutrophil+migration+patterns+during+sepsis+after+major+burns.">Spontaneous neutrophil migration patterns during sepsis after major burns.</a> PloS One. 9 (12), e114509 (2014).</li><li>Butler, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burn+injury+reduces+neutrophil+directional+migration+speed+in+microfluidic+devices.">Burn injury reduces neutrophil directional migration speed in microfluidic devices.</a> PloS One. 5 (7), e11921 (2010).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+platform+for+evaluating+neutrophil+chemotaxis+induced+by+sputum+from+COPD+patients.">A microfluidic platform for evaluating neutrophil chemotaxis induced by sputum from COPD patients.</a> PloS One. 10 (5), e0126523 (2015).</li><li>Sackmann, E. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+kit-on-a-lid:+a+versatile+platform+for+neutrophil+chemotaxis+assays.">Microfluidic kit-on-a-lid: a versatile platform for neutrophil chemotaxis assays.</a> Blood. 120 (14), e45-e53 (2012).</li><li>Agrawal, N., Toner, M., Irimia, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+migration+assay+from+a+drop+of+blood.">Neutrophil migration assay from a drop of blood.</a> Lab Chip. 8 (12), 2054-2061 (2008).</li><li>Jones, C. 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I dette dokument blev der beskrevet en detaljeret protokol til direkte isolering af neutrofile fra fuldblod efterfulgt af kemotaxis-testen, alt på en enkelt mikrofluidisk chip. Denne metode giver nyttige funktioner i sin nemme drift, negativt udvalg af neutrofiler med høj renhed, hurtig prøve-til-resultat kemotaxis-test, reducerede reagenser og prøveforbrug og nøjagtig analyse af celleoverførselsdata. Som et groft skøn indlæsede mindst 25% af neutrofilerne fra den indgående helblodprøve effektivt dockningsstru...

Chemotaxis, en proces med rettet cellemigration til opløselig kemisk koncentrationsgradient, er kritisk involveret i mange biologiske processer, herunder immunrespons 1 , 2 , 3 , vævsudvikling 4 og cancermetastase 5 . Neutrofiler er den mest almindelige hvide blodlegemsundergruppe og spiller afgørende roller for at muliggøre kroppens medfødte værtsforsvarsfunktioner samt til formidling af adaptive immunresponser 6 , 7 . Neutrofiler er udstyret med højtregulerede kemotaktiske maskiner, der gør det muligt for disse bevægelige immunceller at reagere på begge patogenafledte kemoattraktanter (fMLP) og værtsafledte kemoattraktanter ( f.eks . Interleukin-8) gennemkemotaks 8 . Neutrofile migration og kemotaksis medierer forskellige fysiologiske problemerOg sygdomme som inflammation og cancer 1 , 9 . Således tilvejebringer den nøjagtige vurdering af neutrofil kemotaxis en vigtig funktionel aflæsning til undersøgelse af neutrofile biologien og de associerede sygdomme. Sammenlignet med de almindeligt anvendte konventionelle kemotaxis-analyser ( fx transwell-assay 10 ) viser de mikrofluidiske indretninger et stort løfte om kvantitativ evaluering af celle-migration og kemotaxis på grund af den præcist styrede kemiske gradientgenerering og miniaturisering 11 , 12 , 13 . I løbet af de sidste to årtier har der været udviklet forskellige mikrofluidiske enheder til at studere kemotaksen af ​​forskellige biologiske celletyper, især neutrofiler 11 . En betydelig indsats var afsat til at karakterisere neutrofilmigration i spatiotemporalt kompleks che<html> Mical gradienter, der blev konfigureret i de mikrofluide indretninger 14 , 15 . Interessante strategier blev også udviklet til at studere retningsbestemt beslutningstagning ved hjælp af neutrofiler ved anvendelse af mikrofluidiske indretninger 16. Udover biologisk orienteret forskning er anvendelserne af mikrofluidiske indretninger blevet udvidet til testkliniske prøver til sygdomsevaluering 17 , 18 , 19 . Imidlertid er brugen af ​​mange mikrofluidiske indretninger begrænset til specialiserede forskningslaboratorier og kræver langvarig neutrofile isolation fra store mængder blodprøver. Derfor har der været en stigende tendens til at udvikle integrerede mikrofluidiske enheder til hurtig neutrofile kemotaksanalyser direkte fra en dråbe fuldblod 20 , 21 , 22 ,Ef &quot;&gt; 23 , 24 . Mod denne retning blev der udviklet en all-on-chip-metode, der integrerer den magnetiske negative neutrofile rensning og den efterfølgende kemotaxisanalyse på en enkelt mikrofluidisk indretning 25 . Denne all-on-chip-metode har følgende nye egenskaber: 1) I modsætning til tidligere on-chip-strategier, der isolerer neutrofile fra blodet ved adhæsionsbaseret celleindfangning eller cellestørrelsesbaseret filtrering 20 , 22 , tillader denne nye metode høj Renhed, on-chip magnetisk adskillelse af neutrofiler fra små volumener af fuldblod samt kemotaxismåling ved kemoattraktantstimulering; 2) celledockingsstrukturen hjælper med at justere de indledende positioner af neutrofiler tæt på den kemiske gradientkanal og tillader enkel kemotaxisanalyse uden single cell tracking; 3) integrationen af ​​neutrofile isolationen og kemotAkse-analysen på en enkelt mikrofluidisk anordning tillader hurtig analyse af kemotaxis i kemikalier i løbet af 25 minutter, når der ikke er nogen afbrydelse mellem eksperimentelle trin. Dette papir indeholder en detaljeret protokol til konstruktion, drift og dataanalysemetode i denne all-on-chip chemotaxis-analyse. Papiret demonstrerer den effektive anvendelse af den udviklede metode til at udføre neutrofil kemotaks ved at teste en kendt rekombinant kemoattraktant og komplekse kemotaktiske prøver fra patienter efterfulgt af en diskussion om fejlsøgningsstrategier, begrænsninger og fremtidige retninger.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="581">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:581px;">Device fabrication</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mask aligner</td>
			<td>ABM</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spinner</td>
			<td>Solitec</td>
			<td>5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>11301-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vacuum dessicator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-594-15A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Digital scale</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td>CS200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SU-8 2000 thinner</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SU-8 2025 photoresist</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SU-8 developer</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8 developer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Si wafer</td>
			<td>Silicon, Inc</td>
			<td>LG2065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A416-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:159px;">(tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl) trichlorosilane</td>
			<td>Gelest</td>
			<td>78560-45-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:159px;">Polydimethylsiloxane 
			(PDMS)</td>
			<td>Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
			<td>2065622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-544-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cutting pad</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Punchers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:159px;">Name </td>
			<td>Source</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">On-chip cell isolation and chemotaxis assay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:159px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3025502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DPBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3002802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:159px;">Bovine serum albumin 
			(BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SH3057402</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CACB356008</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">fMLP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3506-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:159px;">Magnetic disks</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Indigo Instruments</td>
			<td>44202-1</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">5 mm in diameter, 
			1 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:159px;">FITC-Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>FD10S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"> Rhodamine</td>
			<td> 
			Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4127-5G</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:159px;">Giemsa stain solution</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Rowley Biochemical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G-472-1-8OZ</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:159px;">EasySep Direct Human 
			Neutrophil Isolation 
			Kit</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">STEMCELL 
			Technologies Inc</td>
			<td>19666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:159px;">Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:159px;"> Nikon Ti-U inverted fluorescent microscope </td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Nikon</td>
			<td>Ti-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:159px;">Microscope environmental chamber.</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">InVivo Scientific</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:159px;"> CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-Fi1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an all-on-chip method for rapid neutrophil chemotaxis analysis directly from a drop of blood

Neutrofile migration og kemotaks er afgørende for vores krops immunsystem. Mikrofluidiske enheder anvendes i stigende grad til undersøgelse af neutrofilmigration og kemotaxis på grund af deres fordele ved real-time visualisering, præcis styring af kemisk koncentrationsgradientgenerering og reduceret reagens- og prøveforbrug. For nylig er der gjort en stigende indsats fra de mikrofluidiske forskere mod udvikling af integrerede og let betjente mikrofluidiske kemotaxisanalysesystemer direkte fra helblod. I denne retning blev den første all-on-chip-metode udviklet til integration af den magnetiske negative oprensning af neutrofiler og kemotaxisassayet fra små blodvolumenprøver. Denne nye metode tillader en hurtig prøve-til-resultat-neutrofile kemotaxis-test i 25 minutter. I dette papir leverer vi detaljeret konstruktion, drift og dataanalysemetode til denne all-on-chip chemotaxis-analyse med en diskussion om fejlfindingsstrategier, limiTationer og fremtidige retninger. Repræsentative resultater af den neutrofil-kemotaxis-analyse, der tester en defineret kemoattraktant, N- formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) og sputum fra en patient med kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom (COPD), under anvendelse af denne all-on-chip-metode, er vist. Denne metode er anvendelig til mange celle migrationsrelaterede undersøgelser og kliniske anvendelser.

Neutrofile selekteres negativt fra en dråbe fuldblod direkte i den mikrofluide enhed. Renheden af ​​de isolerede neutrofiler blev verificeret ved on-chip Giemsa-farvning, og resultaterne viste de typiske ringformede og lobeformede kerner af neutrofiler ( figur 2A ) 25 . Dette indikerer en effektiv neutrofile isolering på chip ved høj renhed fra et lille volumen af ​​helblod. Endvidere kan dockningsstrukturen effektivt juste...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An All-on-chip Method for Rapid Neutrophil Chemotaxis Analysis Directly from a Drop of Blood at JoVE.com

An All-on-chip Method for Rapid Neutrophil Chemotaxis Analysis Directly from a Drop of Blood

Denne artikel tilvejebringer den detaljerede fremgangsmåde til at udføre en hurtig neutrofile kemotaxis-analyse ved at integrere on-chip-neutrofilisoleringen fra helblod og kemotaxis-testen på en enkelt mikrofluidisk chip.

En all-on-chip metode til hurtig neutrofile kemotaxis analyse direkte fra en bloddråbe

Neutrophil migration and chemotaxis are critical for our body's immune system. Microfluidic devices are increasingly used for investigating neutrophil ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

A 1.5 Hour Procedure for Identification of Enterococcus Species Directly from Blood Cultures

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A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

En hurtig metode til Blood Processing at øge udbyttet af Plasma-peptid niveauer i Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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