Name: task interruption and resumption paradigm for testing the activation and pursuit of an abstract thinking goal
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这项研究由德克萨斯大学奥斯汀机构审查委员会大学（IRB 2011-02-0021）知情同意进行全面豁免批准。 1.开始，引进会议<ol><li>请参与者在网上开始会话。 注意：会话可以发生在实验室或参与者自己在实验室外的计算机（台式机或笔记本电脑）。这项研究需要有一个基于时间的自动程序功能（ 例如 ，Qualtrics）的数字调查平台。 </li><li>请参与者如果适用于读取整个?...

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Y., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+similarity+breeds+content:+Need+for+closure+and+the+allure+of+homogeneous+and+self-resembling+groups.">When similarity breeds content: Need for closure and the allure of homogeneous and self-resembling groups.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83 (3), 648-662 (2002).</li><li>Shah, J. Y., Kruglanski, A. W., Thompson, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membership+has+its+(epistemic)+rewards:+Need+for+closure+effects+on+in-group+bias.">Membership has its (epistemic) rewards: Need for closure effects on in-group bias.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 75 (2), 383 (1998).</li><li>Neuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., West, S. 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在本文中详细介绍的方法，使研究人员能够测试的认知目标的激活和追求简单和经济的方式。因为自动目标追求的是更有效的29和打字中断（ 即 “自然打字任务”），可以防止目标从通过无意识的认知过程正在履行它特别适用于自动认知目标。那些参与者的意识之外激活认知目标也要求效应较不敏感。 在一些修改和实施该协议的关键因素涉及到任务?...

追求目标可以采取多种形式，从教育程度到健康饮食来寻找快乐。在追求目标的许多研究调查的是适度的动机水平或因素目标的承诺1，2，3，4，5，而其他重点考查的积极目标6，7，8，9，10的后果。在目前的论文中描述和讨论的方法，专门开发设计测试的认知目标和相关后果的激活和追求。认知目标（或目标思维）被定义为心11的期望的状态。认知目标可包括特定的思想的结果，如涉及到motivated推理12或证实偏见13，也可能是对实现思想的特定模式，无论是更准确14或觉得更有创意15或更高的水平11。尽管各种认知目标的前因和后果的各种经验设置了检查，这些激励状态的激活经常被暗示而不是直接测试。例如，若干研究已经间接操纵用于通过操纵时间压力认知闭合的需要，但是基于以前的研究16，17，18，19上的动机状态的实际活化暗示。 这种方法的建立是基于追求目标6的原则之一，10，20：即不满意积极的目标造成持续性，所以个人有一个高的恢复，如果他们追求目标时被中断。相反，如果被中断的任务是无关的追求目标，恢复的个体之间的速度会相对较低。为了说明，一个人拍摄篮球要达到一定的成功率很可能被午休被中断后恢复活动，即使有其他可用的活动，可能是更有吸引力的（ 例如 ，玩视频游戏或拍摄小憩）。相反，如果个人仅仅是拍摄箍，因为它在当时是一个方便的活动，有机会较低，这个人会采取午休后继续，特别是在其他有吸引力的活动可供选择。 认知目标，激活时，也将导致更高的resumptio如果个人目标的追求过程中中断氮肥用量。然而，中断行为目标的追求和中断认知目标的追求之间的关键区别。中断的行为追求目标通常意味着中断是成功暂停追求的目标的过程，因为，例如，只是因为它是很难拍出篮球，并在同一时间吃午饭，很有挑战性，为人们在物理上从事两同时独立的任务。这是不是这样的，但是，中断的认知的追求目标的时候。人们可以继续拥有和开发的想法，即使在中断期间，这就是为什么人们常常发现自己琢磨持续未解决的问题，即使被迫一步之遥吃一顿饭或洗澡。事实上，最近的研究表明，人在搞，即使睡着了复杂的认知过程21，22，&lt;/ SUP&gt; 23。在目前的研究中引入的协议旨在解决认知目标追求的这种独特的特点：人们可以继续追求甚至可能在中断时间满足激活认知目标。具体地，该协议包括在中断阶段，以防止自动目标的追求分心参与者的活动。 此协议的要点涉及：（1）操纵的建议的认知目标的激活，（2）呈现参与者预料要么满足或不满足激活的认知目标的一个“无关”认知任务，（3）中断认知任务而造成分心，以及（4）观察参与者的选择，以恢复或放弃被中断的任务。该协议的基本前提是，如果该任务被视为一个opportu参与者会更容易恢复中断的任务无穷大，以满足激活认知目标;因此，在这种情况下更高的恢复速度提供了经验证据，提出的认知目标确实正在积极进行。 在实施该协议，参与者被告知，他们将完成3个理应不相关的任务。在现实中，参与者完成的第一个任务，但随后有仅做第二或第三个任务之间进行选择。此外，任务实际上是相关的，而且每个任务提供了实验的一个重要目的。第一项任务操纵认知目标激活。第二个任务（被打断）操纵该任务是否被预期为满足激活认知目标。第三项任务用作当参与者只完成第二个任务（恢复在一个更愉快的任务的成本被中断的任务），或者只有在完成第三个任务之间以后选择有吸引力的选择（放弃interru一个更愉快的任务PTED任务）。在第二个任务开始引入的中断涉及打字的无意义词汇。虽然参与者警告这个中断在整个会议开始时，他们还被告知，时间将是随机的。这是为了提高破裂性的感觉。 虽然这个协议可以适用于测试各种认知目标的激活，最近的一项研究为例，其测试是否因果关系的不确定性（ 即， 为什么事情发生的不确定性）激活一个目标去思考更抽象11，在这里使用在试图提供更多的细节和在协议上下文背景。被提出的理论，并表现出作为现有工作的延伸示出了抽象思维（考虑跨越事件中心，总体主题和相似性，而不是外围，较低级别的细节和betwee差异n个事件）减少因果的不确定性24。作为个人，反复体验抽象思维的利益，他们发展到激活目标经历因果不确定性时更抽象思维的倾向。这项调查是在网上提供34。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="789">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:156px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">The survey requires a computer and cannot be implemented using a paper-and-pencil format.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="72">
			<td height="72" style="height:73px;width:156px;">Qualtrics Insight Platform</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">Qualtrics is only one example. Both online and offline survey platforms are appropriate as long as a time-based automatic proceeding feature is available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:33px;width:156px;">IBM SPSS Statistics</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">IBM Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Other statistical software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

task interruption and resumption paradigm for testing the activation and pursuit of an abstract thinking goal

该协议是基于任务的中断和恢复模式，它的前提是积极的目标，导致持续的行为，因此一段时间的延迟或中断后恢复较高速度。在这项研究中所描述的任务中断和恢复的协议是专为测试认知目标的活化（ 例如 ，一个目标去思考更抽象）。认知目标可能即使在中断期间追求的目标;因此，为了防止这种情况，协议涉及认知分心。该协议包括几个阶段。具体而言，初始阶段包括所述目标激活过程，其中，所述处理（相对于对照）的条件下接收的操作，以激活由研究人员正在测试的认知目标。在下一阶段，参与者都带有引入被认为要么满足或不满足的利益认知目标任务的。重要的是，这个任务被中断几秒钟之后结束。任务中断强制延迟时间，并引入认知分心，防止认知目标的自动追求和实现。中断时间后，学员给出恢复被中断的任务，放弃被中断的任务来完成替代工作，而不是之间做出选择。其中的参与者，其认知目标已经在前期被激活，任务恢复率应该更高，如果任务被视为一个机会，以满足（ 对不能满足）的目标。这一发现将提供经验证据表明，认知目标已被激活和追求。在以往的研究，该协议已经被用于测试因果不确定性是否激活一个抽象思维的目标。适配协议来测试的其它认知目标的活化进行了讨论。

上述方法是通过Namkoong和Henderson 11在它们的第一项研究，其中包括的两个数据集实现。合并这两个数据集的分析，因为结果的模式是在两个一致。与会者分别来自两个不同的公立大学297名大学生（女168例;年龄范围17〜48岁，平均（M）年龄=20.43年，标准差（SD）= 3.78Hz岁），他们完成了调查，以换取额外的课程信用。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal at JoVE.com

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

该协议的目的是测试的使用任务中断和恢复模式的认知目标（ 例如 ，抽象思维的目标）的激活和追求。该协议是适用于自动实行一次激活，如牵引过程期间中断时间防止目标的追求认知目标。

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

Research

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