Name: comparing the effects of electronic cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in a novel in vivo exposure system
Uploaded: 2017-05-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System at JoVE.com

Denne forskning blev muliggjort af Aortic Research Grant (University of Michigan) til Dr. Eliason. Forfatterne vil også gerne anerkende Nick Scott ved University of Michigan Plant Operations Sign og Graphics Department for at hjælpe med design og samling af cigaretbelysningsenheden.

Følgende protokol er blevet udført under vejledning og godkendelse af University of Michigan Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). 1. Elektronisk cigaret-dampkammermontering BEMÆRK: Det komplette kammer skal anbringes i en kogeplade under brug. Kammeret her blev anbragt i et temperaturstyret og filtreret laboratoriemiljø. Undersøgere kan vælge at overvåge sådanne aspekter af systemet for at sikre sammenhæng i rumluftkvaliteten. Som en muligh...

<ol>
	<li>Schoenborn, C. A., Gindi, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+Cigarette+Use+Among+Adults:+United+States,+2014+Key+findings.">Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults: United States, 2014 Key findings.</a> NCHS. , (2014).</li><li>Singh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+Use+Among+Middle+and+High+School+Students+-+United+States,+2011-2015.">Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2011-2015.</a> MMWR. 65 (14), 361-367 (2016).</li><li>Flora, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+potential+impurities+and+degradation+products+in+electronic+cigarette+formulations+and+aerosols.">Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols.</a> Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol: RTP. 74, 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Tierney, P. A., Karpinski, C. D., Brown, J. E., Luo, W., Pankow, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavour+chemicals+in+electronic+cigarette+fluids.">Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids.</a> Tob. Control. , (2015).</li><li>Sleiman, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emissions+from+Electronic+Cigarettes:+Key+Parameters+Affecting+the+Release+of+Harmful+Chemicals.">Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (17), 9644-9651 (2016).</li><li>Hwang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electronic+cigarette+inhalation+alters+innate+immunity+and+airway+cytokines+while+increasing+the+virulence+of+colonizing+bacteria.">Electronic cigarette inhalation alters innate immunity and airway cytokines while increasing the virulence of colonizing bacteria.</a> Int J Mol Med (Berlin, Germany). 94 (6), 667-679 (2016).</li><li>Cheng, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+evaluation+of+electronic+cigarettes.">Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes.</a> Tob Control. 23, 11-18 (2014).</li><li>Etter, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+of+cotinine+in+long-term+daily+users+of+e-cigarettes.">A longitudinal study of cotinine in long-term daily users of e-cigarettes.</a> Drug Alcohol Depend. 160, 218-221 (2016).</li><li>Etter, J. -. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Levels+of+saliva+cotinine+in+electronic+cigarette+users.">Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users.</a> Addiction. 109 (5), 825-829 (2014).</li><li>Marsot, A., Simon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nicotine+and+Cotinine+Levels+With+Electronic+Cigarette:+A+Review.">Nicotine and Cotinine Levels With Electronic Cigarette: A Review.</a> Int. J. Toxicol. 35 (2), 179-185 (2016).</li><li>Flouris, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+impact+of+active+and+passive+electronic+cigarette+smoking+on+serum+cotinine+and+lung+function.">Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function.</a> Inhal. Toxicol. 25 (2), 91-101 (2013).</li><li>Bot, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+cotinine+levels+in+cigarette+smokers:+impact+of+mental+health+and+other+correlates.">Plasma cotinine levels in cigarette smokers: impact of mental health and other correlates.</a> Eur Addict Res. 20 (4), 183-191 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, S. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+hundred+and+sixty+brands+of+e-cigarettes+and+counting:+implications+for+product+regulation.">Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation.</a> Tob. Control. 23, 3-9 (2014).</li></ol>

Her beskriver vi en metode til konstruktion af kamre, der udsætter gnavere for E-damp og cigaretrøg på en kontrolleret måde ( figur 6 ). Konstruktion af E-cigaretkammeret er forholdsvis simpelt og billigt i forhold til kommercielle eksponeringssystemer 14 , 15 , 16 . De dele og værktøjer, der kræves til at opbygge kammeret, er let tilgængelige fra kommercielle leverandører online. På samme måde er ko...

Siden indgangen til det amerikanske marked i 2004 har elektroniske cigaretter (e-cigaretter) udvidet til en milliard dollarindustri, og det anslås, at næsten 9 millioner voksne bruger dem regelmæssigt 1 . I 2014 og 2015 havde flere gymnasieelever brugt E-cigaretter end konventionelle cigaretter 2 . Det stigende antal brugere af e-cigaretter har skabt en forskningsindsats for at vurdere deres potentielle skadelige helbredseffekter. E-cigaretter genererer en damp (kaldet &quot;E-damp&quot;) ved opvarmning af en viskøs opløsning, som typisk indeholder en blanding af vand, polyethylenglycol eller vegetabilsk glycerin, nikotin og aromaer 3 , 4 . Det har vist sig, at E-damp indeholder flere skadelige forbindelser, herunder reaktive oxygenarter (ROS), nikotin, forskellige aldehyder og polycykliske aromatiske carbonhydrider 5 ,6. Mange af disse forbindelser dannes under fordampningsprocessen af ​​E-væske forud for inhalation 7 . Især er flere af disse skadelige forbindelser også til stede i cigaretrøg, hvilket giver anledning til bekymring for, at e-cigaretter kan have lignende negative sundhedsmæssige konsekvenser 7 . Der er ringe konsensus om e-cigaretternes sundhedsmæssige virkninger. For at løse dette er der udviklet flere dyremodeller af E-dampeksponering ( tabel 1 ). Disse modeller anvender en række forskellige metoder som hel-body E-damp eksponering og mekanisk ventilation. Mens de nuværende modeller har givet indsigtige data, har få få direkte sammenligninger med cigaretrøg inden for samme eksponeringssystem ( tabel 1 ). Mens flere menneskelige undersøgelser har vist, at e-cigaretter og cigaretrøgere har serumkotininiveauer mellem 30-200 ng / ml, falder mange modeller af eksponering af E-damp og cigaretrøg udIde denne rækkevidde 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 . Heri præsenterer vi en metode til sammenligning af virkningerne af cigaretrøg og E-dampeksponering in vivo , hvilket giver serumkotininniveauer svarende til menneskelige undersøgelser.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1R6F Reference Cigarettes</td>
			<td>Center for Tob Ref&#160; Prod UK</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lexan Anesthesia Chamber 20 L</td>
			<td>Jorgensen Laboratories</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resistor 10K Ohm 1/6th Watt PTH - 20 pack</td>
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			<td>BusBoard Prototype Systems</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ZipWire</td>
			<td>BusBoard Prototype Systems</td>
			<td>ZW-MM-10</td>
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			<td>Cooler Master</td>
			<td>R4-S8R-20AK-GP</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ARIC 4&#34; adjustable vent</td>
			<td>Bestlouver</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro&#160; Carbon Monoxide Monitor</td>
			<td>Honeywell Analytics</td>
			<td>54-00-10316</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro Oxygen Monitor</td>
			<td>Honeywell Analytics</td>
			<td>54-45-90-VD</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ToxiPro IQ Express Docking Station</td>
			<td>Honeywell/Sperian Biosystems&#160;</td>
			<td>54-46-9100</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Command Wall Hook Small Wire 6-Pack</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Water/Air Pump</td>
			<td>Xiamen Conjoin Electronics</td>
			<td>CJWP40-A12A1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1/4&#34; Silicon Tubing</td>
			<td>NewAge</td>
			<td>2801470-100</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">T Connector</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td>F196060000</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic Whole Blood tube with spray-coated K2EDTA</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>367841</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotinine ELISA kit</td>
			<td>Calbiotech</td>
			<td>CO096D</td>
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comparing the effects of electronic cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in a novel in vivo exposure system

<html> Elektroniske cigaretter (e- cigaretter ) bliver almindeligt anvendt og vokser i popularitet. Det anslås, at mere end 9 millioner voksne bruger dem regelmæssigt. De potentielle negative sundhedsvirkninger af eksponering af e-damp (E-damp) er dårlig defineret. Mens flere dyremodeller med E- damp eksponering er blevet udviklet, udsætter få modeller gnavere til klinisk relevante mængder af nikotin og gør direkte sammenligninger med cigaretrøg inden for samme eksponeringssystem. Her præsenterer vi en metode til konstruktion og drift af et E- dampkammer og cigaretrøgskammer. Kamrene er konstrueret ved at udstyre anæstesiekamre med et computerstyret pumpesystem, der leverer ensartede mængder af EIze: 14px; &quot;&gt; - damp eller cigaretrøg til gnavere. Nikotineksponering måles indirekte ved at kvantificere serumkotininiveauer før og efter eksponering. Dette eksponeringssystem kan ændres for at rumme forskellige typer af e- cigaretter og tobaks cigaretter og kan Bruges til at sammenligne virkningerne af E- damp og cigaretrøg in vivo .

Kulmonoxid og oxygenovervågning Oxygenkoncentrationer faldt ikke under 20% under e-dampeksponering, og CO-koncentrationerne forblev uopdagelige under hele eksponeringen. Gasmonitorer under eksponering af cigaretrøg viste, at iltkoncentrationen var over 20%. Kulmonoxidkoncentrationer oversteg ikke 1.000 ppm ( Figur 4 ). <img alt="Figur 4" src="/files/f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System at JoVE.com

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Denne protokol beskriver en metode til udsættelse for gnavere til elektronisk cigaretdamp (E-damp) og cigaretrøg. Eksponeringskamre er konstrueret ved at ændre anæstesiekamre med et automatiseret pumpesystem, der leverer E-damp eller cigaretrøg til gnavere. Dette system kan let ændres for at rumme mange eksperimentelle endepunkter.

Sammenligning af virkningerne af elektronisk cigaretdamp og cigaretrøg i en roman<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Eksponeringssystem

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. ...

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Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

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