Name: using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running
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本研究由中国国家自然科学基金 (81301600)、宁波大学16BTY085 基金会、中国国家社科基金会、浙江省社会科学项目 "智江青年工程" (16ZJQN021YB) 主办。), Loctek 人体工学技术公司和安踏体育用品有限公司。

本研究已获得宁波大学人类伦理委员会 (ARGH20150356) 的批准。所有受试者在研究中都给予了他们知情的同意, 他们被告知了研究的目标、要求和实验程序. 
 1. 步态实验室准备 <ol> <li> 关闭任何白炽灯, 并在实验室中保持合理的荧光灯亮度级别。删除所有标记和不需要的反射对象, 它们可能被误译为来自捕获卷的被动复古反射标记. </li>
	<li> 将适当的转换器插入计算机的?...

<ol>
	<li>Barkema, D. D., Derrick, T. R., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heel+height+affects+lower+extremity+frontal+plane+joint+moments+during+walking.">Heel height affects lower extremity frontal plane joint moments during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 35 (3), 483-488 (2012).</li><li>Hong, W. H., Lee, Y. H., Chen, H. C., Pei, Y. C., Wu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+heel+height+and+shoe+insert+on+comfort+perception+and+biomechanical+performance+of+young+female+adults+during+walking.">Influence of heel height and shoe insert on comfort perception and biomechanical performance of young female adults during walking.</a> Foot Ankle Int. 26 (12), 1042-1048 (2005).</li><li>Baker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+methods+in+rehabilitation.">Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3 (1), (2006).</li><li>Galna, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+the+Microsoft+Kinect+sensor+for+measuring+movement+in+people+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Accuracy of the Microsoft Kinect sensor for measuring movement in people with Parkinson's disease.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1062-1068 (2014).</li><li>Esenyel, M., Walsh, K., Walden, J. G., Gitter, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+high-heeled+gait.">Kinetics of high-heeled gait.</a> J Am Podiatri Med Assocn. 93 (1), 27-32 (2003).</li><li>Cronin, N. J., Barrett, R. S., Carty, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+use+of+high-heeled+shoes+alters+the+neuromechanics+of+human+walking.">Long-term use of high-heeled shoes alters the neuromechanics of human walking.</a> J Appl Physiol. 112 (6), 1054-1058 (2012).</li><li>Mika, A., Oleksy, &. #. 3. 2. 1. ;., Mika, P., Marchewka, A., Clark, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+heel+height+on+lower+extremity+kinematics+and+leg+muscle+activity+during+gait+in+young+and+middle-aged+women.">The influence of heel height on lower extremity kinematics and leg muscle activity during gait in young and middle-aged women.</a> Gait Posture. 35 (4), 677-680 (2012).</li><li>Snow, R. E., Williams, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+heeled+shoes:+their+effect+on+center+of+mass+position,+posture,+three-dimensional+kinematics,+rearfoot+motion,+and+ground+reaction+forces.">High heeled shoes: their effect on center of mass position, posture, three-dimensional kinematics, rearfoot motion, and ground reaction forces.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 75 (5), 568-576 (1994).</li><li>Gu, Y., Zhang, Y., Shen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremities+kinematics+variety+of+young+women+jogging+with+different+heel+height.">Lower extremities kinematics variety of young women jogging with different heel height.</a> Int J Biomed Eng Technol. 12 (3), 240-251 (2013).</li><li>Z&#246;llner, A. M., Pok, J. M., McWalter, E. J., Gold, G. E., Kuhl, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+high+heels+and+short+muscles:+A+multiscale+model+for+sarcomere+loss+in+the+gastrocnemius+muscle.">On high heels and short muscles: A multiscale model for sarcomere loss in the gastrocnemius muscle.</a> J Theor Biol. 365, 301-310 (2015).</li><li>Opila-Correia, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematics+of+high-heeled+gait+with+consideration+for+age+and+experience+of+wearers.">Kinematics of high-heeled gait with consideration for age and experience of wearers.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 71 (11), 905-909 (1990).</li><li>Cronin, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+high+heeled+shoes+on+female+gait:+A+review.">The effects of high heeled shoes on female gait: A review.</a> J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 24 (2), 258-263 (2014).</li><li>Jones, G. D., James, D. C., Thacker, M., Green, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sit-to-stand-and-walk+from+120%+Knee+Height:+A+Novel+Approach+to+Assess+Dynamic+Postural+Control+Independent+of+Lead-limb.">Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb.</a> J Vis Exp. (114), e54323 (2016).</li><li>Goss, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremity+biomechanics+and+self-reported+foot-strike+patterns+among+runners+in+traditional+and+minimalist+shoes.">Lower extremity biomechanics and self-reported foot-strike patterns among runners in traditional and minimalist shoes.</a> J Athl Train. 50 (6), 603-611 (2015).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+long-term+wearing+of+high-heeled+shoes+on+the+control+of+the+body's+center+of+mass+motion+in+relation+to+the+center+of+pressure+during+walking.">Effects of long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes on the control of the body's center of mass motion in relation to the center of pressure during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1045-1050 (2014).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W., Hong, S. W., Kuo, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+Kinetic+Adaptations+in+the+Lower+Extremities+of+Experienced+Wearers+during+High-Heeled+Gait.">Kinematic and Kinetic Adaptations in the Lower Extremities of Experienced Wearers during High-Heeled Gait.</a> BME. 26 (3), 1450042 (2014).</li><li>Novacheck, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biomechanics+of+running.">The biomechanics of running.</a> Gait Posture. 7 (1), 77-95 (1998).</li><li>Powell, D. W., Williams, D. B., Windsor, B., Butler, R. J., Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+work+and+dynamic+joint+stiffness+in+high-compared+to+low-arched+athletes+during+a+barefoot+running+task.">Ankle work and dynamic joint stiffness in high-compared to low-arched athletes during a barefoot running task.</a> Hum Mov Sci. 34, 147-156 (2014).</li><li>Robbins, S. E., Gouw, G. J., Hanna, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Running-related+injury+prevention+through+innate+impact-moderating+behavior.">Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 21 (2), 130-139 (1989).</li><li>Simonsen, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+on+high+heels+changes+muscle+activity+and+the+dynamics+of+human+walking+significantly.">Walking on high heels changes muscle activity and the dynamics of human walking significantly.</a> J Appl Biomech. 28 (1), 20-28 (2012).</li><li>Stefanyshyn, D. J., Nigg, B. M., Fisher, V., O'Flynn, B., Liu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+high+heeled+shoes+on+kinematics,+kinetics,+and+muscle+EMG+of+normal+female+gait.">The influence of high heeled shoes on kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG of normal female gait.</a> J Appl Biomech. 16 (3), 309-319 (2000).</li><li>Kerrigan, D. C., Lelas, J. L., Karvosky, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Women's+shoes+and+knee+osteoarthritis.">Women's shoes and knee osteoarthritis.</a> Lancet. 357 (9262), 1097-1098 (2001).</li><li>Kerrigan, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate-heeled+shoes+and+knee+joint+torques+relevant+to+the+development+and+progression+of+knee+osteoarthritis.">Moderate-heeled shoes and knee joint torques relevant to the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 86 (5), 871-875 (2005).</li><li>Beynnon, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+strain+behavior+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament+during+squatting+and+active+flexion-extension+a+comparison+of+an+open+and+a+closed+kinetic+chain+exercise.">The strain behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament during squatting and active flexion-extension a comparison of an open and a closed kinetic chain exercise.</a> Am J Sports. 25 (6), 823-829 (1997).</li><li>Fleming, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gastrocnemius+muscle+is+an+antagonist+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament.">The gastrocnemius muscle is an antagonist of the anterior cruciate ligament.</a> J Orthop Res. 19 (6), 1178-1184 (2001).</li><li>Schipplein, O., Andriacchi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+active+and+passive+knee+stabilizers+during+level+walking.">Interaction between active and passive knee stabilizers during level walking.</a> J Orthop Res. 9 (1), 113-119 (1991).</li><li>Baliunas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+knee+joint+loads+during+walking+are+present+in+subjects+with+knee+osteoarthritis.">Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 10 (7), 573-579 (2002).</li><li>Payne, C., Munteanu, S., Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+of+the+subtalar+joint+axis+and+resistance+of+the+rearfoot+to+supination.">Position of the subtalar joint axis and resistance of the rearfoot to supination.</a> J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 93 (2), 131-135 (2014).</li><li>Cheung, R. T., Rainbow, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Landing+pattern+and+vertical+loading+rates+during+first+attempt+of+barefoot+running+in+habitual+shod+runners.">Landing pattern and vertical loading rates during first attempt of barefoot running in habitual shod runners.</a> Hum Mov Sci. 34, 120-127 (2014).</li><li>Lieberman, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foot+strike+patterns+and+collision+forces+in+habitually+barefoot+versus+shod+runners.">Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners.</a> Nature. 463 (7280), 531-535 (2010).</li><li>Voloshin, A., Loy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+evaluation+and+management+of+the+shock+waves+resulting+from+the+high-heel+gait:+I-temporal+domain+study.">Biomechanical evaluation and management of the shock waves resulting from the high-heel gait: I-temporal domain study.</a> Gait Posture. 2 (2), 117-122 (1994).</li><li>Kerrigan, D. C., Todd, M. K., Riley, P. 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大多数研究的缺陷, 分析高跟鞋的步态生物力学是忽略了可能的重要性穿高跟鞋的经验12。本研究将受试者分为定期和偶尔佩戴者, 探讨高跟鞋穿的经验对下肢运动学和 GRF 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步中的作用。
电子战和观点显示了类似的慢跑/跑步速度。与电子战相比, 观点采用了更高的步幅频率和较短的步长, 这可能是保持身体平衡的策略15</sup...

高跟鞋设计一直是女性鞋类的流行特征之一。强迫脚踝进入被动的跖屈状态, 高跟鞋大大改变步行运动学和动力学。尽管报告了对肌肉骨骼系统的负面影响1, 社会和时尚习俗鼓励继续使用高跟鞋的鞋子2。
光学跟踪系统, 目前用于大多数步态分析实验室的临床和研究目的, 提供准确和可靠的测量3D 下肢关节运动3。这项技术为步态分析提供了一个 "黄金标准"4。基于该技术的一致结果显示, 与平底鞋相比, 较高的脚跟高度会导致较大的膝关节屈曲和踝关节反转5,6,7。GRF 是步态分析中的另一个常用参数。GRF 转向内侧前脚, 减少 GRF 在 mid-stance, 增加垂直 GRF 在脚跟打击, 增加峰值前后 GRF 也观察到在高跟鞋步行1,6,7,8。
以往的研究引用以上的使用方法主要基于水平步行。在现代社会, 跑公共汽车, 穿梭在繁忙的街道, 或疾驰赶上最后一班火车推动越来越多的妇女使用更高的速度, 每一个现在。在高跟鞋慢跑和跑步过程中, 关于下肢生物力学的研究还很有限。顾et al.注意到, 在慢跑9期间, 膝部诱拐-内收和髋关节屈伸关节运动范围明显增加, 脚跟高度增加。这项研究的局限性在于他们只招募习惯性的高跟鞋佩戴人。高跟鞋的频繁使用可能诱发下肢肌肉结构适应。Zöllner et al.创建了一个多尺度计算模型, 揭示了在系列10中, 由于在节的长期损耗后使用高跟鞋, 肌肉能够逐渐适应新的功能长度。证据还表明, 高跟鞋造成的步态的运动住宿在经验丰富和经验不足的穿戴11之间有所不同。从经验和经验丰富的主题收集的数据可能会掩盖统计结果12。重要的是要探讨生物力学变化是否同样明显, 在经验丰富的用户。
本研究的目的是探讨有经验的佩戴人 (电子战) 和无经验的穿戴 (观点) 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步时下肢运动学和垂直 GRF 的差异。这是假设, 电子战将显示更快的 self-preferred 慢跑和运行速度, 少关节运动, 更大的垂直 GRF 在慢跑和跑步。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>MX cameras</td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Nexus&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>Version 1.4.116</td>
			<td>Proprietary tracking software (PlugInGait template)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dongle</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX Ultranet HD</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>External ADC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>n=16; Diametre=14 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5165A</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>9287C</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Frame</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>moderate high-heeled shoe</td>
			<td>Daphne, Hong Kong</td>
			<td>13085015</td>
			<td>Heel height: 4.5cm; Size:37EURO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel&#160;</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 2010</td>
			<td>For low pass filtering data and calculations; Add-in:Butterworth.xla</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin&#160;</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 9.0</td>
			<td>Plot GRF-time curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stata&#160;</td>
			<td>Stata Corp, College station, TX</td>
			<td>Version 12.0</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running

有限的研究已经探索了下肢慢跑和跑步时下肢生物力学, 大多数研究都没有明确的磨损经验的主题。该协议描述了在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步中, 有经验的佩戴人 (电子战) 和无经验的穿戴 (观点) 之间下肢运动学和地面反应力 (GRF) 的差异。采用三维 (3D) 运动分析系统, 利用配置的力平台, 同步捕获下肢关节运动和 GRF。36年轻女性自愿参加这项研究, 并被问及高跟鞋穿的经验, 包括频率, 持续时间, 脚跟类型和脚跟高度。十一谁有经验3到 6 cm 脚跟为每周至少三天 (6 h 每天) 为最少二年和十一谁佩带了高跟鞋少于两次每个月参加了。受试者分别在舒适的低和高速度下进行慢跑和跑步, 右脚完全踏入一个力平台, 经过一个10米的走道。电子战和观点在慢跑和跑步时采用了不同的生物力学适应。观点表现出一个普遍较大的关节运动范围, 而电子战显示了一个显着更大的负荷率的 GRF 在运行期间。因此, 进一步研究高跟鞋的下肢生物力学应严格控制受试者的佩戴经验。

所有的结果都在这里作为平均±标准差提出。运行速度明显大于慢跑速度, 无论穿着经验 (电子战: 慢跑vs.运行: 2.50 ± 0.14 vs. 3.05 ± 0.14, p = 0.010;观点: 慢跑vs.运行: 2.24 ± 0.26 vs. 2.84 ± 0.29, p = 0.028;在 m/s 中) (表 1)。在电子战与观点的慢跑速度上没有显著差异。一般情况下, 电子战的步幅长度大于观点 (慢跑: 电子战vs.观...

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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

本研究探讨下肢运动和地面反应力 (GRF) 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步。受试者分为有经验的佩戴者和无经验的佩戴人。一个三维运动分析系统与一个配置的力量平台捕获下肢关节运动和 GRF。

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

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The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific ...

科研

行为学

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Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

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Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

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生物力学分析方法,以评估职业羽毛球运动员的隆起表现

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

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The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...