Name: using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running
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Denne undersøgelse er sponsoreret af National Natural Science Foundation of China (81301600), K. C. Wong Magna fond i Ningbo Universitet, National Social Science Foundation of China (16BTY085), Zhejiang Social Science Program "Zhi Jiang ungdomsprojekt" (16ZJQN021YB ), Loctek ergonomisk Technology Corp og Anta sport produkter Limited.

denne undersøgelse er blevet godkendt af den menneskelige etiske udvalg af Ningbo Universitet (ARGH20150356). Alle fag gav deres informerede samtykke til at indgå i undersøgelsen, og de blev underrettet om de mål, krav og eksperimentelle procedurer for undersøgelsen.
 1. gangart laboratorium forberedelse <ol><li>Switch off enhver elpærer og efterlader et rimelig fluorescerende belysning niveau i laboratoriet. Fjern alle markører og uønskede objekter af refleksion, der kan mistolkes ...

<ol>
	<li>Barkema, D. D., Derrick, T. R., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heel+height+affects+lower+extremity+frontal+plane+joint+moments+during+walking.">Heel height affects lower extremity frontal plane joint moments during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 35 (3), 483-488 (2012).</li><li>Hong, W. H., Lee, Y. H., Chen, H. C., Pei, Y. C., Wu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+heel+height+and+shoe+insert+on+comfort+perception+and+biomechanical+performance+of+young+female+adults+during+walking.">Influence of heel height and shoe insert on comfort perception and biomechanical performance of young female adults during walking.</a> Foot Ankle Int. 26 (12), 1042-1048 (2005).</li><li>Baker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+methods+in+rehabilitation.">Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3 (1), (2006).</li><li>Galna, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+the+Microsoft+Kinect+sensor+for+measuring+movement+in+people+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Accuracy of the Microsoft Kinect sensor for measuring movement in people with Parkinson's disease.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1062-1068 (2014).</li><li>Esenyel, M., Walsh, K., Walden, J. G., Gitter, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+high-heeled+gait.">Kinetics of high-heeled gait.</a> J Am Podiatri Med Assocn. 93 (1), 27-32 (2003).</li><li>Cronin, N. J., Barrett, R. S., Carty, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+use+of+high-heeled+shoes+alters+the+neuromechanics+of+human+walking.">Long-term use of high-heeled shoes alters the neuromechanics of human walking.</a> J Appl Physiol. 112 (6), 1054-1058 (2012).</li><li>Mika, A., Oleksy, &. #. 3. 2. 1. ;., Mika, P., Marchewka, A., Clark, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+heel+height+on+lower+extremity+kinematics+and+leg+muscle+activity+during+gait+in+young+and+middle-aged+women.">The influence of heel height on lower extremity kinematics and leg muscle activity during gait in young and middle-aged women.</a> Gait Posture. 35 (4), 677-680 (2012).</li><li>Snow, R. E., Williams, K. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremity+biomechanics+and+self-reported+foot-strike+patterns+among+runners+in+traditional+and+minimalist+shoes.">Lower extremity biomechanics and self-reported foot-strike patterns among runners in traditional and minimalist shoes.</a> J Athl Train. 50 (6), 603-611 (2015).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+long-term+wearing+of+high-heeled+shoes+on+the+control+of+the+body's+center+of+mass+motion+in+relation+to+the+center+of+pressure+during+walking.">Effects of long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes on the control of the body's center of mass motion in relation to the center of pressure during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1045-1050 (2014).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W., Hong, S. W., Kuo, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+Kinetic+Adaptations+in+the+Lower+Extremities+of+Experienced+Wearers+during+High-Heeled+Gait.">Kinematic and Kinetic Adaptations in the Lower Extremities of Experienced Wearers during High-Heeled Gait.</a> BME. 26 (3), 1450042 (2014).</li><li>Novacheck, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biomechanics+of+running.">The biomechanics of running.</a> Gait Posture. 7 (1), 77-95 (1998).</li><li>Powell, D. W., Williams, D. B., Windsor, B., Butler, R. J., Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+work+and+dynamic+joint+stiffness+in+high-compared+to+low-arched+athletes+during+a+barefoot+running+task.">Ankle work and dynamic joint stiffness in high-compared to low-arched athletes during a barefoot running task.</a> Hum Mov Sci. 34, 147-156 (2014).</li><li>Robbins, S. E., Gouw, G. J., Hanna, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Running-related+injury+prevention+through+innate+impact-moderating+behavior.">Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 21 (2), 130-139 (1989).</li><li>Simonsen, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+on+high+heels+changes+muscle+activity+and+the+dynamics+of+human+walking+significantly.">Walking on high heels changes muscle activity and the dynamics of human walking significantly.</a> J Appl Biomech. 28 (1), 20-28 (2012).</li><li>Stefanyshyn, D. J., Nigg, B. M., Fisher, V., O'Flynn, B., Liu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+high+heeled+shoes+on+kinematics,+kinetics,+and+muscle+EMG+of+normal+female+gait.">The influence of high heeled shoes on kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG of normal female gait.</a> J Appl Biomech. 16 (3), 309-319 (2000).</li><li>Kerrigan, D. C., Lelas, J. L., Karvosky, M. 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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+strain+behavior+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament+during+squatting+and+active+flexion-extension+a+comparison+of+an+open+and+a+closed+kinetic+chain+exercise.">The strain behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament during squatting and active flexion-extension a comparison of an open and a closed kinetic chain exercise.</a> Am J Sports. 25 (6), 823-829 (1997).</li><li>Fleming, B. 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T., Rainbow, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Landing+pattern+and+vertical+loading+rates+during+first+attempt+of+barefoot+running+in+habitual+shod+runners.">Landing pattern and vertical loading rates during first attempt of barefoot running in habitual shod runners.</a> Hum Mov Sci. 34, 120-127 (2014).</li><li>Lieberman, D. 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En defekt i de fleste undersøgelser, at analyserer højhælede gangart biomekanik ignorerer den mulige betydning af erfaring iført høje hæle12. Denne undersøgelse opdelt emner i grupper af regelmæssig og lejlighedsvis wearers til at undersøge virkningerne af højhælede sko iført erfaring på lavere-lemmer kinematik og GRF under moderat højhælede jogging og kører.
EW og Sådan får du ist viste sammenlignelige jogging/løb hastigheder. Sådan får du ist samm...

Høj hæl design har altid været en af de populære funktioner i damesko. Tvinger anklen til en passiv plantar bøjede stat, ændre højhælede sko betydeligt walking kinematik og kinetik. Trods rapporterede bivirkninger på bevægeapparatet1, social og mode tilskynde toldmyndighederne den fortsatte brug af højhælede sko2.
Optisk sporingssystemer, i øjeblikket anvendes i fleste af ganganalyse laboratorier for både klinisk og forskning formål, give præcis og pålidelig måling af 3D lavere-lemmer fælles beslutningsforslag3. Denne teknologi giver en "guld standard" for gangart analyse4. Ensartede resultater baseret på teknikken har afsløret, at højere hæl højder føre til større knæ fleksion og ankel inversion sammenlignet med flade sko5,6,7. GRF er en anden almindeligt anvendt parameter i ganganalyse. Skift af GRF mod den mediale forfoden, reduceret GRF under midten holdning, steg lodret GRF på hælen-strejke, og øget peak anterior-posterior GRF er også blevet observeret i højhælede gå1,,6, 7 , 8.
Tidligere undersøgelser refereret ovenfor bruge metoder baseret hovedsagelig på niveau walking. I moderne samfund, kører på en bus, stod på tværs af en travl gade eller flot at fange sidste tryk og tog flere og flere kvinder til at bruge højere hastigheder og næ. Der er begrænsede undersøgelser vedrørende lavere-lemmer biomekanik under højhælede jogging og kører. Gu et al. bemærkes, at fælles beslutningsforslag række knæ bortførelse-adduktion og hofte fleksion-udvidelse steg betydeligt som hælhøjde steg i jogging9. Begrænsning af denne undersøgelse er, at de kun ansat sædvanlige høj hæl wearers. Den hyppige brug af højhælede sko kan potentielt inducere strukturelle tilpasninger i lavere-lemmer muskler. Zöllner et al. lavet en multiscale computational model afslører, at musklen er købedygtig gradvist tilpasse sig sit nye funktionelle længde fra anvendelse af høje hæle efter et kronisk tab af sarcomeres i serien10. Beviser viser også, at kinematiske accommodations i gangart forårsaget af højhælede sko varierer mellem erfarne og uerfarne wearers11. Data indsamlet fra både erfarne og uerfarne fag kan maskere statistiske resultater12. Det er vigtigt at undersøge, om de biomekaniske ændringer er ligeledes selvfølgelig i uerfarne og erfarne brugere.
Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at undersøge forskelle i lavere-lemmer kinematik og lodret GRF mellem erfarne wearers (EW) og uerfarne wearers (Sådan får du IST) under moderat højhælede jogging og kører. Det var en hypotese, EW ville vise hurtigere selv foretrak jogging og kører hastigheder, mindre fælles beslutningsforslag og større lodret GRF under jogging og kører.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>MX cameras</td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Nexus&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>Version 1.4.116</td>
			<td>Proprietary tracking software (PlugInGait template)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dongle</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX Ultranet HD</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>External ADC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>n=16; Diametre=14 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5165A</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>9287C</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Frame</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>moderate high-heeled shoe</td>
			<td>Daphne, Hong Kong</td>
			<td>13085015</td>
			<td>Heel height: 4.5cm; Size:37EURO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel&#160;</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 2010</td>
			<td>For low pass filtering data and calculations; Add-in:Butterworth.xla</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin&#160;</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 9.0</td>
			<td>Plot GRF-time curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stata&#160;</td>
			<td>Stata Corp, College station, TX</td>
			<td>Version 12.0</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running

Et begrænset antal studier har undersøgt lavere-lemmer biomekanik under højhælede jogging og løb, og de fleste undersøgelser har kunnet afklare iført oplevelsen af emner. Denne protokol beskriver forskellene i lavere-lemmer kinematik og jorden udrykningsstyrke (GRF) mellem erfarne wearers (EW) og uerfarne wearers (Sådan får du IST) under moderat højhælede jogging og kører. En tre-dimensionelle (3D) bevægelse analysesystem med en konfigureret kraft platform blev brugt til at fange synkront lavere-lemmer fælles bevægelser og GRF. 36 unge hunner meldte sig frivilligt til at deltage i denne undersøgelse og blev spurgt om højhælede sko-iført erfaring, herunder hyppighed, varighed, hæl typer og hæl højder. Eleven, der havde erfaring med 3-6 cm hæle for mindst tre dage om ugen (6 h per dag i mindst to år) og elleve, der bar højhælede mindre end to gange per måned deltog. Fag udført jogging og kører på komfortable lave og høje hastigheder, med højre fod henholdsvis helt træde på en kraft platform når forbi langs en 10 m gangbro. EW og Sådan får du ist vedtaget forskellige biomekaniske tilpasninger mens jogging og kører. Sådan får du ist udstillet et generelt større vifte af fælles bevægelse, mens EW viste en dramatisk større belastningsgraden af GRF under kørsel. Derfor bør yderligere undersøgelser på den lavere-lemmer biomekanik af højhælede gangart strengt kontrollere iført oplevelsen af emnerne.

Alle resultaterne præsenteres her som gennemsnit ± standardafvigelse. Kørselshastigheden var betydeligt større end den jogging hastighed, uanset iført erfaring (EW: Jog vs Run: 2,50 ± 0,14 vs 3,05 ± 0,14, p = 0.010; Sådan får du ist: Jog vs Run: 2,24 ± 0,26 vs 2,84 ± 0,29, p = 0.028; i m/s) (tabel 1). Ingen signifikant forskel i de tilsvarende jogging/løb hastigheder mellem EW og Sådan får du ist blev fun...

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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Denne undersøgelse undersøgte lavere-lemmer kinematik og jorden udrykningsstyrke (GRF) under moderat højhælede jogging og kører. Emnerne var inddelt i grupper af erfarne wearers og uerfarne wearers. En tre-dimensionel bevægelse analysesystem med en konfigureret kraft platform erobrede lavere-lemmer fælles bevægelser og GRF.

Ved hjælp af guldstandarden gangart analysemetoder til at vurdere erfaring virkningerne på lavere-lemmer mekanik under moderat højhælede Jogging og kører

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

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