Name: novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice
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Arbejde citeret og tidligere udgivet af forfatteren blev støttet af en bevilling fra National Institute of Mental Health (MH088480). Forfatteren vil gerne takke sin tidligere mentor, Dr. James O'Donnell for hans støtte i dette projekt. Denne publikation er støttet af en bevilling fra National Institute of Health (T32 DA007135).

alle procedurer udføres her blev forelagt og godkendt af Animal Care og bruge udvalget og blev gennemført efter NIH retningslinjer.
 1. objekt udvælgelse og eksperimentel opsætning <ol><li>markere objekter, der er forskellige nok til at være let diskrimineret af mus, men har en tilsvarende grad af kompleksitet (tekstur, form, farve mønstre og lysstyrke, etc.) for at minimere eventuelle induceret objekt præference, der kan bias resultater (Se Ennaceur 2010 for en omf...

<ol>
	<li>Ennaceur, A., Meliani, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+one-trial+test+for+neurobiological+studies+of+memory+in+rats+III.+Spatial+vs.+non-spatial+working+memory.">A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats III. Spatial vs. non-spatial working memory.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 51 (1), 83-92 (1988).</li><li>Akkerman, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+recognition+testing:+methodological+considerations+on+exploration+and+discrimination+measures.">Object recognition testing: methodological considerations on exploration and discrimination measures.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 232 (2), 335-347 (2012).</li><li>Antunes, M., Biala, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+object+recognition+memory:+neurobiology,+test+procedure,+and+its+modifications.">The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications.</a> Cogn. Process. 13 (2), 93-110 (2012).</li><li>Leger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+recognition+test+in+mice.">Object recognition test in mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 8 (12), 2531-2537 (2013).</li><li>van Goethem, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+recognition+testing:+Rodent+species,+strains,+housing+conditions,+and+estrous+cycle.">Object recognition testing: Rodent species, strains, housing conditions, and estrous cycle.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 232 (2), 323-334 (2012).</li><li>Lueptow, L. M., Zhang, C. -. G., O'Donnell, J. 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Brain Res. 215 (2), 244-254 (2010).</li><li>Berlyne, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novelty+and+curiosity+as+determinants+of+exploratory+behavior.">Novelty and curiosity as determinants of exploratory behavior.</a> Br. J. Psychol. 41 (1-2), 68-80 (1950).</li><li>Ennaceur, A., Delacour, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+one-trial+test+for+neurobiological+studies+of+memory+in+rats+I.+Behavioral-data.">A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats I. Behavioral-data.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 31 (1), 47-59 (1988).</li><li>Aguilar-Valles, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+stress+response+in+rats+trained+in+the+water-maze:+differential+expression+of+corticotropin-releasing+hormone,+CRH-R1,+glucocorticoid+receptors+and+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+in+limbic+regions.">Analysis of the stress response in rats trained in the water-maze: differential expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH-R1, glucocorticoid receptors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in limbic regions.</a> Neuroendocrinology. 82 (5-6), 306-319 (2005).</li><li>Anisman, H., Hayley, S., Kelly, O., Borowski, T., Merali, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychogenic,+neurogenic,+and+systemic+stressor+effects+on+plasma+corticosterone+and+behavior:+Mouse+strain-dependent+outcomes.">Psychogenic, neurogenic, and systemic stressor effects on plasma corticosterone and behavior: Mouse strain-dependent outcomes.</a> Behav. 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Rev. 32, 1055-1070 (2008).</li><li>Rutten, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-dependent+involvement+of+cAMP+and+cGMP+in+consolidation+of+object+memory:+studies+using+selective+phosphodiesterase+type+2,+4+and+5+inhibitors.">Time-dependent involvement of cAMP and cGMP in consolidation of object memory: studies using selective phosphodiesterase type 2, 4 and 5 inhibitors.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 558 (1-3), 107-112 (2007).</li><li>Prickaerts, J., De Vente, J., Honig, W., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP,+but+not+cAMP,+in+rat+hippocampus+is+involved+in+early+stages+of+object+memory+consolidation.">cGMP, but not cAMP, in rat hippocampus is involved in early stages of object memory consolidation.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 436 (1-2), 83-87 (2002).</li><li>Bertaina-Anglade, V., Enjuanes, E., Morillon, D., Drieu la Rochelle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+object+recognition+task+in+rats+and+mice:+A+simple+and+rapid+model+in+safety+pharmacology+to+detect+amnesic+properties+of+a+new+chemical+entity.">The object recognition task in rats and mice: A simple and rapid model in safety pharmacology to detect amnesic properties of a new chemical entity.</a> J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+disease-related+cognitive+impairments+using+the+novel+object+recognition+(NOR)+task+in+rodents.">Assessment of disease-related cognitive impairments using the novel object recognition (NOR) task in rodents.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 285, 176-193 (2015).</li><li>Tuscher, J. J., Fortress, A. M., Kim, J., Frick, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+object+recognition+and+object+placement+by+ovarian+sex+steroid+hormones.">Regulation of object recognition and object placement by ovarian sex steroid hormones.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 285, 140-157 (2015).</li><li>Balderas, I., Moreno-Castilla, P., Bermudez-Rattoni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D1+receptor+activity+modulates+object+recognition+memory+consolidation+in+the+perirhinal+cortex+but+not+in+the+hippocampus.">Dopamine D1 receptor activity modulates object recognition memory consolidation in the perirhinal cortex but not in the hippocampus.</a> Hippocampus. 23 (10), 873-878 (2013).</li><li>Akkerman, S., Blokland, A., Prickaerts, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mind+the+gap:+delayed+manifestation+of+long-term+object+memory+improvement+by+phosphodiesterase+inhibitors.">Mind the gap: delayed manifestation of long-term object memory improvement by phosphodiesterase inhibitors.</a> Neurobiol. Learn. 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Brain Res. 236 (1), 16-22 (2013).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Housing,+husbandry+and+handling+of+rodents+for+behavioral+experiments.">Housing, husbandry and handling of rodents for behavioral experiments.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1 (2), 936-946 (2006).</li><li>&#350;&#305;k, A., van Nieuwehuyzen, P., Prickaerts, J., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+different+mouse+strains+in+an+object+recognition+task.">Performance of different mouse strains in an object recognition task.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 147 (1-2), 49-54 (2003).</li><li>Prut, L., Belzung, C., Rabelias, U. F., Psychobiologie, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+open+field+as+a+paradigm+to+measure+the+effects+of+drugs+on+anxiety-like+behaviors+a+review.">The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors a review.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 463, 3-33 (2003).</li><li>Akkerman, S., Prickaerts, J., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Blokland, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Object+recognition+testing:+statistical+considerations.">Object recognition testing: statistical considerations.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 232 (2), 317-322 (2012).</li><li>Balderas, I., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. 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ORT er en effektiv og fleksibel metode til at studere indlæring og hukommelse i mus. Når du opretter et eksperiment, er det vigtigt at overveje en række variabler, der kan påvirke resultatet. Som omtalt i de repræsentative resultater, vil stamme på musen påvirke både udforskning tid og fastholdelse interval. Et fald i udforskning tid kan vrides eller maske resulterer i en absolut forskelsbehandling analyse2,3,5,</su...

Objektet anerkendelse test (ORT), også kendt som roman objekt anerkendelse test (NOR), er et relativt hurtigt og effektivt middel til at teste forskellige faser for indlæring og hukommelse i mus. Det blev oprindeligt beskrevet af Ennaceur og Delacour i 1988 og bruges primært i rotter1; men siden da, den er blevet med held tilpasset til brug i mus2,3,4,5,6,7. Testen bygger på så få som tre sessioner: en tilvænning session, en træningssession, og en test session. Uddannelse blot indebærer visuel udforskning af to identiske objekter, mens test-session involverer erstatter en af de tidligere udforsket objekter med et nyt objekt. Fordi gnavere har en medfødt præference for nyhed, vil en gnaver, der husker det velkendte objekt tilbringe mere tid på at udforske nye objekt7,8,9.
Den største fordel ved ORT over andre gnavere hukommelsestest er, at det er afhængig af gnavere naturlige hang til at udforske nyhed8. Derfor, er der ingen grund for talrige kurser eller eventuelle positive eller negative forstærkning at motivere adfærd. Det betyder, at ORT er langt mindre stressende, i forhold til andre tests10,11,12,13,14,15, og kræver betydeligt mindre tid til at køre end andre hyppigt anvendte hukommelse tests, såsom Morris vand labyrint eller Barnes labyrint, som både kan tage op til en uge eller længere. Derfor ligner betingelserne for ORT mere nøje dem, der anvendes i at studere menneskelig kognition, stigende økologisk gyldigheden af testen over mange andre gnavere hukommelsestest. Tilsvarende, fordi ORT er en simpel visuel hjemkalde opgave, har det været med succes tilpasset til brug i talrige arter, herunder mennesker og ikke-menneskelige primater, for at vurdere forskellige Inter arter aspekter af deklarativ hukommelse 2,16 ,17. Endelig, ORT nemt kan redigeres for at undersøge forskellige faser for indlæring og hukommelse (dvs., erhvervelse, konsolidering eller tilbagekaldelse), til at vurdere forskellige typer af hukommelse (fx, rumlig hukommelse), eller at vurdere forskellige opbevaring mellemrum (dvs., vs langsigtede korttidshukommelse).
Alsidigheden i ORT giver en platform for utallige forskning applikationer. Undersøgelser kan gøre brug af farmakologiske agenter til at forstyrre eller forbedre hukommelse. Varierende tidspunktet for drug administration før eller efter træning eller før prøvningen kan vink på den underliggende neurale mekanismer, der fører til forstyrret eller forbedret hukommelse6,18,19, 20. i en lignende måde, optogenetic teknologi kan bruges på disse samme forskellige tidspunkter til at se på den neurale aktivering/hæmning, der bidrager til de forskellige faser af indlæring og hukommelse. ORT er også relevant for vurderingen af forskelle i transgene dyr, læsion undersøgelser, eller neurodegenerative modeller eller ældning undersøgelser21,22,23,24, 25 , 26 , 27 , 28. tid mellem undervisning og test, kendt som opbevaring interval, kan ændres for at vurdere disse ændringer på kort og lang sigt hukommelse26. I sidste ende, ORT kan bruges som et redskab til at studere farmakologiske, genetiske, neurologiske forandringer til indlæring og hukommelse, eller disse værktøjer kan bruges til at studere grundlaget for indlæring og hukommelse i ORT.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="805">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Open Field Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Panlab/Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LE800SC</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Available in grey, white, or black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ANY-maze</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60000</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Behavior tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EthoVisionXT 12</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Behavior tracking system; requires 3 point tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Video Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Video camera should be mounted directly overhead of the apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">70% Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2818-4</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Prior to starting testing and in between trials, each object should be carefully cleaned. The floor and walls of the apparatus should also be cleaned.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice

Objektet anerkendelse test (ORT) er et almindeligt anvendte adfærdsmæssige assay for undersøgelse af forskellige aspekter af indlæring og hukommelse i mus. ORT er forholdsvis enkel og kan udføres mere end 3 dage: tilvænning dag, træningsdag og test dag. Under træning, er musen tilladt at udforske 2 identiske objekter. Test dag, er et af objekterne, uddannelse erstattet med et nyt objekt. Fordi mus har en medfødt præference for nyhed, hvis musen genkender det velkendte objekt, vil det tilbringer det meste af sin tid på det nye objekt. På grund af denne medfødte præference er der ikke behov for positiv eller negativ forstærkning eller lang uddannelse tidsplaner. Derudover kan ORT også ændres til talrige applikationer. Fastholdelse interval kan afkortes for at undersøge korttidshukommelsen eller forlænget for at sonde langtidshukommelse. Farmakologisk intervention kan bruges på forskellige tidspunkter før træning, efter træning, eller før husker for at undersøge forskellige faser af læring (dvs., erhvervelse, tidlig eller sen konsolidering eller tilbagekaldelse). Generelt, ORT er en relativt lav-stress, effektiv test for hukommelse i mus, og er passende til påvisning af neuropsykologiske ændringer efter farmakologiske, biologiske eller genetiske manipulationer.

En generel eksperimentel opsætning for ORT er vist i figur 2. Tilvænning dag (T0) mus er placeret i den tomme arena i 5 min. 24 timer senere, mus er placeret tilbage i salen med 2 identiske objekter og tilladt frit udforske for op til 10 min (T1). På test dagen (T2), er mus igen placeret i arenaen, men med en velkendt- og én roman objektet og lov til at udforske for op til 10 min. Fastholdelse interval, kan tiden mellem T1 og T2, ændres, afhængigt af de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice at JoVE.com

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Objektet anerkendelse test (ORT) er en enkel og effektiv assay for evaluering af læring og hukommelse i mus. Metoden, der er beskrevet nedenfor.

Roman objekt anerkendelse Test for undersøgelse af indlæring og hukommelse i mus

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

Den Successiv Alleys Test af angst hos mus og rotter

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Double-H labyrint: En Robust Behavioral Test for Læring og Hukommelse i Gnavere

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimering til Mouse Strain og testmiljø

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Novel Object Exploration som en potentiel Assay for højere orden repetitiv adfærd i mus

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Den 4 Mountains Test: en kort test af rumlig hukommelse med høj følsomhed for Diagnose af Pre-demens Alzheimers sygdom

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Den gnaver Psykomotorisk Årvågenhed Test (rPVT): en metode til vurdering neurobehavioral Performance i rotter og mus

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

En rigtig verden<em&gt; Hvad-Hvor-når</em&gt; Hukommelsestest

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

(Fysisk) huskespil: Test forhold mellem rumlige sprog, objekt viden og rumlige kognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...