Name: transfer of mammary gland-forming ability between mammary basal epithelial cells and mammary luminal cells via extracellular vesicles/exosomes
Uploaded: 2017-06-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究机构（05A1-CSPP16-014，HJL）和科技部（MOST 103-2320-B-400-015-MY3，HJL）的资助。

所有涉及动物的研究均符合动物保护机构委员会批准的方案。 细胞外囊泡/外来体分离和鉴定<ol><li>培养乳腺上皮基底细胞NAMEC4，用500mL MCDB 170，pH 7.4 + 500mL DMEM / F12与碳酸氢钠（0.2438％）制备的新鲜无血清培养基; EGF（5 ng / mL）;氢可替康（0.5μg/ mL）;胰岛素（5μg/ mL）;牛垂体提取物（BPE;35μg/ mL）;和GW627368X（1μg/ mL）。 </li><li>用血细胞计数器计数细胞后，在第0天将1.2×10 6?...

<ol>
	<li>Simons, M., Raposo, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes--vesicular+carriers+for+intercellular+communication.">Exosomes--vesicular carriers for intercellular communication.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 21 (4), 575-581 (2009).</li><li>Th&#233;ry, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (8), 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Boelens, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome+Transfer+from+Stromal+to+Breast+Cancer+Cells+Regulates+Therapy+Resistance+Pathways.">Exosome Transfer from Stromal to Breast Cancer Cells Regulates Therapy Resistance Pathways.</a> Cell. 159 (3), 499-507 (2014).</li><li>Lin, M. 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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammary+stem+cells+have+myoepithelial+cell+properties.">Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 16 (10), 942-950 (2014).</li><li>Stingl, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+unique+properties+of+mammary+epithelial+stem+cells.">Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells.</a> Nature. 439 (7079), 993-997 (2006).</li><li>Gardiner, C., Ferreira, Y. J., Dragovic, R. A., Redman, C. W., Sargent, I. 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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+weight+estimation+of+polypeptide+chains+by+electrophoresis+in+SDS-polyacrylamide+gels.">Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 28 (5), 815-820 (1967).</li><li>Riches, A., Campbell, E., Borger, E., Powis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+exosome+release+from+mammary+epithelial+and+breast+cancer+cells+-+a+new+regulatory+pathway.">Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells - a new regulatory pathway.</a> Eur J Cancer. 50 (5), 1025-1034 (2014).</li><li>Witwer, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+sample+collection,+isolation+and+analysis+methods+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 2, (2013).</li><li>van der Vlist, E. J., Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N., Stoorvogel, W., Arkesteijn, G. J., Wauben, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+labeling+of+nano-sized+vesicles+released+by+cells+and+subsequent+quantitative+and+qualitative+analysis+by+high-resolution+flow+cytometry.">Fluorescent labeling of nano-sized vesicles released by cells and subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis by high-resolution flow cytometry.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (7), 1311-1326 (2012).</li><li>Kowal, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+comparison+defines+novel+markers+to+characterize+heterogeneous+populations+of+extracellular+vesicle+subtypes.">Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (8), E968-E977 (2016).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADVANCED+IMAGING.+Extended-resolution+structured+illumination+imaging+of+endocytic+and+cytoskeletal+dynamics.">ADVANCED IMAGING. Extended-resolution structured illumination imaging of endocytic and cytoskeletal dynamics.</a> Science. 349 (6251), (2015).</li><li>Outzen, H. C., Custer, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+human+normal+and+neoplastic+mammary+tissues+in+the+cleared+mammary+fat+pad+of+the+nude+mouse.">Growth of human normal and neoplastic mammary tissues in the cleared mammary fat pad of the nude mouse.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 55 (6), 1461-1466 (1975).</li><li>Sheffield, L. G., Welsch, C. 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外来体通常携带释放它们的细胞的特征，并且释放的外来体的量可以由刺激诱导4 。可以收集细胞的培养基并进行差异超速离心用于EV /外来物质收集（ 图1 ）。目前对于分离EV /外来体的理想方法目前尚无普遍的共识。这里使用的最佳方法已经由下游应用14确定 。超速离心是分离EV /外来体的相对快速的方法，可以保护EV /外来体的生物活性?...

外来体可以通过在细胞之间转移膜和细胞质蛋白，脂质和RNA来介导细胞交流1 。已经证明外来体介导的通信涉及许多生理和病理过程（ 即抗原呈递，耐受性发展2和肿瘤进展3 ）。外来体通常具有与释放它们的源细胞相似的内容。因此，外来体可以从源细胞携带特定的细胞特性，并将这些性质转移到摄取它们的细胞中。 外来体是50至150纳米的双层膜囊泡，并呈现特异性标记（ 例如 CD9，CD81，CD63，HSP70，Alix和TSG101）。因此，外来体必须通过不同方面的各种方法来表征。透射电子显微镜可用于观察膜囊泡如外来体4,5 。纳米粒子跟踪分析（NTA）和动态光散射分析（DLS）用于测量纯化外来体的大小和数量4 。可以通过密度梯度验证外来体的脂质膜含量。染色体标志物，例如CD9，CD81，CD63，HSP70，Alix和TSG101,6,7可以通过Western印迹法测定。 乳腺基底细胞在植入脂肪垫时具有产生乳腺的能力，而腔细胞不能8,9,10 。因此，乳腺基底细胞也称为乳腺再生单位。通过使用乳腺基底细胞和腔细胞模型，可以检测EVs /外来体在不同细胞群体之间转运细胞特征的能力。这个工作证明了通过使用源自乳腺基底上皮细胞的EVs /外来体将腺体形成能力从乳腺基底上皮细胞转移到乳腺腔上皮细胞的方法。乳腺上皮细胞摄取基底细胞分泌的EV /外来体后获得基础细胞特性，然后形成乳腺。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MCDB 170&#160;</td>
			<td>USBiological</td>
			<td>M2162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>1250062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima L-100K ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>393253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW28 Ti Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>342204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW41 Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>331306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NANOSIGHT LM10</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>NANOSIGHT LM10</td>
			<td>for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optiprep&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1556</td>
			<td>60% (w/v) solution of iodixanol in water (sterile).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD81 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX101766</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX100912</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD63 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab59479</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSG101 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX118736</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX100118</td>
			<td>1:6000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl diacetate ester)</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>V12883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSCalibur</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fluorescence cell analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>collagenase Type IV&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>27250018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;ITS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3146</td>
			<td>a mixture of recombinant human insulin, human transferrin, and sodium selenite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>accutase</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>00-4555-56</td>
			<td>a natural enzyme mixture with proteolytic and collagenolytic enzyme activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dispase&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7913</td>
			<td>5 mg/ml = 5 U/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD49f antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>313611</td>
			<td>1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-EpCAM antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>118213</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSAria</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cell sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carmine alum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE cells, NAMECs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>gifts from Dr. Robert Weinberg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>permount</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>SP15-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Zymeset&#160;</td>
			<td>BSB101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocoritisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SI-H0888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SI-I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BPE (bovine pituitary extract)</td>
			<td>Hammod Cell Tech&#160;</td>
			<td>1078-NZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GW627368X&#160;</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>10009162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>table-top centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendrof&#160;</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 3415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultracentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-013-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>23228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HT7700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>female C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>NLAC (National Laboratory Animal Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>BioWest&#160;</td>
			<td>S01520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentamycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>15710072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>5PRIMER</td>
			<td>2500120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isofluorane&#160;</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td>NPC12164-002-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>formaldehyde</td>
			<td>MACRON</td>
			<td>H121-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EtOH (Ethanol)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>800605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>131008.1611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aluminum potassium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>12625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>3803665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m membranes</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>Millex-GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clips, 9 mm</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clip Applier</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>427630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellMask&#8482; Deep Red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>C10046</td>
			<td>plasma membrane stain</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transfer of mammary gland-forming ability between mammary basal epithelial cells and mammary luminal cells via extracellular vesicles/exosomes

细胞可以通过外来体，含有蛋白质，脂质和核酸的〜100-nm胞外囊泡（EVs）进行通信。非贴壁/间充质乳腺上皮细胞（NAMEC）衍生的细胞外囊泡可以通过差异超速离心从NAMEC培养基中分离。基于它们的密度，EV可以通过110,000×g的超速离心纯化。可以使用连续密度梯度进一步分离来自超速离心的EV制剂，以防止可溶性蛋白质的污染。然后可以使用纳米颗粒跟踪分析进一步评估纯化的EV，其测量制剂中囊泡的大小和数量。尺寸范围为50至150nm的细胞外囊泡是外来体。 NAMEC衍生的EVs /外来体可以通过乳腺上皮细胞摄取，可以通过流式细胞术和共焦显微镜检测。一些乳腺干细胞性质（ 如乳腺形成能力）可以通过来自NAMEC的EVs /外来体从茎状NAMEC转移到乳腺上皮细胞。分离的原代EpCAM hi / CD49f细胞乳腺上皮细胞在移植到小鼠脂肪垫后不能形成乳腺，而EpCAM lo / CD49f基底乳腺上皮细胞在移植后形成乳腺。通过EpCAM hi / CD49f细胞乳腺上皮细胞摄取NAMEC衍生的EVs /外来体允许它们在移植到脂肪垫中之后产生乳腺。衍生自干样乳腺上皮细胞的EVs /外来体转移到EpCAM hi / CD49f细胞乳腺上皮细胞的乳腺形成能力。

由于已经显示阻断PGE 2 / EP 4信号传导从乳腺基底样干细胞4引发EV /外来体释放，这项工作提出了从乳腺上皮基底细胞（NAMEC）培养物中分离诱导的EVs /外来体的方法。由于NAMECs在无血清培养基中培养，所以不存在来自血清13的预先存在的EV /外来体。对于在含有血清的培养基中培养的细胞，培养基中预先存在的外来体必须通...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes at JoVE.com

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

该方案描述了从非贴壁/间充质乳腺上皮细胞中纯化，定量和表征细胞外囊泡（EVs）/外来体的方法，并使用它们将乳腺形成能力转移到乳腺上皮细胞。衍生自茎状乳腺上皮细胞的EVs /外来体可以将该细胞特性转移到摄入EV /外来体的细胞中。

通过细胞外囊泡/外来体转移乳腺基质上皮细胞和乳腺腔细胞之间的乳腺形成能力

Cells can communicate via exosomes, ~100-nm extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Non-adherent/mesenchymal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

从培养儿童原发性鼻腔上皮细胞和重新编程为诱导多能干细胞

Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the part of the airways that respond to air pollutants and are the first cells infected with respiratory viruses. They ...

科研

发育生物学

Induction of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transitions in Sarcoma Cells

在肉瘤细胞间质上皮转变的诱导

Phenotypic plasticity refers to a phenomenon in which cells transiently gain traits of another lineage. During carcinoma progression, phenotypic ...

Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands

蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用的分析和鼠乳腺中间隙，紧密和粘附连接部位之间的共定位

Cell-cell interactions play a pivotal role in preserving tissue integrity and the barrier between the different compartments of the mammary gland. These ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

使用Sholl分析方法量化大鼠乳腺组织中的分支密度

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

新型乳腺脂肪移植技术可视化血管内皮干细胞的血管生成

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

水平整体安装：厚三维组织横截面皮肤的新型加工和成像方案

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

活完好斑马鱼的单细胞 Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Pax7 和层粘连蛋白抗体免疫荧光法鉴定骨骼肌卫星细胞

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

人诱导多能干细胞体外生成体细胞衍生物的研究

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...