Name: transfer of mammary gland-forming ability between mammary basal epithelial cells and mammary luminal cells via extracellular vesicles/exosomes
Uploaded: 2017-06-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes at JoVE.com

Bu çalışma, Ulusal Sağlık Araştırma Enstitülerinden (05A1-CSPP16-014, HJL) ve Bilim ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı&#39;ndan (MOST 103-2320-B-400-015-MY3, HJL) hibelerle desteklenmiştir.

Hayvanları ilgilendiren tüm araştırmalar, Hayvan Bakımı Kurumsal Komitesi tarafından onaylanan protokollere uymaktadır. 1. Ekstraselüler Vesikül / Ekzoz İzolasyonu ve Validasyonu <ol><li> 500 mL MCDB 170, pH 7.4 + 500 mL DMEM / F12&#39;den sodyum bikarbonat (% 0.2438) ile yapılmış taze, serum içermeyen ortam ile kültür meme epitelyal bazal hücreleri, NAMEC&#39;ler 4 ; EGF (5 ng / mL); Hidrokorition (0.5 ug / mL); Insülin (5 ug / mL); Sığır hipo...

<ol>
	<li>Simons, M., Raposo, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes--vesicular+carriers+for+intercellular+communication.">Exosomes--vesicular carriers for intercellular communication.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 21 (4), 575-581 (2009).</li><li>Th&#233;ry, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (8), 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Boelens, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome+Transfer+from+Stromal+to+Breast+Cancer+Cells+Regulates+Therapy+Resistance+Pathways.">Exosome Transfer from Stromal to Breast Cancer Cells Regulates Therapy Resistance Pathways.</a> Cell. 159 (3), 499-507 (2014).</li><li>Lin, M. 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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammary+stem+cells+have+myoepithelial+cell+properties.">Mammary stem cells have myoepithelial cell properties.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 16 (10), 942-950 (2014).</li><li>Stingl, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+unique+properties+of+mammary+epithelial+stem+cells.">Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells.</a> Nature. 439 (7079), 993-997 (2006).</li><li>Gardiner, C., Ferreira, Y. J., Dragovic, R. A., Redman, C. W., Sargent, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicle+sizing+and+enumeration+by+nanoparticle+tracking+analysis.">Extracellular vesicle sizing and enumeration by nanoparticle tracking analysis.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 2, (2013).</li><li>Shapiro, A. L., Vi&#241;uela, E., Maizel, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+weight+estimation+of+polypeptide+chains+by+electrophoresis+in+SDS-polyacrylamide+gels.">Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 28 (5), 815-820 (1967).</li><li>Riches, A., Campbell, E., Borger, E., Powis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+exosome+release+from+mammary+epithelial+and+breast+cancer+cells+-+a+new+regulatory+pathway.">Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells - a new regulatory pathway.</a> Eur J Cancer. 50 (5), 1025-1034 (2014).</li><li>Witwer, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+sample+collection,+isolation+and+analysis+methods+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 2, (2013).</li><li>van der Vlist, E. J., Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N., Stoorvogel, W., Arkesteijn, G. J., Wauben, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+labeling+of+nano-sized+vesicles+released+by+cells+and+subsequent+quantitative+and+qualitative+analysis+by+high-resolution+flow+cytometry.">Fluorescent labeling of nano-sized vesicles released by cells and subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis by high-resolution flow cytometry.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (7), 1311-1326 (2012).</li><li>Kowal, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+comparison+defines+novel+markers+to+characterize+heterogeneous+populations+of+extracellular+vesicle+subtypes.">Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (8), E968-E977 (2016).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADVANCED+IMAGING.+Extended-resolution+structured+illumination+imaging+of+endocytic+and+cytoskeletal+dynamics.">ADVANCED IMAGING. Extended-resolution structured illumination imaging of endocytic and cytoskeletal dynamics.</a> Science. 349 (6251), (2015).</li><li>Outzen, H. C., Custer, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+human+normal+and+neoplastic+mammary+tissues+in+the+cleared+mammary+fat+pad+of+the+nude+mouse.">Growth of human normal and neoplastic mammary tissues in the cleared mammary fat pad of the nude mouse.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 55 (6), 1461-1466 (1975).</li><li>Sheffield, L. G., Welsch, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+human+breast+epithelia+to+mammary-gland-free+fat-pads+of+athymic+nude+mice:+influence+of+mammotrophic+hormones+on+growth+of+breast+epithelia.">Transplantation of human breast epithelia to mammary-gland-free fat-pads of athymic nude mice: influence of mammotrophic hormones on growth of breast epithelia.</a> Int J Cancer. 41 (5), 713-719 (1988).</li></ol>

Ekzozomlar genellikle onları serbest bırakan hücrelerin özelliklerini taşır ve salınan eksosom miktarı uyaranlar 4 tarafından indüklenebilir. Hücrelerin kültür ortamı toplanabilir ve EV / ekzosom toplamak için diferansiyel ultrasantrifüj işlemine tabi tutulur ( Şekil 1 ). Şu anda EV&#39;leri / eksosomları izole etmek için ideal bir yöntem hakkında genel bir mutabakat yok. Burada kullanılan en uygun yöntem, aşağı yönlü uygulama 14 tarafı...

Eksozomlar, hücreler arasında membran ve sitozolik proteinler, lipidler ve RNA&#39;lar aktararak hücresel iletişimi arabuluculuk edebilir 1 . Eksozom aracılı iletişimin pek çok fizyolojik ve patolojik sürece dahil olduğu gösterilmiştir ( örn., Antijen sunumu, tolerans 2 gelişimi ve tümör ilerlemesi 3 ). Ekzozomlar genellikle onları serbest bırakan kaynak hücrelerinkine benzer içerikler içerir. Böylece, eksozomlar, kaynak hücrelerden spesifik hücre özelliklerini taşıyabilir ve bu özellikleri, hücreleri sindiren hücrelere aktarabilir 4 . Ekzozomlar, 50 ila 150 nm çift katmanlı veziküllü ve mevcut spesifik belirteçlerdir ( örn., CD9, CD81, CD63, HSP70, Alix ve TSG101). Bu nedenle, eksosomlar farklı yönler için çeşitli yöntemlerle karakterize edilmelidir. İletim elektron mikroskobu, zar vezikülleri görselleştirmek için kullanılabilirEksosomlar 4 , 5 gibi . Saflaştırılmış eksosomların boyut ve sayısını ölçmek için nanopartikül izleme analizi (NTA) ve dinamik ışık saçılım analizi (DLS) kullanılmaktadır. Ekzozomların lipid zar içeriği yoğunluk gradyanı ile doğrulanabilir. CD9, CD81, CD63, HSP70, Alix ve TSG101 6 , 7 gibi ekzozom belirteçleri Western blot ile ölçülebilir. Laminal hücreler 8 , 9 , 10 olamazken, meme bazal hücreleri yağ bezlerine implante ederken meme bezleri üretme özelliğine sahiptir. Böylece, meme bazal hücreleri aynı zamanda meme yeniden nüfuz üniteleri olarak da adlandırılır. Meme bazal ve luminal hücrelerin modelini kullanarak EV / eksosomların farklı hücre popülasyonları arasında hücre özelliklerini aktarma yeteneği incelenebilir. Bu işMeme bazal epitel hücrelerinden meme luminal epitel hücrelerine gland oluşturma yeteneğini, meme bazal epitelyal hücrelerden türetilen EVs / eksozomları kullanarak aktarma yöntemini göstermektedir. Luminal meme epitel hücreleri, bazal hücrelerden salınan EV / ekzosomların alımını takiben bazal hücre özelliklerini kazanmış ve daha sonra meme bezlerini oluşturabilir 4 .

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MCDB 170&#160;</td>
			<td>USBiological</td>
			<td>M2162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>1250062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima L-100K ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>393253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW28 Ti Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>342204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW41 Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>331306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NANOSIGHT LM10</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>NANOSIGHT LM10</td>
			<td>for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optiprep&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1556</td>
			<td>60% (w/v) solution of iodixanol in water (sterile).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD81 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX101766</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX100912</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD63 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab59479</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSG101 antibody</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX118736</td>
			<td>1:1000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH</td>
			<td>GeneTex</td>
			<td>GTX100118</td>
			<td>1:6000 in 5% w/v nonfat dry milk, 1X TBS, 0.1% Tween 20 at 4&#176;C, overnight&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl diacetate ester)</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>V12883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSCalibur</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fluorescence cell analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>collagenase Type IV&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>27250018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;ITS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3146</td>
			<td>a mixture of recombinant human insulin, human transferrin, and sodium selenite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>accutase</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>00-4555-56</td>
			<td>a natural enzyme mixture with proteolytic and collagenolytic enzyme activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dispase&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7913</td>
			<td>5 mg/ml = 5 U/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD49f antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>313611</td>
			<td>1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-EpCAM antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>118213</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSAria</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>cell sorter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>carmine alum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE cells, NAMECs)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>gifts from Dr. Robert Weinberg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>permount</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>SP15-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Zymeset&#160;</td>
			<td>BSB101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocoritisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SI-H0888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SI-I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BPE (bovine pituitary extract)</td>
			<td>Hammod Cell Tech&#160;</td>
			<td>1078-NZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GW627368X&#160;</td>
			<td>Cayman</td>
			<td>10009162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15-cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>table-top centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendrof&#160;</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 3415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultracentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>46-013-CM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>23228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>HT7700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Falcon&#160;</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>female C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>NLAC (National Laboratory Animal Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>BioWest&#160;</td>
			<td>S01520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentamycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>15710072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>5PRIMER</td>
			<td>2500120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isofluorane&#160;</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td>NPC12164-002-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>formaldehyde</td>
			<td>MACRON</td>
			<td>H121-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EtOH (Ethanol)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>800605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>131008.1611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>aluminum potassium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>12625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>3803665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m membranes</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>Millex-GP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clips, 9 mm</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AUTOCLIP Wound Clip Applier</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>427630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellMask&#8482; Deep Red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>C10046</td>
			<td>plasma membrane stain</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transfer of mammary gland-forming ability between mammary basal epithelial cells and mammary luminal cells via extracellular vesicles/exosomes

Hücreler, ekzozomlar, proteinler, lipidler ve nükleik asitler içeren ~ 100 nm&#39;lik ekstraselüler veziküllerle (EV&#39;ler) iletişim kurabilir. Yapışık olmayan / mezenkimal meme epitel hücresi (NAMEC) kaynaklı ekstrasellüler veziküller, NAMEC ortamından diferansiyel ultra-santrifüj ile izole edilebilir. Yoğunluklarına bağlı olarak EV&#39;ler 110.000 x g&#39;de ultra-santrifüjleme yoluyla saflaştırılabilir. Ultra-santrifüjden elde edilen EV preparatı, çözünebilir proteinlerle kontaminasyonu önlemek için sürekli bir yoğunluk gradyanı kullanılarak daha da ayrılabilir. Ardından, saflaştırılmış EV&#39;ler, müstahzar içindeki veziküllerin sayısını ve sayısını ölçen nanopartikül izleme analizi kullanılarak daha da değerlendirilebilir. 50 ila 150 nm arasında değişen boyuttaki hücre dışı veziküller eksozomlardır. NAMEC türevli EV&#39;ler / eksozomlar, flow sitometri ve konfokal mikroskopi ile ölçülebilen meme epitel hücreleri tarafından alınabilir. Bazı meme kök hücre özellikleri ( örneğin, meme bezi oluşturma yeteneği) canGövde benzeri NAMEC&#39;lerden NAMEC türevi EVs / eksozomlar yoluyla meme epitel hücrelerine aktarılmalıdır. EpCAM lo / CD49f yüksek bazal meme epitel hücreleri transplantasyondan sonra meme bezlerini oluştururken, izole primer EpCAM merhaba / CD49f luminal meme epitel hücreleri fare yağ pedlerine nakledildikten sonra meme bezleri oluşturamazlar. EpCAM hi / CD49f luminal meme epitel hücreleri tarafından NAMEC türevi EVs / ekzozomların alınması, yağ pedlerine nakledildikten sonra meme bezleri üretmelerine izin verir. Gövde benzeri meme epitel hücrelerinden türetilen EVs / eksozomlar meme bezi oluşturma yeteneğini EpCAM hi / CD49f luminal meme epitel hücrelerine aktarır.

PGE 2 / EP 4 sinyallemesinin engellenmesinin, meme bazal benzeri kök hücrelerden EV / exosome salınımını tetiklediği gösterildiğinden, bu çalışma, meme epitelyal bazal hücre (NAMEC) kültüründen indüklenen EV / eksosomların izole edilmesi için bir yöntem sunmaktadır. NAMEC&#39;ler serum içermeyen ortamda kültürlendiğinden, serum 13&#39;den türetilmiş önceden EV / ekzosom bulunmamaktadır. Serum içeren ortamda kültürlenen hücreler için...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes at JoVE.com

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Bu protokol, adherent / mezenkimal meme epitel hücrelerinden ekstraselüler veziküller (EV) / ekzozomların arıtılması, nicelendirilmesi ve karakterize edilmesine yönelik yöntemleri ve meme bezi oluşturma yeteneğini luminal meme epitel hücrelerine aktarmak için kullanmayı açıklamaktadır. Gövde benzeri meme epitel hücrelerinden türetilmiş EVs / eksozomlar, bu hücre özelliğini EV&#39;leri / eksosomları emen hücrelere aktarabilir.

Membran Bazal Epitelyal Hücreler ile Membran Luminal Hücreler Arasındaki Meme Bezi Oluşturma Yeteneğinin Ekstraselüler Vesiküller / Ekzozomlar Yoluyla Transferi

Cells can communicate via exosomes, ~100-nm extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Non-adherent/mesenchymal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

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The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

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