Name: effects of allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (prp) on the healing process of sectioned achilles tendons of rats: a methodological description
Uploaded: 2018-03-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma PRP on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description at JoVE.com

This study was supported by Standard de Li&#232;ge and Lejeune- Lechien grants of the Leon Fr&#233;d&#233;ricq Funds.

Care and handling of the animals were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals prepared by the National Academy of Sciences and published by the National Institutes of Health (USA). European and national legislation were followed carefully.
1. Animal Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Use 132 2-month old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 320-450 g (120 rats for experimentation and 12 rats for blood sampling, Figure 1). Based on Dell<s...

<ol>
	<li>Kaux, J., Degrave, N., Crielaard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+rich+plasma+traitement+des+tendinopathies+chroniques?+Revue+de+la+litt&#233;rature.+Platelet+rich+plasma+treatment+of+chronic+tendinopathies?+Review+of+literature.">Platelet rich plasma traitement des tendinopathies chroniques? Revue de la litt&#233;rature. Platelet rich plasma treatment of chronic tendinopathies? Review of literature.</a> J. Traumatol. du Sport. 24, 99-102 (2007).</li><li>Anitua, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+preparations+rich+in+growth+factors+promote+proliferation+and+induce+VEGF+and+HGF+production+by+human+tendon+cells+in+culture.">Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF production by human tendon cells in culture.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 23, 281-286 (2005).</li><li>Bosch, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+platelet-rich+plasma+on+the+quality+of+repair+of+mechanically+induced+core+lesions+in+equine+superficial+digital+flexor+tendons:+A+placebo-controlled+experimental+study.">Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: A placebo-controlled experimental study.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 28, 211-217 (2010).</li><li>Kaux, J. F., Drion, P., Croisier, J. L., Crielaard, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tendinopathies+and+platelet-rich+plasma+(PRP):+From+pre-clinical+experiments+to+therapeutic+use.">Tendinopathies and platelet-rich plasma (PRP): From pre-clinical experiments to therapeutic use.</a> J. Stem Cells Regen. Med. 11, P7-P17 (2015).</li><li>Maffulli, N., Wong, J., Almekinders, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Types+and+epidemiology+of+tendinopathy.">Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy.</a> Clin. Sports Med. 22, 675-692 (2003).</li><li>Molloy, T., Wang, Y., Murrell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+growth+factors+in+tendon+and+ligament+healing.">The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing.</a> Sports Med. 33, 381-394 (2003).</li><li>Lyras, D. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+platelet-rich+plasma+gel+in+the+early+phase+of+patellar+tendon+healing.">The effect of platelet-rich plasma gel in the early phase of patellar tendon healing.</a> Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 129, 1577-1582 (2009).</li><li>Aspenberg, P., Virchenko, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet+concentrate+injection+improves+Achilles+tendon+repair+in+rats.">Platelet concentrate injection improves Achilles tendon repair in rats.</a> Acta Orthop. Scand. 75, 93-99 (2004).</li><li>Visser, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+Factor-Rich+Plasma+Increases+Tendon+Cell+Proliferation+and+Matrix+Synthesis+on+a+Synthetic+Scaffold:+An+In+Vitro+Study.">Growth Factor-Rich Plasma Increases Tendon Cell Proliferation and Matrix Synthesis on a Synthetic Scaffold: An In Vitro Study.</a> Tissue Eng. Part A. 16, 1021-1029 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, J., Wang, J. H. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-Rich+Plasma+Releasate+Promotes+Differentiation+of+Tendon+Stem+Cells+Into+Active+Tenocytes.">Platelet-Rich Plasma Releasate Promotes Differentiation of Tendon Stem Cells Into Active Tenocytes.</a> Am. J. Sports Med. 38, 2477-2486 (2010).</li><li>Kajikawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-rich+plasma+enhances+the+initial+mobilization+of+circulation-derived+cells+for+tendon+healing.">Platelet-rich plasma enhances the initial mobilization of circulation-derived cells for tendon healing.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 215, 837-845 (2008).</li><li>Pasternak, B., Aspenberg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metalloproteinases+and+their+inhibitors-diagnostic+and+therapeutic+opportunities+in+orthopedics.">Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors-diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in orthopedics.</a> Acta Orthop. 80, 693-703 (2009).</li><li>Dell, R. B., Holleran, S., Ramakrishnan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+size+determination.">Sample size determination.</a> ILAR J. 43, 207-213 (2002).</li><li>M&#228;hler Convenor, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FELASA+recommendations+for+the+health+monitoring+of+mouse,+rat,+hamster,+guinea+pig+and+rabbit+colonies+in+breeding+and+experimental+units.">FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units.</a> Lab. Anim. 48, 178-192 (2014).</li><li>Kaux, J. -. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#201;tude+comparative+de+cinq+techniques+de+pr&#233;paration+plaquettaire+(platelet-rich+plasma).">&#201;tude comparative de cinq techniques de pr&#233;paration plaquettaire (platelet-rich plasma).</a> Pathol. Biol. 59, 157-160 (2011).</li><li>Wieloch, P., Buchmann, G., Roth, W., Rickert, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cryo-jaw+designed+for+in+vitro+tensile+testing+of+the+healing+Achilles+tendons+in+rats.">A cryo-jaw designed for in vitro tensile testing of the healing Achilles tendons in rats.</a> J. Biomech. 37, 1719-1722 (2004).</li><li>Kaux, J. -. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+Endothelial+Growth+Factor-111+(VEGF-111)+and+tendon+healing:+preliminary+results+in+a+rat+model+of+tendon+injury.">Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-111 (VEGF-111) and tendon healing: preliminary results in a rat model of tendon injury.</a> Muscles. Ligaments Tendons J. 4, 24-28 (2014).</li><li>Docheva, D., Hunziker, E. B., F&#228;ssler, R., Brandau, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tenomodulin+is+necessary+for+tenocyte+proliferation+and+tendon+maturation.">Tenomodulin is necessary for tenocyte proliferation and tendon maturation.</a> Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 699-705 (2005).</li><li>Lambert, C. A., Colige, A. C., Munaut, C., Lapi&#232;re, C. M., Nusgens, B. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+pathways+in+the+over-expression+of+matrix+metalloproteinases+in+human+fibroblasts+by+relaxation+of+mechanical+tension.">Distinct pathways in the over-expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human fibroblasts by relaxation of mechanical tension.</a> Matrix Biol. 20, 397-408 (2001).</li><li>Nurden, A. T., Nurden, P., Sanchez, M., Andia, I., Anitua, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelets+and+wound+healing.">Platelets and wound healing.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 3532-3548 (2008).</li><li>Woodall, J., Tucci, M., Mishra, A., Benghuzzi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+effects+of+platelet+rich+plasma:+a+study+on+HL-60+macrophage-like+cells.">Cellular effects of platelet rich plasma: a study on HL-60 macrophage-like cells.</a> Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 43, 266-271 (2007).</li><li>Taylor, D. W., Petrera, M., Hendry, M., Theodoropoulos, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+the+use+of+platelet-rich+plasma+in+sports+medicine+as+a+new+treatment+for+tendon+and+ligament+injuries.">A systematic review of the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine as a new treatment for tendon and ligament injuries.</a> Clin. J. Sport Med. 21, 344-352 (2011).</li><li>Mazzocca, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+positive+effects+of+different+platelet-rich+plasma+methods+on+human+muscle,+bone,+and+tendon+cells.">The positive effects of different platelet-rich plasma methods on human muscle, bone, and tendon cells.</a> Am. J. Sports Med. 40, 1742-1749 (2012).</li><li>McCarrel, T. M., Minas, T., Fortier, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+leukocyte+concentration+in+platelet-rich+plasma+for+the+treatment+of+tendinopathy.">Optimization of leukocyte concentration in platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendinopathy.</a> J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 94 (1-8), e143 (2012).</li><li>Boswell, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+platelet+concentrations+in+leukocyte-reduced+platelet-rich+plasma+decrease+collagen+gene+synthesis+in+tendons.">Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons.</a> Am. J. Sports Med. 42, 42-49 (2014).</li><li>Virchenko, O., Aspenberg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+can+one+platelet+injection+after+tendon+injury+lead+to+a+stronger+tendon+after+4+weeks?:+Interplay+between+early+regeneration+and+mechanical+stimulation.">How can one platelet injection after tendon injury lead to a stronger tendon after 4 weeks?: Interplay between early regeneration and mechanical stimulation.</a> Acta Orthop. 77, 806-812 (2006).</li></ol>

Platelets are essential for the early inflammatory phase of the tendon healing process. When these platelets are exposed to binding tissue or factors that induce coagulation, they will release growth factors that are stocked in &#945; granules. Due to this interaction, extracellular matrix macromolecules are synthetized and mesenchymal cells proliferate. Platelets also have a chemotactic activity on progenitor cells in the blood circulation, enhancing angiogenesis and stimulating cellular differentiation<sup class="xref"...

Coagulation, inflammatory processes, and the immunity modulation roles of platelets are well known1. More recently, it has been demonstrated that they also have restorative properties2,3. Indeed, various cytokines and growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, TGF-B, IGF-I, and HGF) are released by platelets during degranulation. These growth factors promote angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and wound healing (bone, skin, muscle, tendon)2. Centrifuging autologous blood produces platelet rich plasma (PRP) which contains high platelet concentrations depending on the isolation method (between 3 and 10 times blood baseline concentrations). Indeed, various PRP preparation techniques cannot provide an identical final product. Up to now, there has been no international general agreement on this issue. Overall, PRP could be an attractive therapeutic option for treating chronic musculoskeletal conditions, such as tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis, osteoarthritis, and nonunion4. It was used for the first time in oral surgery and implantology4 to improve and accelerate bone healing after placing a dental implant. In this study, we describe a reproducible method that allows the acquisition of PRP for animal experimentation4.
Since lesions of tendons are frequently observed in sportsmen and physical workers, enhancing the healing process and thus reducing the time for recovery are of great interest5. New treatment methods that are developing often involve the use of growth factors, and the administration of PRP is a simple and minimally invasive way to deliver a blend of endogenous growth factors4.
Several in vitro or animal studies have demonstrated that the administration of plasma containing a high level of platelets, by releasing biological mediators, can stimulate tendon and ligament repair by releasing biological mediators6,7,8,9. Furthermore, other studies have shown that PRP can stimulate type I and III collagen synthesis in tendon cells9,10,11. It has also been suggested that PRP can decrease the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and therefore reduce the degradation of the matrix. Cells that are involved in the inflammation process can produce MMP-9, which plays a role in tissue remodeling (physiologic and pathologic) induced by inflammation12.
Based on this information, we hypothesized that a single PRP injection into the sectioned Achilles tendons of rats could improve the recovery process and the mechanical strength of the repaired tissue. This is tested by measuring the biomechanical properties of the healing tendons during the recovery process and by performing histological and molecular analyses to evaluate collagen remodeling in the newly formed tissue. The aim of the study was to observe if a single injection of allogeneic PRP could influence the healing of sectioned Achilles tendons.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Xyl-M)</td>
			<td>VMD</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin (J&#233;tamine 1000 CEVA)</td>
			<td>CEVA Sant&#233; Animale</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphin (Veterg&#233;sic Multidosis)</td>
			<td>ALSTOE</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>Painkiller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iso-Betadine</td>
			<td>MEDA-Pharma</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>Desinfectant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>resorbable yarn Vicryl 6/0</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nembutal</td>
			<td>CEVA Sant&#233; Animale</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Preserves structure of the tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol 100%</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20,922,364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 95%</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20,823,362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>28973.363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>LEIC3950.1006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>1.15938.0025</td>
			<td>Colorant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>1.15935.0100</td>
			<td>Colorant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eukitt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3989</td>
			<td>Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

effects of allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (prp) on the healing process of sectioned achilles tendons of rats: a methodological description

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a lesion in the Achilles tendon; prepare PRP and inject it (or the saline solution); remove the tendon; and perform biomechanical, molecular, and histological evaluations. At each step, all the procedures and methods are described in detail, so they can be reproduced easily.
Achilles tendons have been surgically sectioned (removal of a 5-mm long section). Afterwards, PRP or saline solution was injected to study whether PRP has a positive effect on the healing of the tendon. Three groups of 40 animals (a total of 120 rats were used in this study) were subdivided into 2 subgroups: PRP injection group and a saline injection control group. Rats were sacrificed at increasing time points (Group A: 5 days; Group B: 15 days; Group C: 30 days) and tendons were removed. 90 tendons underwent biomechanical testing before performing transcriptomic analysis and the 30 remaining tendons were submitted to histological analysis.

The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean and were compared with analysis of variance (ANOVA). A two-way ANOVA and post hoc test de Scheff&#233;, which is a parametric test, were used.
The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) required to provoke a rupture of the non-injured Achilles tendons of rats was 42.0 &#177; 5.7 N (n = 10). The tensile strength increased significantly (p&#60;0.0001) in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma PRP on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description at JoVE.com

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma PRP on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This protocol describes the evaluation process of healing tendons in rats that have been injected with allogeneic platelet rich plasma (PRP) or saline solution after removing part of the Achilles tendon. The progress of tendon healing is evaluated at several time points using different types of analyses.

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Isolation of Soluble and Insoluble PrP Oligomers in the Normal Human Brain

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases involves a conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein PrPC into its pathogenic isoform ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology

The endothelium is the innermost lining of the vasculature and is involved in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.  Damage to the endothelium may ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

Ultrasonography in Experimental Reproductive Investigations on Rats

With the development of assisted reproductive technology and the ethical limitations of research on humans, rat animal models have been widely used in ...

Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in the orthopedic department. Existing non-surgical treatments have a limited ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

An Epithelial Abrasion Model for Studying Corneal Wound Healing

The cornea is critical for vision, accounting for about two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Crucial to the role of the cornea in vision is its ...