Name: laboratory techniques used to maintain and differentiate biotypes of vibrio cholerae clinical and environmental isolates
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates at JoVE.com

Forskning støttet av New Hampshire-INBRE gjennom en institusjonell utviklingspris (IDeA), P20GM103506, fra National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH.

Merk: Tidsperspektiver for hvert analys må gjøres ettersom individuelle mediepreparater krever forskjellige tider. For eksempel bør solid agarplaten medier ha tilstrekkelig avkjøling og tørking (1-2 dager). Ytterligere tidsoverveielser ( dvs. enkeltkoloni og over natten kulturvekst) er spesifisert under hver protokoll og finnes i tabell 2 . 1. Forberedelse av media <ol><li> 1x fosfatbuffert saltvann (PBS) <ol><li> Veier 4,0 g NaCl, 0,1 g KCl,...

<ol>
	<li>Shimada, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extended+serotyping+scheme+for+Vibrio+cholerae.">Extended serotyping scheme for Vibrio cholerae.</a> Curr. Microbiol. 28 (3), 175-178 (1994).</li><li>Yamai, S., Tadayuki, O., Toshio, S., Yasuji, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+serogroups+of+Vibrio+cholerae+non-O1+non-O139+with+specific+reference+to+their+ability+to+produce+cholera+toxin,+and+addition+of+novel+serogroups.">Distribution of serogroups of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin, and addition of novel serogroups.</a> Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 71 (10), 1037-1045 (1997).</li><li>Karaolis, D. K., Lan, R., Reeves, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sixth+and+seventh+cholera+pandemics+are+due+to+independent+clones+separately+derived+from+environmental,+nontoxigenic,+non-O1+Vibrio+cholerae.">The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae.</a> J. Bacteriol. 177 (11), 3191-3198 (1995).</li><li>Albert, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+epidemic+of+cholera-like+disease+in+Bangladesh+caused+by+Vibrio+cholerae+O139+synonym+Bengal.">Large epidemic of cholera-like disease in Bangladesh caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal.</a> Lancet. 342 (8868), 387 (1993).</li><li>Barua, D., Barua, D., Greenough III, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=History+of+Cholera.">History of Cholera.</a> Cholera. , 1-36 (1992).</li><li>Morales, R., Delgado, G., Cravioto, A., Faruque, S. M., Nair, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+Genetics+of+Vibrio+cholerae.">Population Genetics of Vibrio cholerae.</a> Vibrio cholerae-Genomics and Molecular Biology. , 29-47 (2008).</li><li>Samadi, A. R., Chowdhury, M. K., Huq, M. K., Khan, M. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonality+of+classical+and+El+Tor+cholera+in+Dhaka,+Bangladesh:+17-year+trends.">Seasonality of classical and El Tor cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh: 17-year trends.</a> Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77 (6), 853-856 (1983).</li><li>Son, M. S., Megli, C. J., Kovacikova, G., Qadri, F., Taylor, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+El+Tor+biotype+variant+clinical+isolates+from+Bangladesh+and+Haiti,+including+a+molecular+genetic+analysis+of+virulence+genes.">Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype variant clinical isolates from Bangladesh and Haiti, including a molecular genetic analysis of virulence genes.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 49 (11), 3739-3749 (2011).</li><li>Ghosh-Banerjee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholera+toxin+production+by+the+El+Tor+variant+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+compared+to+prototype+El+Tor+and+classical+biotypes.">Cholera toxin production by the El Tor variant of Vibrio cholerae O1 compared to prototype El Tor and classical biotypes.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 48 (11), 4283-4286 (2010).</li><li>Ansaruzzaman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholera+in+Mozambique,+variant+of+Vibrio+cholerae.">Cholera in Mozambique, variant of Vibrio cholerae.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10 (11), 2057-2059 (2004).</li><li>Ansaruzzaman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+diversity+of+El+Tor+strains+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+with+hybrid+traits+isolated+from+Bangladesh+and+Mozambique.">Genetic diversity of El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 with hybrid traits isolated from Bangladesh and Mozambique.</a> Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297 (6), 443-449 (2007).</li><li>Lan, R., Reeves, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pandemic+spread+of+cholera:+genetic+diversity+and+relationships+within+the+seventh+pandemic+clone+of+Vibrio+cholerae+determined+by+amplified+fragment+length+polymorphism.">Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (1), 172-181 (2002).</li><li>Nair, G. B., Faruque, S. M., Bhuiyan, N. A., Kamruzzaman, M., Siddique, A. K., Sack, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+variants+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+biotype+El+Tor+with+attributes+of+the+classical+biotype+from+hospitalized+patients+with+acute+diarrhea+in+Bangladesh.">New variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor with attributes of the classical biotype from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Bangladesh.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (9), 3296-3299 (2002).</li><li>Nair, G. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+strains+similar+to+pre-seventh+pandemic+El+Tor+strains+during+an+outbreak+of+gastrointestinal+disease+in+an+island+resort+in+Fiji.">Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains similar to pre-seventh pandemic El Tor strains during an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease in an island resort in Fiji.</a> J. Med. Microbiol. 55 (11), 1559-1562 (2006).</li><li>Nair, G. B., Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Safa, A., Takeda, Y., Faruque, S. M., Nair, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+hybrid+variants+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1.">Emerging hybrid variants of Vibrio cholerae O1.</a> Vibrio cholerae—Genomics and Molecular Biology. , 179-190 (2008).</li><li>Safa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+characteristics+of+Matlab+variants+of+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+that+are+hybrids+between+classical+and+El+Tor+biotypes.">Genetic characteristics of Matlab variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 that are hybrids between classical and El Tor biotypes.</a> J. Med. Microbiol. 55 (11), 1563-1569 (2006).</li><li>Nusrin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+CTX+phages+among+toxigenic+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+and+O139+strains+isolated+between+1994+and+2002+in+an+area+where+cholera+is+endemic.">Diverse CTX phages among toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains isolated between 1994 and 2002 in an area where cholera is endemic.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (12), 5854-5856 (2004).</li><li>Carignan, B. M., Brumfield, K. D., Son, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+nucleotide+polymorphisms+in+regulator-encoding+genes+have+an+additive+effect+on+virulence+gene+expression+in+a+Vibrio+cholerae+clinical+isolate.">Single nucleotide polymorphisms in regulator-encoding genes have an additive effect on virulence gene expression in a Vibrio cholerae clinical isolate.</a> mSphere. 1 (5), e00253 (2016).</li><li>Iwanaga, M., Yamamoto, K., Higa, N., Ichinose, Y., Nakasone, N., Tanabe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+conditions+for+stimulating+cholera+toxin+production+by+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+El+Tor.">Culture conditions for stimulating cholera toxin production by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor.</a> Microbiol. Immunol. 30 (11), 1075-1083 (1986).</li><li>DiRita, V. J., Claude, P., Georg, J., Mekalanos, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulatory+cascade+controls+virulence+in+Vibrio+cholerae.">Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88 (12), 5403-5407 (1991).</li><li>Kovacikova, G., Lin, W., Skorupski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duel+regulation+of+genes+involved+in+acetoin+biosynthesis+and+motility/biofilm+formation+by+the+virulence+activator+AphA+and+the+acetate-responsive+Lys-R+type+regulator+AlsR+in+Vibrio+cholerae.">Duel regulation of genes involved in acetoin biosynthesis and motility/biofilm formation by the virulence activator AphA and the acetate-responsive Lys-R type regulator AlsR in Vibrio cholerae.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 57 (2), 420-433 (2005).</li><li>Vogel, H. J., Bonner, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylornithinase+of+Escherechia+coli:+partial+purification+and+some+properties.">Acetylornithinase of Escherechia coli: partial purification and some properties.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 218 (1), 97-106 (1956).</li><li>Son, M. S., Taylor, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+screens+and+biochemical+assays+to+characterize+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+biotypes:+classical+and+El+Tor.">Genetic screens and biochemical assays to characterize Vibrio cholerae O1 biotypes: classical and El Tor.</a> Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. , 6A.2.1-6A.2.17 (2011).</li><li>Kovacikova, G., Skorupski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+virulence+gene+expression+in+Vibrio+cholerae+by+quorum+sensing:+HapR+functions+at+the+aphA+promoter.">Regulation of virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae by quorum sensing: HapR functions at the aphA promoter.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 46 (4), 1135-1147 (2002).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prevalence+of+functional+quorum-sensing+systems+in+recently+emerged+Vibrio+cholerae+toxigenic+strains.">The prevalence of functional quorum-sensing systems in recently emerged Vibrio cholerae toxigenic strains.</a> Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 3 (2), 218-222 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aseptic+laboratory+techniques.">Aseptic laboratory techniques.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3064 (2012).</li><li>Martinez, R. M., Megli, C. J., Taylor, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+laboratory+maintenance+of+Vibrio+cholerae.">Growth and laboratory maintenance of Vibrio cholerae.</a> Curr. Protoc. , 6A.1.1-6A.1.6 (2010).</li></ol>

Av de over 200 identifiserte V. Kolerae serogrupper, har kun O1 og O139 epidemisk potensial. O1 serogruppen kan deles inn i to biotyper: klassisk og El Tor. Imidlertid har hybridstammer, betegnet El Tor-varianter 13 , 17 , oppstått som besitter El Tor-biotypebakgrunnen, og har klassiske karakteristika 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ,</...

Kolera er en sykdom i den distale tynntarmen forårsaket av forbruket av forurenset mat eller vann som inneholder den vandige Gram-negative bakterien Vibrio cholerae . Symptomer på kolera inkluderer oppkast og ukontrollabel vannaktig diaré, noe som fører til alvorlig dehydrering, som hvis den ikke behandles ordentlig, vil resultere i døden. V. Kolerae kan deles inn i over 200 serogrupper basert på strukturen av celleoverflate-lipopolysakkarid-O-antigenet. Imidlertid har bare 2 serogrupper, O1 og O139, vist epidemi- eller pandemisk potensial 1 , 2 . Videre har serogruppe O139 vært primært isolert til Sørøst-Asia 3 , 4 , mens serogruppe O1 distribueres over hele verden. Videre kan O1 serogruppen deles inn i 2 hovedbiotyper: klassisk og El Tor. Den klassiske biotypen var ansvarlig for den første 6 kolera pandemienS mellom 1817 og 1923. Den pågående syvende pandemien er et resultat av El Tor-biotypen, som globalt har fordrevet den klassiske biotypen i miljøet 5 , 6 , 7 . Nylig har stammer oppstått som inneholder kjennetegn ved både klassiske og El Tor biotyper 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 og har siden blitt betegnet El Tor varianter 13 , 17 . Noen El Tor varianter har vist forhøyede virulensegenskaper med raskere og alvorlig sykdomsprogresjon enn tidligere observert, understrekerBehovet for en mer omfattende tilnærming til agentidentifikasjon og forebygging og behandling av sykdommer 8 , 9 , 18 . Mens biotypidentifikasjon ikke umiddelbart diktiserer behandling, kan videre fremskritt i vaksineutvikling og fremtidige terapeutiske midler ha nytte av biotypeforskjell. Den første serien av protokoller som er oppført her, vil gjøre det mulig for forskerne å opprettholde V på riktig måte. Koleraestammer i en laboratorieinnstilling. Konsistens og etterfølgende analyse krever lagerberedning og vekst av isolater, som ikke er biotypeavhengig. For å optimalisere induksjon av virulensgenekspresjon er det imidlertid nødvendig med uavhengige biotypespesifikke dyrkningsteknikker 19 . I tillegg er forberedelse for ulike genetiske og biokjemiske analyser skissert i dette manuskriptet. Kollatoksin (CT) og toksin-ko-reGulert pilus (TCP) er to hovedvirulensfaktorer styrt av master regulator ToxT i begge biotyper av V. Cholerae O1 serogruppe 20 . CT er et todelt toksin bestående av fem CtxB Underenheter rundt en enkelt CtxA underenhet, og er ansvarlig for det hurtige elektrolyttabet forbundet med kolera. TCP er en type IV pilus kodet av tcp operon ( tcpABQCRDSTEF ), og er involvert i vedlegg og kolonisering av den distale tynntarmen. TcpA er det første genet av tcp operonen som koder for de enkelte pilinunderenheter som er essensielle for bygging av pilus 8 . Gensekvensen for ctxA er helt bevart mellom klassiske og El Tor-biotyper, mens ctxB og tcpA er forskjellig over de to biotyper, men konserveres innenfor hver biotype 8 . CtxB er helt bevart mellom biotyper unntatt ved to basisposiSatser (115 og 203). I El Tor-biotypen ligger thymin ved basestillinger 115 og 203, mens den klassiske biotypen inneholder cytosin ved disse basene. TcpA er helt konservert innen hver biotype, men varierer ved flere baser mellom biotyper. Disse genetiske skillene tjener som primære biotypeidentifikasjonsmarkører, og etter sekvensering av polymerasekjedereaksjons-PCR-amplifikasjonsproduktet, inkludert disse stedene, kan isolerte sekvenser sammenlignes med villtype (WT) klassisk O395 eller WT El Tor N16961 for å bestemme biotype-bakgrunnen Av henholdsvis CT og TCP i et gitt V. cholerae- isolat. Tallrike protokoller er utviklet for å karakterisere fenotypiske forskjeller mellom de klassiske og El Tor biotyper 21 , 22 , 23 . Polymyxin B er et peptidantibiotikum som kompromitterer integriteten til den ytre cellemembranen i gramnegativ bacTeria og polymyxin B-resistens kan visualiseres gjennom polymyksin B-resistensanalysen 21 . Citrat er et primært substrat av Krebs syklus, og evnen til å metabolisere sitrat som en eneste karbonkilde kan bestemmes ved bruk av citratmetabolisme-analysen 22 . HapR koder for en global regulator og master quorum-sensing regulator i V. cholerae, HapR, som binder til ulike promotorregioner og regulerer gen- og operonuttrykk 24 . Noen patogene stammer av V. cholerae har en naturlig forekommende rammeskiftmutasjon i hapR- genet som har forårsaket denne tetthetsavhengig regulering av virulensgenuttrykk for å gå tapt 24 , 25 . Måling av HapR-regulert proteaseaktivitet ved bruk av melkeagarmedia gjør at forskeren kan identifisere hvorvidt en bestemt isolat inneholder en funksjonell HapR 23 . DeHemolyse assay tester for en stamme evne til å utskille hemolytiske enzymer som lyser røde blodceller; Graden av hemolyse kan visualiseres på blodagarplater 23 . Motilitet er ofte forbundet med virulens i V. cholerae og kan analyseres ved bruk av motilitetsagarplater 23 . Voges-Proskauer-analysen tester for en belastnings evne til å gjære glukose som en eneste karbonkilde og produsere biproduktet acetoin 21 . Med fremkomsten av El Tor-varianter er det vanskelig å forutsi resultatene av en gitt fenotypisk analyse uten omfattende genotypisk screening, og før avledningen av biotype-bakgrunnen av V. Kolerae- isolater, anbefales det å utføre denne sammenstillingen av analysene 23 og sammenligne resultatene med referanse stammer som i tabell 2 . Her har vi avansert en rekke protokoller, som kollektivt bruker avoremetNtioned genotypiske og fenotypiske analyser for en mer omfattende tilnærming til karakterisering av V. Koleraebiotyper. Videre har vi beskrevet de genotype og fenotypiske forskjeller av kjent V. Cholerae El Tor-varianter (MQ1795 og BAA-2163), sammenlignet med vanlige biotype referansestammer (WT klassisk O395, WT El Tor C6706 og WT El Tor N16961; Tabell 1 ). Fremveksten av El Tor-varianter har presentert utfordringer for påliteligheten av tidligere anvendte enkeltassaybiotype karakteriseringsprotokoller; Imidlertid vil dette multiple assay identifikasjonssystemet tillate mer pålitelig karakterisering av klinisk og miljøvennlig V. Kolerae isolater.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">1 kb DNA Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">N3232S</td>
			<td style="width:683px;">https://www.neb.com/products/n3232-1-kb-dna-ladder</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60% Glycerol</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>356352</td>
			<td>http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/product/Glycerol%2C-Molecular-Biology-Grade---CAS-56-81-5---Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-356352</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Becto, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>214030</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=214030&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D214030%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar with brain-heart infusion</td>
			<td>Becto, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>237500</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=237500&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D237500%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>Peqlab</td>
			<td>732-2789</td>
			<td>https://de.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=732-2789&#38;_DARGS=/store/cms/de.vwr.com/de_DE/header_2016111711383215.jsp_AF&#38;_dynSessConf=1766917479792147141&#38;targetURL=/store/catalog/product.jsp%3Fcatalog_number%3D732-2789&#38;lastLanguage=en&#38;/vwr/userprofiling/EditPersonalInfoFormHandler.updateLocale=&#38;_D%3AcurrentLanguage=+&#38;currentLanguage=en&#38;_D%3AlastLanguage=+&#38;_D%3A/vwr/userprofiling/EditPersonalInfoFormHandler.updateLocale=+</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anhydrous K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P288-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-phosphate-dibasic-anhydrous-crystalline-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p288500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=P288500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blood Agar Plates</td>
			<td>Remel</td>
			<td>R01200</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C;&#160; http://www.remel.com/Catalog/Item.aspx?name=Blood+Agar</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Boric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A73-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/boric-acid-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-6/a73500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=A73500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bromothymol Blue</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>B388-10</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/bromothymol-blue-certified-acs-fisher-chemical/b38810?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=B38810&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cirtric acid &#183;H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S72836-3</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/citric-acid-monohydrate-4/s728363#?keyword=s728363</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) Solution Kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N0446S</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C;&#160; https://www.neb.com/products/n0446-deoxynucleotide-solutionset</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disodium EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S311-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid-disodium-salt-dihydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-7/s311500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=S311500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA Clean &#38; Concentrator&#8482; -25 Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4007</td>
			<td>http://www.zymoresearch.com/dna/dna-clean-up/zymoclean-gel-dna-recovery-kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GelGreen Nucleic Acid Stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41005</td>
			<td>https://biotium.com/product/gelgreentm-nucleic-acid-gel-stain-10000x-in-water/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Genesys 10SUV-VIS Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>840-208100</td>
			<td>https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/840-208100?ICID=search-840-208100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gentra Puregene Yeast/Bact. Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>158567</td>
			<td>https://www.qiagen.com/us/shop/sample-technologies/dna/dna-preparation/gentra-puregene-yeastbact-kit/#orderinginformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-212</td>
			<td>Corrosive;&#160; https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/hydrochloric-acid-certified-acs-plus-fisher-chemical-10/a144212?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=A144212&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-chloride-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-4/p217500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=P217500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P285-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-phosphate-monobasic-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p285500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=P285500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KOH</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P250-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/potassium-hydroxide-pellets-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/p250500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=P250500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Le Loop</td>
			<td>Decon Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>MP190-25</td>
			<td>http://deconlabs.com/products/leloop/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Le Stab</td>
			<td>Decon Labs Inc.</td>
			<td>MP186-5</td>
			<td>http://deconlabs.com/products/lestab/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=M63500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini-Sub Cell GT Horizontal Electrophoresis System</td>
			<td>Bio Rad Labs</td>
			<td>1704406</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/product/mini-sub-cell-gt-cell?WT.srch=1&#38;WT.mc_id=aw-cbb-NA-sub_cell_systems_brand_gold&#38;WT.knsh_id=7eb1981f-a011-42a3-aece-1236ff453373</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MR-VP Broth</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>216300</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=216300&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3Dmr-vp%2Bmedium%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S374-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-phosphate-dibasic-anhydrous-granular-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/s374500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=S374500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-10</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-chloride-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-6/s27110?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=S27110&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-bicarbonate-powder-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-5/s233500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=S233500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaNH4HPO4&#183;4H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S218-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/sodium-ammonium-phosphate-tetrahydrate-crystalline-certified-fisher-chemical/s218500?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=S218500&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoDrop Lite Spectrophtometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-LITE-PR</td>
			<td>https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ND-LITE-PR?ICID=search-ND-LITE-PR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nonfat dry milk</td>
			<td>Nestle Carnation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Becto, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=211677&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D211677%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (100 mm x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-petri-dishes-clear-lid-12/fb0875712#?keyword=FB0875712</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dishes (150 mm x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875714</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-petri-dishes-clear-lid-12/fb0875714?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=FB0875714&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polymyxin B sulfate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1004-10MU</td>
			<td>Store at 2-4 &#176;C; http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/p1004?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0273S</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C; https://www.neb.com/products/m0273-taq-dna-polymerase-with-standard-taq-buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taq Reaction Buffer</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0273S</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C;&#160; https://www.neb.com/products/m0273-taq-dna-polymerase-with-standard-taq-buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermal Cycler Bio-Rad C1000 Touch&#8482;&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio Rad Labs</td>
			<td>1840148</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-rad.com/evportal/evolutionPortal.portal?_nfpb=true&#38;_pageLabel=search_page&#38;sfMode=search&#38;sfStartNumber=1&#38;clearQR=true&#38;js=1&#38;searchString=1840148&#38;database=productskus+productcategories+productdetails+abdProductDetails+msds+literatures+inserts+faqs+downloads+webpages+assays+genes+pathways+plates+promotions&#38;tabName=DIVISIONNAME</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A10870</td>
			<td>https://www.alfa.com/en/catalog/A10870/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/tris-base-white-crystals-crystalline-powder-molecular-biology-fisher-bioreagents-7/bp1521?searchHijack=true&#38;searchTerm=BP1521&#38;searchType=RAPID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris&#8729;HCl</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>9310</td>
			<td>http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/product/OmniPur-TRIS-Hydrochloride---CAS-1185-53-1---Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-9310-OP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td>Becto, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>211705</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=211705&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D211705%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becto, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bd.com/nexus-ecat/getProductDetail?productId=212750&#38;parentCategory=&#38;parentCategoryName=&#38;categoryId=&#38;categoryName=&#38;searchUrl=%2FsearchResults%3Fkeyword%3D212750%26typeOfSearch%3DproductSearch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-napthol</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>204189</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=05204189</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory techniques used to maintain and differentiate biotypes of vibrio cholerae clinical and environmental isolates

Den akvatiske gramnegative bakterien Vibrio cholerae er det etiologiske middel av den smittsomme gastrointestinale sykdommen kolera. På grunn av den globale forekomsten og alvorlighetsgraden av denne sykdommen, V. Kolerae har blitt grundig studert i både miljø- og laboratorieinnstillinger, og krever riktig vedlikeholds- og dyrkningsteknikker. Klassisk og El Tor er to hovedbiotyper som komponerer V. Cholerae O1 serogruppe, som hver viser unike genotypiske og fenotypiske egenskaper som gir pålitelige mekanismer for biotype karakterisering, og krever forskjellige virulensinducerende dyrkningsbetingelser. Uavhengig av biotypen av årsaksstammen for en gitt infeksjon eller utbrudd, omfatter standardbehandling for sykdommen rehydreringsterapi supplert med et regime av antibiotika. Imidlertid kan biotypeklassifisering være nødvendig for laboratorieundersøkelser og kan ha bredere virkninger på det biomedisinske feltet.I begynnelsen av 2000 ble kliniske isolater identifisert som utviser genotypiske og fenotypiske egenskaper fra både klassiske og El Tor-biotyper. De nylig identifiserte hybrider, kalt El Tor-varianter, har forårsaket klinisk og miljø-isolerende biotypidentifikasjon for å bli mer komplisert enn tidligere tradisjonelle enkeltanalysidentifikasjonsprotokoller. I tillegg til å beskrive V. Cholerae generelle vedlikeholds- og dyrkningsteknikker beskriver dette manuskriptet en serie genspesifikke ( ctxB og tcpA ) PCR-baserte genetiske skjermbilder og fenotypiske analyser (polymyksin B-resistens, citratmetabolisme, proteolytisk aktivitet, hemolytisk aktivitet, motilitet og glukosemetabolisme via Voges- Proskauer-analyse) kollektivt brukt til å karakterisere og / eller skille mellom klassiske og El Tor-biotyper. Sammen gir disse analysene en effektiv systematisk tilnærming som kan brukes som et alternativ, eller i tillegg til dyre, arbeidskrevende eksperimenter i karakterenV. Kolerae kliniske (og miljømessige) isolater.

For riktig vedlikehold og bruk av enhver bakteriell belastning anbefales det å kjenne doblingstiden for den / de aktuelle stammen. Herav varierer vekstratene til vanlig brukte V. Koleraestammer ble demonstrert gjennom en vekstkurve, og omtrentlige doblingstider ble beregnet ved hjelp av lineær regresjon. WT El Tor N16961 og El Tor variant MQ1795 viste kortere fordoblingstider (~ 1 h og ~ 1 h henholdsvis) enn WT klassisk O395 (~ 2 h) ( Figur 1 , <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates at JoVE.com

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

Dette manuskriptet beskriver riktige Vibrio cholerae vedlikeholdsteknikker i tillegg til en rekke biokjemiske analyser, samlet brukt for rask og pålitelig differensiering mellom klinisk og miljøvennlig V. Koleraebiotyper i laboratorieinnstilling.

Laboratorieteknikker brukes til å opprettholde og skille biotyper av<em&gt; Vibrio cholerae</em&gt; Kliniske og miljømessige isolater

The aquatic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious gastrointestinal disease cholera. Due to the global ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Multiplex Detection of Bacteria in Complex Clinical and Environmental Samples using Oligonucleotide-coupled Fluorescent Microspheres

Multiplex Påvisning av bakterier i Complex Clinical and Environmental Prøver å bruke oligonukleotid-coupled Fluorescent Mikrokuler

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring polymicrobial syndrome that is characterized by a change in the "normal" microbiota from Lactobacillus-dominated ...

Colonization of Euprymna scolopes Squid by Vibrio fischeri

Colonization of Euprymna scolopes Squid by Vibrio fischeri

Kolonisering av Euprymna scolopes Squid av Vibrio fischeri</em

Specific bacteria are found in association with animal tissue1-5. Such host-bacterial associations (symbioses) can be detrimental (pathogenic), have no ...

TransFLP &#x2014; A Method to Genetically Modify Vibrio cholerae Based on Natural Transformation and FLP-recombination

TransFLP ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Â A Method to Genetically Modify Vibrio cholerae Based on Natural Transformation and FLP-recombination

TransFLP - en metode for å genmodifisere<em&gt; Vibrio cholerae</em&gt; Basert på Natural Transformation og FLP-rekombinasjon

Several methods are available to manipulate bacterial chromosomes1-3. Most of these protocols rely on the insertion of conditionally replicative plasmids ...

A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.

A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.

En modifisert EPA Method 1623 som bruker tangentiell Flow Hollow-fiber ultrafiltrasjon og Heat dissosiasjon Fremgangsmåte for å oppdage vannfortynnbar<em&gt; Cryptosporidium</em&gt; Og<em&gt; Giardia spp..</em

Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are two of the most prevalent protozoa that cause waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks worldwide. To better ...

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an ABSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures

Sikkerhetstiltak og driftsprosedyrer i en (A) BSL-4 Laboratorium: 1. biosikkerhetsnivå 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry og Exit Prosedyrer

Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) suit laboratories are specifically designed to study high-consequence pathogens for which neither infection prophylaxes nor ...

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

En rask strategi for isolering av nye Faustoviruses fra miljøprøver ved hjelp<em&gt; Vermamoeba vermiformis</em

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant ...

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

Utvikling av en spytt antistoff Multiplex Immunoassay å måle menneskelig eksponering for miljø patogener

The etiology and impacts of human exposure to environmental pathogens are of major concern worldwide and, thus, the ability to assess exposure and ...

Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

Development of a More Sensitive and Specific Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Other Vibrio Species

Utvikling av en mer sensitiv og spesifikk kromogen Agar Medium for deteksjon av<em&gt; Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em&gt; Og annet<em&gt; Vibrio</em&gt; Arter

Foodborne infections in the US caused by Vibrio species have shown an upward trend. In the genus Vibrio, V. parahaemolyticus is responsible for the ...

Precision-cut Mouse Lung Slices to Visualize Live Pulmonary Dendritic Cells

Precision-kutt Mouse Lung Slices å visualisere Live-lunge dendrittiske celler

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for ...