Name: optimized protocol for the extraction of proteins from the human mitral valve
Uploaded: 2017-06-14T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve at JoVE.com

Det italienske sundhedsministerium støttede denne undersøgelse (RC 2013-BIO 15). Vi takker Barbara Micheli for sin fremragende tekniske assistance.

I denne protokol indsamles de menneskelige hjerter under multiorgan explantation (kold iskæmitid på 4-12 timer, gennemsnit 6 ± 2 timer) fra multorgendonorer ekskluderet fra organtransplantation af tekniske eller funktionelle årsager til trods for normale ekkokardiografiske parametre. De sendes til Cardiovascular Tissue Bank i Milano, Monzino Cardiologic Center (Milano, Italien) til banklægning af aorta og lungeventiler. Mitral posterior folderne anvendes ikke til kliniske formål, så de samles under aorta- og lung...

<ol>
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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics:+challenges,+techniques+and+possibilities+to+overcome+biological+sample+complexity.">Proteomics: challenges, techniques and possibilities to overcome biological sample complexity.</a> Hum Genomics Proteomics. 2009, (2009).</li><li>Singleton, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+bioanalytical+sample+preparation+for+LC-MS+analysis.">Recent advances in bioanalytical sample preparation for LC-MS analysis.</a> Bioanalysis. 4 (9), 1123-1140 (2012).</li><li>Williams, T. H., Jew, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+mitral+valve+passive+flap+theory+overstated?+An+active+valve+is+hypothesized.">Is the mitral valve passive flap theory overstated? An active valve is hypothesized.</a> Med Hypotheses. 62 (4), 605-611 (2004).</li><li>Rabkin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+interstitial+myofibroblasts+express+catabolic+enzymes+and+mediate+matrix+remodeling+in+myxomatous+heart+valves.">Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves.</a> Circulation. 104 (21), 2525-2532 (2001).</li><li>Martins Cde, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+mitral+valve+proteomic+profiles+in+rheumatic+heart+disease+and+myxomatous+degeneration.">Distinct mitral valve proteomic profiles in rheumatic heart disease and myxomatous degeneration.</a> Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 8, 79-86 (2014).</li><li>Tan, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unravelling+the+proteome+of+degenerative+human+mitral+valves.">Unravelling the proteome of degenerative human mitral valves.</a> Proteomics. 15 (17), 2934-2944 (2015).</li><li>Banfi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteome+of+platelets+in+patients+with+coronary+artery+disease.">Proteome of platelets in patients with coronary artery disease.</a> Exp Hematol. 38 (5), 341-350 (2010).</li><li>Banfi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+human+low-density+lipoprotein+reveals+the+presence+of+prenylcysteine+lyase,+a+hydrogen+peroxide-generating+enzyme.">Proteomic analysis of human low-density lipoprotein reveals the presence of prenylcysteine lyase, a hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme.</a> Proteomics. 9 (5), 1344-1352 (2009).</li><li>Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+measurement+with+the+Folin+phenol+reagent.">Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.</a> J Biol Chem. 193 (1), 265-275 (1951).</li><li>Banfi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+low+density+lipoprotein-mediated+signal+transduction+and+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor+type+1+in+cultured+HepG2+cells.">Very low density lipoprotein-mediated signal transduction and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in cultured HepG2 cells.</a> Circ Res. 85 (2), 208-217 (1999).</li><li>Brioschi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+human+mitral+valve+proteome:+A+preliminary+investigation+by+gel-based+and+gel-free+proteomic+approaches.">Normal human mitral valve proteome: A preliminary investigation by gel-based and gel-free proteomic approaches.</a> Electrophoresis. 37 (20), 2633-2643 (2016).</li><li>Brioschi, M., Lento, S., Tremoli, E., Banfi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+endothelial+cell+secretome:+a+means+of+studying+the+pleiotropic+effects+of+Hmg-CoA+reductase+inhibitors.">Proteomic analysis of endothelial cell secretome: a means of studying the pleiotropic effects of Hmg-CoA reductase inhibitors.</a> J Proteomics. 78, 346-361 (2013).</li><li>Sun, S., Zhou, J. Y., Yang, W., Zhang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+protein+carbamylation+in+urea+solution+using+ammonium-containing+buffers.">Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers.</a> Anal Biochem. 446, 76-81 (2014).</li><li>Rabilloud, T., Adessi, C., Giraudel, A., Lunardi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+the+solubilization+of+proteins+in+two-dimensional+electrophoresis+with+immobilized+pH+gradients.">Improvement of the solubilization of proteins in two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients.</a> Electrophoresis. 18 (3-4), 307-316 (1997).</li><li>Santoni, V., Molloy, M., Rabilloud, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+proteins+and+proteomics:+un+amour+impossible?.">Membrane proteins and proteomics: un amour impossible?.</a> Electrophoresis. 21 (6), 1054-1070 (2000).</li><li>Shechter, D., Dormann, H. L., Allis, C. D., Hake, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction,+purification+and+analysis+of+histones.">Extraction, purification and analysis of histones.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (6), 1445-1457 (2007).</li><li>Fujiki, Y., Hubbard, A. L., Fowler, S., Lazarow, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+intracellular+membranes+by+means+of+sodium+carbonate+treatment:+application+to+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Isolation of intracellular membranes by means of sodium carbonate treatment: application to endoplasmic reticulum.</a> J Cell Biol. 93 (1), 97-102 (1982).</li><li>Gorg, A., Weiss, W., Dunn, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+two-dimensional+electrophoresis+technology+for+proteomics.">Current two-dimensional electrophoresis technology for proteomics.</a> Proteomics. 4 (12), 3665-3685 (2004).</li><li>Mann, M., Kelleher, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+proteomics:+the+case+for+high+resolution+and+high+mass+accuracy.">Precision proteomics: the case for high resolution and high mass accuracy.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (47), 18132-18138 (2008).</li><li>Thakur, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+and+highly+sensitive+proteome+coverage+by+LC-MS/MS+without+prefractionation.">Deep and highly sensitive proteome coverage by LC-MS/MS without prefractionation.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 10 (8), M110.003699 (2011).</li><li>Loardi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+mitral+valve+prolapse:+the+harvest+is+big,+but+the+workers+are+few.">Biology of mitral valve prolapse: the harvest is big, but the workers are few.</a> Int J Cardiol. 151 (2), 129-135 (2011).</li><li>Schoen, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+concepts+of+cardiac+valve+dynamics:+the+continuum+of+development,+functional+structure,+pathobiology,+and+tissue+engineering.">Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: the continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering.</a> Circulation. 118 (18), 1864-1880 (2008).</li><li>Lelovas, P. P., Kostomitsopoulos, N. G., Xanthos, T. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+anatomic+and+physiologic+overview+of+the+porcine+heart.">A comparative anatomic and physiologic overview of the porcine heart.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 53 (5), 432-438 (2014).</li></ol>

Et kritisk trin i denne protokol er brugen af ​​flydende nitrogen til at fryse prøven og afkøle grindersystemet. Brug af flydende nitrogen forhindrer biologisk nedbrydning og giver mulighed for effektiv pulverisering, men det kræver specifik træning for sikker håndtering. I denne protokol er der et slibesystem til prøveslibning, fordi små prøver er vanskelige at genvinde fra standard mørtel og pistler. I dette tilfælde spredte små prøver som et fint pulver over mørteloverfla...

Nylige beviser har ændret forståelsen af ​​rollerne i de mange reguleringsmekanismer, der opstår efter mRNA-syntese. Faktisk kan translationelle, post-transkriptionelle og proteolytiske processer regulere protein overflod og funktion. Dogmen - som siger, at mRNA-koncentrationer er proxier til de tilsvarende proteiner, forudsat at transkriptionsniveauerne er den vigtigste determinant for protein overflod - er blevet delvist revideret. Indeholdt transkriptniveauer kun delvist forudsige proteinabundance, hvilket tyder på, at posttranskriptionelle hændelser Forekomme for at regulere proteinerne i cellerne 1 , 2 . Desuden dikterer proteiner i sidste ende cellens funktion og dicterer derfor dens fænotype, som kan undergå dynamiske ændringer som reaktion på autokrine, parakrine og endokrine faktorer; Blodbårne mediatorer; temperatur; Lægemiddelbehandling; Og sygdomsudviklingenling. Således er en ekspressionsanalyse, der er fokuseret på proteinniveauet, nyttig til at karakterisere proteomet og for at løse de kritiske forandringer, der forekommer for det som en del af sygdomspatogenese 3 . Derfor er mulighederne for proteomics til at klarlægge helbredstilstand og sygdomsbetingelser formidabel, på trods af de eksisterende teknologiske udfordringer. De særligt lovende forskningsområder, som proteomics kan bidrage med, omfatter: Identifikation af ændret proteinekspression på ethvert niveau ( dvs. hele celler eller væv, subcellulære rum og biologiske væsker); Identifikation, verifikation og validering af nye biomarkører, der er nyttige til diagnose og prognose for sygdom Og forhåbentlig identifikation af nye proteinmål, der kan anvendes til terapeutiske formål, samt til vurdering af lægemiddelvirkningsevne og toksicitet 4 . Fange kompleksiteten afProteomet repræsenterer en teknologisk udfordring. De nuværende proteomiske værktøjer giver mulighed for at udføre storskala, høj gennemstrømningsanalyse til identifikation, kvantificering og validering af ændrede proteinniveauer. Derudover har indførelsen af ​​fraktionerings- og berigelsesmetoder, der har til formål at undgå interferens forårsaget af de mest rigelige proteiner, også forbedret proteinidentifikation ved at inkludere de mindst rigelige proteiner. Endelig er proteomics blevet suppleret med analysen af ​​posttranslationelle modifikationer, som progressivt fremkommer som vigtige modulatorer af proteinfunktion. Prøveforberedelsen og proteingendannelsen i de biologiske prøver under analyse forbliver imidlertid de begrænsende trin i den proteomiske arbejdsgang og øger potentialet for mulige faldgruber 5 . Faktisk skal de første trin i vævshomogenizat i de fleste molekylærbiologiske teknikker, der skal optimeresIon og celle lysis, især under analysen af ​​proteiner med lavt indhold, for hvilke amplifikationsmetoder ikke eksisterer. Derudover kan proteinernes kemiske natur påvirke deres egen genopretning. Eksempelvis er analysen af ​​stærkt hydrofobe proteiner meget udfordrende, fordi de let fælder under isoelektrisk fokusering, mens trans-membranproteiner er næsten uopløselige (gennemgået i Reference 5). Endvidere skaber vævsammensætningens variabilitet en betydelig barriere for udvikling af en universel ekstraktionsmetode. Endelig, fordi næsten alle de kliniske prøver er af begrænset mængde, er det essentielt at muliggøre proteinpræparation med maksimal genvinding og reproducerbarhed fra minimale prøve mængder 6 . Dette værk beskriver en optimeret protokol til proteinudvinding fra den normale mitralventil, som er en meget udfordrende prøve til proteomanalyse. Den normale mitralventil er en kompLex struktur liggende mellem venstre atrium og venstre ventrikel i hjertet ( figur 1 ). Det spiller en vigtig rolle i kontrollen af ​​blodgennemstrømning fra atriumet til ventriklen, forhindrer tilbagestrømning og sikrer det korrekte niveau af iltforsyning til hele kroppen og derved opretholder en passende hjerteudgang. Imidlertid anses det ofte for at være et &quot;inaktivt&quot; væv med lav cellulæritet og få komponenter, hovedsagelig i den ekstracellulære matrix. Dette skyldes, at de residente valvulære interstitiale celler (VIC&#39;er) under normale betingelser frembyder en hvilende fænotype med en lav proteinbiosyntesehastighed 7 . Imidlertid er det blevet påvist, at i en patologisk tilstand øges antallet af VIC&#39;er i spongiosa og deres proteinsyntese aktiveres sammen med andre funktionelle og fænotypiske ændringer 8 . Det er derfor ikke overraskende, at de minimale data, der er tilgængelige iLitteraturen fokuserer på analysen af ​​patologiske mitralventiler 9 , 10 , hvor det øgede antal aktiverede VIC&#39;er kan forklare det forholdsvis høje antal identificerede proteiner. Som konklusion kan den foreliggende protokol tjene til at udvikle forståelsen af ​​de patogene mekanismer, der er ansvarlige for mitralventil sygdomme gennem undersøgelsen af ​​mitralventilproteinkomponenter. En større forståelse af de underliggende patologiske processer kunne faktisk bidrage til at forbedre den kliniske styring af ventilsygdomme, hvis nuværende indikationer for intervention i høj grad er baseret på hæmodynamiske overvejelser.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.9 % NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eurocollins A</td>
			<td>SALF</td>
			<td>30874046</td>
			<td>Balanced organ&#39;s transport medium. Combine 400 mL of Eurocollins A with 100 mL Eurocollins B to obtain balanced medium Eurocollins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eurocollins B</td>
			<td>SALF</td>
			<td>30874022</td>
			<td>Balanced organ&#39;s transport medium. Combine 400 mL of Eurocollins A with 100 mL Eurocollins B to obtain balanced medium Eurocollins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wisconsin</td>
			<td>Bridge life</td>
			<td>RM/N 4081</td>
			<td>Balanced organ&#39;s transport medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biohazard vertical flow air</td>
			<td>Burdinola</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Class A GMP classification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dewar Flask</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Nalgene 4150-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogrinder system</td>
			<td>OPS diagnostics</td>
			<td>CG 08-01</td>
			<td>Grinder system containing mortars, pestles and screwdriver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable sterile scalpel</td>
			<td>Medisafe</td>
			<td>MS-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Autoclavable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel picks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Autoclavable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable sterile drap</td>
			<td>Mon&#38;Tex</td>
			<td>3.307.08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilizing solution with isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>70% isopropyl alcohol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilizing solution with hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6% hydrogen peroxide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette, 1 mL, with tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR international</td>
			<td>PIER90410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4 % w/v CHAPS, 20 mM Trizma, 55 mM Dithiotreitol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>U6504-1KG</td>
			<td>To be used for Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiourea</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>T8656</td>
			<td>To be used for Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>C3023-5GR</td>
			<td>To be used for Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiotreitol</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>D0632-5G</td>
			<td>To be used for Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 50 mL</td>
			<td>PIC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To be used to filter Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RB</td>
			<td>To be used to filter Urea buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PFTE Pestle, 2 mL</td>
			<td>Kartell</td>
			<td>6302</td>
			<td>Part of Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass mortar</td>
			<td>Kartell</td>
			<td>6102</td>
			<td>Part of Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stirrer</td>
			<td>VELP scientifica</td>
			<td>Stirrer DLH</td>
			<td>To be used for homogenization by Potter-Elvehjem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bradford Protein assay</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad laboratories</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube rotator</td>
			<td>Pbi International</td>
			<td>F205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene box</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For centrifugation of 1.7 mL centrifuge tubes at 13,000 x g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer -80&#176;C</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision balance</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogenic gloves for liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Professional forced ventilation and natural air convection oven</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>P8340-5ML</td>
			<td>100X solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProteoExtract Protein Precipitation Kit</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>539180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RapiGest</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186001861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytoscape</td>
			<td>www.cytoscape.org</td>
			<td>version 2.7</td>
			<td>Software platform for Gene Ontology analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BiNGO</td>
			<td>http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/bingo</td>
			<td>version 3.0.3</td>
			<td>Plugin for Gene ontology analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlphaB Crystallin/CRYAB Antibody</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP1-97494</td>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibody against CryAB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Septin-11 Antibody</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP1-83824</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody against septin-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FHL1 Antibody</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NBP-188745</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody against FHL-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dermatopontin Antibody</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NB110-68135</td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody against dermatopontin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti mouse IgG HRP</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>A4416-0.5ML</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody for immunoblotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti rabbit IgG HRP</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad laboratories</td>
			<td>170-5046</td>
			<td>Secondary antibody for immunoblotting</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimized protocol for the extraction of proteins from the human mitral valve

Analyse af det cellulære proteom kan bidrage til at belyse de molekylære mekanismer, der ligger til grund for sygdomme som følge af udviklingen af ​​teknologier, som muliggør storskala identifikation og kvantificering af de proteiner, der er til stede i komplekse biologiske systemer. Den viden, der opnås ved en proteomisk tilgang, kan potentielt føre til en Bedre forståelse af de patogene mekanismer, der ligger til grund for sygdomme, hvilket muliggør identifikation af nye diagnostiske og prognostiske sygdomsmarkører og forhåbentlig af terapeutiske mål. Imidlertid repræsenterer den kardiale mitralventil en meget udfordrende prøve til proteomanalyse på grund af den lave cellularitet i proteoglycan og kollagen beriget ekstracellulær matrix. Dette gør det udfordrende at udvinde proteiner til en global proteomanalyse. Dette værk beskriver en protokol, der er kompatibel med efterfølgende proteinanalyse, såsom kvantitativ proteomik og immunoblotting. Dette kan muliggøre korrelation af data vedrG-proteinekspression med data om kvantitativ mRNA-ekspression og ikke-kvantitativ immunhistokemisk analyse. Faktisk vil disse tilgange, når de udføres sammen, føre til en mere omfattende forståelse af de molekylære mekanismer, der ligger til grund for sygdomme, fra mRNA til posttranslationel protein modifikation. Denne metode kan således være relevant for forskere, der er interesseret i undersøgelsen af ​​hjerteventil-fysiopatologi.

Ekstraktionen og opløsningen af ​​proteiner i urinstofpufferen er direkte kompatibel med proteomiske metoder baseret på isoelektrofokusering (todimensionel elektroforese (2-DE) 11 og flydende fase isoelektrisk fokusering (IEF) 12 ) og med immunoblottning efter fortynding i Laemmli-buffer 13 Indeholdende en proteaseinhibitor cocktail 14 . <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.withi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve at JoVE.com

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Proteinsammensætningen af ​​den humane mitralventil er stadig delvis ukendt, fordi dens analyse er kompliceret ved lav cellulæritet og derfor ved lav proteinbiosyntese. Dette arbejde tilvejebringer en protokol til effektivt at ekstrahere protein til analyse af mitralventilproteomet.

Optimeret protokol til ekstraktion af proteiner fra humanmitralventilen

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

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Purification of Biotinylated Cell Surface Proteins from Rhipicephalus microplus Epithelial Gut Cells

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Oprensning af biotinylerede celleoverfladeproteiner fra<em&gt; Rhipicephalus microplus</em&gt; Epitelceller

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A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

En enkel fraktioneret ekstraktionsmetode til den omfattende analyse af metabolitter, lipider og proteiner fra en enkelt prøve

Understanding of complex biological systems requires the measurement, analysis and integration of multiple compound classes of the living cell, usually ...

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Prøveudtagning og forbehandling af tand emalje carbonat for stabil Carbon og Oxygen isotop analyser

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of human and animal tooth enamel carbonate has been applied in paleodietary, paleoecological, and ...

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Kovalente immobilisering af proteiner for enkelt molekyle kraft spektroskopi

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS)

Characterization of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering SEC-MALS

Karakterisering af proteiner efter størrelse-eksklusions kromatografi koblet til multi-vinkel Light spredning (SEC-MALS)

Analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), commonly used for the determination of the molecular weight of proteins and protein-protein complexes in ...

Transverse Sectioning of Mature Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Kernels for Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Using Pipette Tips as Immobilization Support

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Tværgående 2000 af ældre ris(Oryza sativa L.) Kerner til scanning elektronmikroskopi imaging ved hjælp af pipette tips som immobilisering Support

Starch granules (SGs) exhibit different morphologies depending on the plant species, especially in the endosperm of the Poaceae family. Endosperm ...

Optimized Incorporation of Alkynyl Fatty Acid Analogs for the Detection of Fatty Acylated Proteins using Click Chemistry

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Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered regions within proteins make up a large and functionally significant part of the human ...

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Cannabidiolic Acid from Cannabis Biomass

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Industrial hemp (Cannabis spp.) has many compounds of interest with potential medical benefits. Of these compounds, cannabinoids have come to the center ...