Name: an integrated system to remotely trigger intracellular signal transduction by upconversion nanoparticle-mediated kinase photoactivation
Uploaded: 2017-08-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation at JoVE.com

Vi takker Nano videnskab og teknologi Program af Academia Sinica og ministeriet for videnskab og teknologi i Taiwan for finansiering (101-2113-M-001-001-MY2; 103-2113-M-001-028-MY2).

Bemærk: protokollen beskriver en detaljeret instrumentation modifikation for upconversion-assisteret photoactivation, en syntetisk procedure til at generere bur PKA-UCNP, transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi (TEM) af silica-belagt UCNP og bur PKA-UCNP prøver, UV og NIR fotolyse setup, celle forberedelse, PKA-UCNP mikroinjektion, en photoactivation undersøgelse og stress fiber farvning af celler, REF52.
 1. Fluorimeter Setup for Upconversion spektrum måling <ol><li>installere en 4 X mål li...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-Infrared+Light+Photocontrolled+Targeting,+Bioimaging,+and+Chemotherapy+with+Caged+Upconversion+Nanoparticles+in+Vitro+and+in+Vivo.">Near-Infrared Light Photocontrolled Targeting, Bioimaging, and Chemotherapy with Caged Upconversion Nanoparticles in Vitro and in Vivo.</a> ACS Nano. 7 (10), 8516-8528 (2013).</li><li>Min, Y. Z., Li, J. M., Liu, F., Yeow, E. K. L., Xing, B. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIR+Light+Controlled+Photorelease+of+siRNA+and+Its+Targeted+Intracellular+Delivery+Based+on+Upconversion+Nanoparticles.">NIR Light Controlled Photorelease of siRNA and Its Targeted Intracellular Delivery Based on Upconversion Nanoparticles.</a> Nanoscale. 5 (1), 231-238 (2013).</li><li>Wu, T. Q., Barker, M., Arafeh, K. M., Boyer, J. C., Carling, C. J., Branda, N. 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Tidligere fandt Hofmann og kolleger, at dramatiske morfologiske ændringer blev observeret i REF52 celler efter mikroinjektion af den gratis PKA19. I en anden undersøgelse viste gruppen Lawrence at bur PKA kan være aktiveret i vivo, førende til morfologiske ændringer og opløsningen af stress fibre når de udsættes for UV fotolyse20. Tidligere rapporter om at udnytte upconverted UV lys til photoactivation viste aktivering af flere UCNP-assisteret, bur, små mo...

Kemisk modificerede proteiner, der kan være photoactivated (fx PKA bur proteiner) er blevet udviklet som et spirende felt i kemisk biologi til ikke-invasivt manipulere intercellulære biokemiske processer1,2 ,3. Ved hjælp af lys, som en stimulus giver fremragende spatiotemporelle opløsning, når du aktiverer disse bur proteiner. Men UV-lys kan forårsage uønskede morfologiske ændringer, apoptose og DNA skader på celler4,5. Derfor, den seneste udvikling i udformningen af photocaging grupper fokuserer på aktivering photocleavage efter længere bølgelængde eller to-foton excitation at reducere fototoksicitet, samt øge dybe væv penetration6,7. Anbringelse i bur grupper, der reagerer på længere bølgelængde tillader os at vælge egnet uncaging bølgelængder (dvs.kanaler) til selektivt aktivere bioeffectors når to eller flere grupper, anbringelse i bur er nuværende7. Givet disse nyttige funktioner, er udvikle nye røde lys photocaging grupper meget vigtige opstrøms arbejde i fotokemisk metoder til biologiske undersøgelser spænder fra sondering mekanismer af reaktionerne kontrollerende cellulære aktiviteter8. Ikke desto mindre en to-foton anbringelse i bur gruppe er normalt også hydrofobe på grund af sammenvoksede aromatisk ring struktur, og et synligt lys anbringelse i bur gruppe er normalt metalorganiske, med aromatiske ligander. Hydrofobe/aromatiske egenskaben er ikke egnet, når bioeffector er et protein eller enzym, som det denaturerer aktiveringswebsted enzym/protein og forårsager tab af funktion, selvom konjugering og fotolyse stadig arbejde på det kemiske niveau2 ,9.
UCNPs er effektive transducere, der konvertere NIR excitations lys til UV. Denne unikke og fascinerende egenskab af UCNPs har tilbudt realistiske beslutninger for at løse udfordringerne forbundet med photoactivation og udløst kontrolleret frigivelse af små molekyler, herunder folinsyre10, cisplatin derivater11 , DNA/siRNA12, copolymer vesikler13og hule partikler14. Dog til bedst af vores viden, er den UCNP-assisteret photoactivation af enzymer og proteiner ikke blevet testet indtil videre. Fordi der er ingen vellykket sag for at bruge rødt lys eller NIR til photoactive et enzym, vi blev bedt om at udføre aktiveringen af NIR-udløst af en protein/enzym konstruktion består af kemisk modificerede bur enzym komplekser med en silica-belagt, lanthanide-doped UCNP15. I denne undersøgelse, var UCNP konjugeret med et hurtigt reagerende signaltransduktion kinase i form af bur PKA. PKA styrer glykogen syntese og cytoskeletal forordning, der reagerer på eksterne stimuli via cyklisk adenosin fosfat (cAMP) forordning i cytosol16. Vi studerede gennemførligheden af enzymet aktivering i tidsmæssige og rumlige manerer i en cellulær eksperiment efter NIR bestråling. Denne UCNP-assisteret photoactivation platform er en ny metode til at photoactivate et enzym ved hjælp af NIR og undgår uønskede signaltransduktion svar fra celler forårsaget af konventionelle UV bestråling2,4.
Det er meget svært at translocate store bioeffectors (fx proteiner) over cellemembranen til at styre cellulære aktivitet. Selv om partikel-immobiliseret protein kan være lettere at translocate via endocytose ind i cytosol, kan endocytose blive beskadiget eller forringet via endosomal fastklemning og den deraf følgende forringelse af lysosomale2,4. Selvom den bur protein er stadig funktionel efter membran omplantning, kan de omplantede mængder ikke være nok til at udløse den cellulære reaktion2,17. I skarp kontrast er mikroinjektion en direkte og kvantitativ tilgang til at levere store bioeffectors til cytoplasmaet i en celle. Derudover kræver UCNP-immobiliseret bioeffector upconverted lys skal aktiveres. Derfor, den optiske instrumentation kræver yderligere modifikation at måle, visualisere og udnytte upconversion lys. I dette arbejde beskrives levering af et bur PKA-UCNP kompleks til en celle med mikroinjektion og følgende væsentlige spektroskopi og mikroskopi ændringer i NIR photoactivation i detaljer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="985">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:243px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris(hydorxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>154563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>12636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yttrium acetate&#160;hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>326046</td>
			<td>Y(C2H3CO2)3 &#183; xH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thulium(III) acetate hydrate</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>14582</td>
			<td>Tm(CH3CO2)3 &#183; xH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>326011</td>
			<td>Yb(C2H3O2)3 &#183; 4H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1-Octadecene</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>O806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oleic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>364525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Methanol&#160;</td>
			<td>macron</td>
			<td>304168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>30620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium fluoride</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>69804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IGEPAL&#160;CO-520</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>238643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>920601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amomonium hydroxide (28%-30%)</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>972101</td>
			<td>Ammonia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">N-hydroxymaleimide (NHM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>226351</td>
			<td>PKA activity blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Prionex protein stabilizer solution from hog collagen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>81662</td>
			<td>Protein stabilizer solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2-nitrobenzyl bromide (NBB)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>107794</td>
			<td>PKA caging reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3&#8242;,5&#8242;-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3912</td>
			<td>8-CPT-cAMP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pyruvate Kinase/Lactic Dehydrogenase enzymes from rabbit muscle</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0294</td>
			<td>PK/LDH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adenosine 5&#39;-triphosphate disodium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2387</td>
			<td>ATP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#946;-NADH reduced from dipotassium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphoenolpyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7127</td>
			<td>PEP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Coomassie Protein Assay Reagent, 950 ml</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td>Bradford assay reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cAMP-dependent protein kinase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V5161</td>
			<td>PKA activity control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pET15b-PKACAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#14921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pKaede-MC1 plasmid</td>
			<td>CoralHue</td>
			<td>AM-V0012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leibovitz L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>01-115-1A</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>04-001-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>ACROS</td>
			<td>416785000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Nucleus staining dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alexa 594-phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A12381</td>
			<td>F-actin staining dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein</td>
			<td>Novabiochem</td>
			<td>8.51082.0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Novabiochem</td>
			<td>8.51030.9999</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce Coomassie (Bradford) Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CelluSep T4 Tubings/Nominal filter rating MWCO 12000-14000 Da</td>
			<td>Membrane Filtration Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>1430-33</td>
			<td>Dialysis membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Millex-HV Syringe Filter Unit, 0.45 &#181;m, PVDF, 13 mm, gamma sterilized</td>
			<td>EMD Milipore</td>
			<td>SLHVX13NL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dynamic Light Scattering/Zetapotential Zetasizer nano-ZS</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>M104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Transmission Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>10075200</td>
			<td>Cary Eclipse&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>10068900</td>
			<td>Cary 50&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Microscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">950 nm longpass filter&#160;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>FEL0950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">850 nm dichroic mirror shortpass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>NC265609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RT3 color CCD system</td>
			<td>SPOT</td>
			<td>RT2520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Illumination</td>
			<td>PRIOR</td>
			<td>Lumen 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">980nm Infra-red diode laser</td>
			<td>CNI</td>
			<td>MDL-N-980-8W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UV LED Spot Light Source</td>
			<td>UVATA</td>
			<td>UVATA-UPS412</td>
			<td>With a UPH-056-365 nm LED at 200 mW/cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermal pile sensor</td>
			<td>OPHIR</td>
			<td>12A-V1-ROHS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Picospritzer III</td>
			<td>Parker Hannifin</td>
			<td>052-0500-900</td>
			<td>Intracellular Microinjection Dispense Systems</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC-10 Needle puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MANOMETER Digital pressure gauge</td>
			<td>Lutron</td>
			<td>PM-9100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">One-axis Oil Hydraulic Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MMO-220A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heraeus Fresco 17 Centrifuge, Refrigerated</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75002421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an integrated system to remotely trigger intracellular signal transduction by upconversion nanoparticle-mediated kinase photoactivation

Upconversion nanopartikel (UCNP)-medieret photoactivation er en ny tilgang til fjernt kontrol bioeffectors med langt mindre fototoksicitet og med dybere væv penetration. De eksisterende instrumenter på markedet er imidlertid ikke vanskeligt kan forenes med upconversion ansøgning. Derfor er modificerer den kommercielt tilgængelige instrument væsentlige for denne forskning. I dette papir illustrere vi først ændringerne af en konventionel fluorimeter og fluorescens mikroskop til at gøre dem forenelige for photon upconversion eksperimenter. Vi derefter beskrive syntesen af et nær-infrarødt (NIR)-udløst bur protein kinase A katalytisk subunit (PKA) immobiliseret på en UCNP kompleks. Parametre for mikroinjektion og NIR photoactivation procedurer er også rapporteret. Efter den bur PKA-UCNP er microinjected i REF52 fibroblastceller, udløser NIR bestråling, som er betydeligt bedre end konventionelle UV-bestråling, effektivt PKA signaltransduktion pathway i levende celler. Derudover bekræfter positive og negative kontrol eksperimenter, at PKA-induceret vejen fører til nedbrydning af stress fibre specifikt er udløst af NIR bestråling. Således, at brugen af protein-modificerede UCNP giver en innovativ tilgang til at fjernstyre lys-moduleret cellulære eksperimenter, hvor direkte eksponering for UV-lys skal undgås.

Design af bur enzym-UCNP konstruktion er illustreret i figur 1. PKA enzym blev først reagerede med 2-nitrobenzyl methylbromid til at generere en inaktiv bur PKA, og det blev derefter elektrostatisk immobiliseret på overfladen af UCNP. UCNPs udsender upconverted lys og derfor spaltes photolytically o-nitrobenzyl grupper på Cys 199 og Cys 343, genererer den aktiverede PKA. TEM billeder og Bradford assay bekræftet at PKA og bur PKA var immobiliseret på over...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation at JoVE.com

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

I denne protokol, bur protein kinase A (PKA), en cellulær signaltransduktion bioeffector, var immobiliseret på en nanopartikel overflade, microinjected ind i cytosol, og aktiveres af upconverted UV-lys fra nær-infrarødt (NIR) bestråling, inducerende downstream stress fiber opløsning i cytosol.

Et integreret System til at fjernt udløse intracellulære signaltransduktion af Upconversion nanopartikel-medieret Kinase Photoactivation

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Et eksperimentelt system til Studieinformationen Mechanotransduction i føtale lungeceller

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

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3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

3D Orbital Tracking i en modificeret to-foton mikroskop: en ansøgning til sporing af intracellulære vesikler

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

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Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

An Orbital Shaking Culture of Mammalian Cells in O-shaped Vessels to Produce Uniform Aggregates

En Orbital ryster kultur i pattedyrsceller i O-formede fartøjer til at producere Uniform aggregeringer

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

En ny kirurgisk teknik som et fundament for In Vivo delvis lever ingeniør i rotten

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

Protein Kinase C-delta hæmmer peptid formulering bruger guld nanopartikler

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

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Påvisning af Endotoxin i Nano-formuleringer bruger Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells

Laminin-111 (Ln1) is an essential part of the extracellular matrix in epithelia, muscle and neural systems. We have previously demonstrated that the ...