Name: an integrated system to remotely trigger intracellular signal transduction by upconversion nanoparticle-mediated kinase photoactivation
Uploaded: 2017-08-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation at JoVE.com

우리는 자금 (101-2113-M-001-001-MY2; 103-2113-M-001-028-MY2)에 대 한 나노 과학 및 기술 프로그램의 학계 Sinica 사역의 과학 및 기술의 대만 감사합니다.

참고: 프로토콜 업 기반 photoactivation에 대 한 자세한 계측 수정, 생성 하는 합성 절차 갇힌 PKA-UCNP, 실리 카 코팅 UCNP의 전송 전자 현미경 (TEM) 그리고 갇힌 PKA UCNP 샘플, 자외선과 NIR photolysis 설치, 셀 준비, PKA-UCNP microinjection, photoactivation 연구 및 REF52 세포의 스트레스 섬유 얼룩.
 1. 업 스펙트럼 측정을 위한 Fluorimeter 설치 <ol><li>레이저는 베트의 중간에 초점을 맞추고 형광 분석?...

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이전에 호프만 및 동료 발견 극적인 형태 변화 무료 PKA19의 microinjection 후 REF52 세포에서 관찰 되었다. 또 다른 연구에서는 로렌스 그룹 갇힌된 PKA 형태학 변화 및 스트레스 섬유 때 UV photolysis20의 해체를 활성화 vivo에서, 될 수 있는 시연 했다. 이전 이용 upconverted 자외선은 photoactivation 여러 UCNP 지원, 감 금, 작은 분자 bioeffectors21,<su...

Photoactivated (예를 들면, PKA 갇힌 단백질)을 될 수 있는 화학적 수정된 단백질 화학 생물학 세포 생화학 프로세스1,2 비 접촉 조작 하는 신흥 분야로 개발 되었습니다. 3. 이 활성화할 때 우수한 spatiotemporal 해상도 제공 하는 자극으로 빛을 사용 하 여 단백질 갇힌. 그러나, UV 빛 원치 않는 형태학, apoptosis, 변화와 셀4,5에 DNA 손상을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 따라서, photocaging 그룹의 최근 개발 디자인에 phototoxicity, 또한 깊은 조직 침투6,7증가로 줄이기 위해 긴 파장 또는 2 광자 여기 시 photocleavage를 사용에 초점을. 배우면 그룹 있도록 적당 한 uncaging 파장 (즉, 채널)을 선택 하는 것을 선택적으로 더 긴 파장에 반응 활성화 bioeffectors 두 개 또는 더 배우면 그룹은 현재7. 이러한 유용한 기능을 감안할 때, 새로운 레드 라이트 photocaging 그룹 개발8세포 활동 제어 하는 반응의 메커니즘을 탐색에서 배열 하는 생물학 학문을 위한 광화학 방법론에서 매우 중요 한 상류 작업 이다. 그럼에도 불구 하 고, 2 광자 배우면 그룹 일반적으로 너무 소수 융합된 향기로운 반지 구조 때문 이며 가시광선 배우면 그룹은 일반적으로 유기, 향기로운 ligands. 이 소수 성/향기로운 속성은 bioeffector은 단백질 또는 효소, 효소/단백질의 활성화 사이트를 변성 하 고 활용 및 photolysis2 화학 수준에 아직도 작동 하는 경우에 함수의 손실이 발생 하는 경우 적합 하지 않습니다. ,9.
UCNPs는 UV에 적외선 여기 빛을 변환 하는 효율적인 트랜스듀서. 과제를 해결 하기 위해 현실적인 해상도 photoactivation와 관련 된 및 작은 분자, 엽 산10를 포함 하 여 cisplatin 파생 상품11의 제어 릴리스 트리거 UCNPs의이 독특하고 매혹적인 속성 제공 , DNA/siRNA12, 공중 합체의 소포13, 그리고 빈 입자14. 그러나, 우리의 지식의 최선을, 효소 또는 단백질의 UCNP를 이용한 photoactivation는 테스트 되지 지금까지. 사용 하 여 붉은 빛 또는 적외선 광 효소의 성공적인 경우 있기 때문에, 우리는 실리 카 코팅와 화학적 수정된 갇힌된 효소 복합물의 구성 하는 단백질/효소 구조의 NIR 트리거 활성화를 수행 하 라는 메시지가 표시 했다 란타넘족 실수로 UCNP15. 이 연구는 UCNP 갇힌된 PKA의 형태로 빠르게 반응 신호 변환 키로 활용 했다. PKA는 glycogen 합성 cytosol16순환 아데노신 인산 염 (야영지) 규제를 통해 외부 자극에 응답 하는 cytoskeletal 규칙을 제어 합니다. 우리는 적외선 방사선 조사 후 세포 실험에서 시간적, 공간적 매너에서 효소 활성화의 가능성을 공부 했습니다. 이 UCNP 기반 photoactivation 플랫폼 photoactivate에 새로운 방법론 NIR를 사용 하 여 효소 이며 기존의 UV 방사선 조사2,4로 인 한 세포에서 원하지 않는 신호 변환 응답을 피 한다.
그것은 매우 어려운 큰 bioeffectors를 이동 (예를 들어, 단백질) 세포 활동을 제어 하는 세포 막에 걸쳐. 단백질 입자 움직일 수 있지만 쉽게 하는 cytosol로 endocytosis를 통해 이동, endocytosis 손상 또는 endosomal 함정 및 필연적인 lysosomal 저하2,4통해 저하 수 있습니다. 갇힌된 단백질은 막 전 후 여전히 기능, 경우에 translocated 금액 세포질 응답2,17를 일으킬 정도로 되지 않을 수 있습니다. 예리한 대조에서는, microinjection 세포의 세포질에 큰 bioeffectors를 제공 하는 직접적이 고 양적 접근 이다. 또한, UCNP 움직일 bioeffector upconverted 빛을 활성화 해야 합니다. 따라서, 광학 계측 해야 추가 측정, 시각화, 업 라이트를 활용 하는 수정을 합니다. 이 작품에서는, NIR photoactivation에 대 한 microinjection 및 다음 필수 분광학과 현미경 수정을 사용 하 여 셀에 갇힌된 PKA UCNP 복합물의 배달 자세히 설명 합니다.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:431px;">Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:243px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris(hydorxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>154563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>12636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yttrium acetate&#160;hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>326046</td>
			<td>Y(C2H3CO2)3 &#183; xH2O</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thulium(III) acetate hydrate</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>14582</td>
			<td>Tm(CH3CO2)3 &#183; xH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ytterbium(III) acetate tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>326011</td>
			<td>Yb(C2H3O2)3 &#183; 4H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1-Octadecene</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>O806</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oleic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>364525</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Methanol&#160;</td>
			<td>macron</td>
			<td>304168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>30620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium fluoride</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>69804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IGEPAL&#160;CO-520</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>238643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>920601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amomonium hydroxide (28%-30%)</td>
			<td>J.T.Baker</td>
			<td>972101</td>
			<td>Ammonia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>8658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">N-hydroxymaleimide (NHM)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>226351</td>
			<td>PKA activity blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Prionex protein stabilizer solution from hog collagen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>81662</td>
			<td>Protein stabilizer solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2-nitrobenzyl bromide (NBB)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>107794</td>
			<td>PKA caging reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3&#8242;,5&#8242;-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3912</td>
			<td>8-CPT-cAMP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pyruvate Kinase/Lactic Dehydrogenase enzymes from rabbit muscle</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0294</td>
			<td>PK/LDH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adenosine 5&#39;-triphosphate disodium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2387</td>
			<td>ATP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#946;-NADH reduced from dipotassium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphoenolpyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7127</td>
			<td>PEP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Coomassie Protein Assay Reagent, 950 ml</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td>Bradford assay reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">cAMP-dependent protein kinase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V5161</td>
			<td>PKA activity control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pET15b-PKACAT plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#14921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pKaede-MC1 plasmid</td>
			<td>CoralHue</td>
			<td>AM-V0012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leibovitz L-15 Medium</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>01-115-1A</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>04-001-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>ACROS</td>
			<td>416785000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Nucleus staining dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alexa 594-phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A12381</td>
			<td>F-actin staining dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein</td>
			<td>Novabiochem</td>
			<td>8.51082.0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Novabiochem</td>
			<td>8.51030.9999</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce Coomassie (Bradford) Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CelluSep T4 Tubings/Nominal filter rating MWCO 12000-14000 Da</td>
			<td>Membrane Filtration Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>1430-33</td>
			<td>Dialysis membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Millex-HV Syringe Filter Unit, 0.45 &#181;m, PVDF, 13 mm, gamma sterilized</td>
			<td>EMD Milipore</td>
			<td>SLHVX13NL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dynamic Light Scattering/Zetapotential Zetasizer nano-ZS</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>M104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Transmission Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>10075200</td>
			<td>Cary Eclipse&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>10068900</td>
			<td>Cary 50&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Microscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">950 nm longpass filter&#160;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>FEL0950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">850 nm dichroic mirror shortpass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>NC265609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RT3 color CCD system</td>
			<td>SPOT</td>
			<td>RT2520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescence Illumination</td>
			<td>PRIOR</td>
			<td>Lumen 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">980nm Infra-red diode laser</td>
			<td>CNI</td>
			<td>MDL-N-980-8W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UV LED Spot Light Source</td>
			<td>UVATA</td>
			<td>UVATA-UPS412</td>
			<td>With a UPH-056-365 nm LED at 200 mW/cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermal pile sensor</td>
			<td>OPHIR</td>
			<td>12A-V1-ROHS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Picospritzer III</td>
			<td>Parker Hannifin</td>
			<td>052-0500-900</td>
			<td>Intracellular Microinjection Dispense Systems</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC-10 Needle puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MANOMETER Digital pressure gauge</td>
			<td>Lutron</td>
			<td>PM-9100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">One-axis Oil Hydraulic Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MMO-220A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heraeus Fresco 17 Centrifuge, Refrigerated</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>75002421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an integrated system to remotely trigger intracellular signal transduction by upconversion nanoparticle-mediated kinase photoactivation

업 나노 (UCNP)-중재 photoactivation 원격 제어 bioeffectors 훨씬 적은 phototoxicity와 깊은 조직 침투 하는 새로운 접근입니다. 그러나, 시장에 기존 계측 쉽게 업 응용 프로그램과 호환 되지 않습니다. 따라서, 상업적으로 이용 가능한 악기 수정이 연구에 대 한 필수적입니다. 이 논문에서는, 우리가 먼저 기존의 fluorimeter와 광자 업 실험에 대 한 호환 수 있도록 형광 현미경의 수정을 보여 줍니다. 다음 우리는 근처-적외선 (NIR)의 합성을 설명-갇힌된 단백질 키 니 아 제 A 촉매 소 단위 (PKA) UCNP 복합물에 움직일 트리거. Microinjection 및 NIR photoactivation 절차에 대 한 매개 변수는 또한 보고 했다. 갇힌된 PKA UCNP REF52 fibroblast 세포에 microinjected는, 후는 기존의 UV 방사선에 상당히 우수한, NIR 방사선 살아있는 세포에서 PKA 신호 변환 통로를 효율적으로 트리거합니다. 또한, 긍정적이 고 부정적인 제어 실험 스트레스 섬유의 해체에 지도 하는 PKA 유도 통로 적외선 조사에 의해 트리거됩니다 구체적으로 확인 합니다. 따라서, 단백질 수정 UCNP 사용 하 여 빛 변조 세포 실험, 자외선에 직접 노출 피해 야 한다를 원격으로 제어 하는 혁신적인 접근 방식을 제공 합니다.

갇힌된 효소 UCNP 구조물의 디자인은 그림 1에 나와 있습니다. PKA 효소는 먼저 비활성 갇힌된 PKA를 생성 하기 위해 2-nitrobenzyl 브 로마 이드와 반응 하 고 UCNP의 표면에 정전 움직일 다음 이었다. UCNPs는 upconverted 빛을 방출 하 고 결과적으로 photolytically o nitrobenzyl 그룹 199 Cys Cys 343, 활성화 된 PKA를 생성에 쪼개 다. 가장 이미지와 Bradford 분석 실험 확인 PKA?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation at JoVE.com

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation

이 프로토콜에 갇힌된 단백질 키 니 아 제 A (PKA), 셀룰러 신호 변환 bioeffector 나노 입자 표면에 움직일, cytosol에 microinjected 이었고 upconverted 근처-적외선 (NIR) 방사선에서 자외선에 의해 활성화 유도 다운스트림 스트레스는 cytosol에서 섬유 분해.

원격으로 업 컨버전 나노 중재 니 Photoactivation에 의해 세포내 신호 변환 하는 통합된 시스템

Upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-mediated photoactivation is a new approach to remotely control bioeffectors with much less phototoxicity and with deeper ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

의 순환 압력 생물 반응기 설계 예 VIVO</em대동맥 심장 밸브> 학습

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

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생체공학

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

태아의 폐 세포에 Mechanotransduction을 공부하는 실험적 시스템

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

전체 피부 결함 모델은 생체의 혈관 신생을 평가하기<em&gt; 생체</em

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

수정 된 두 개의 광자 현미경에서 3D 궤도 추적 : 세포 내 소포의 추적에 응용

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

제조 및 통합된 전극 Transendothelial 전기 저항을 직접 측정 하는 기관-온-칩 시스템의 유효성 검사

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

An Orbital Shaking Culture of Mammalian Cells in O-shaped Vessels to Produce Uniform Aggregates

균일 한 골 재를 생산 하 오 모양의 혈관에 포유류 세포의 문화를 떨고는 궤도

Suspension cultures of mammalian cell aggregates are required for various applications in medical and biotechnological fields. The disposable bag-based ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Vivo에서 부분 간 엔지니어링을에서 위한 쥐를 기초로 새로운 수술 기법

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles

단백질 키 니 아 제 C 델타 억제제 펩 티 드 배합 금 나노 입자를 사용 하 여

Protein kinase C-delta inhibitor (PKC&#948;i) is a promising drug to prevent ischemia-reperfusion-induced organ injury. It is usually conjugated to a ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

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When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells

Laminin-111 (Ln1) is an essential part of the extracellular matrix in epithelia, muscle and neural systems. We have previously demonstrated that the ...