Name: quantifying branching density in rat mammary gland whole-mounts using the sholl analysis method
Uploaded: 2017-07-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method at JoVE.com

作者要感谢Michael Easterling博士（社会和科学系统公司，达勒姆，NC），他对这种方法的验证和Tiago Ferreira博士（加拿大魁北克蒙特利尔的麦吉尔大学）持续不断的协助协助Sholl申请。

本研究的所有动物使用和手术均由NIEHS实验室动物护理和使用委员会批准，并在实验动物护理认证机构评估和认证协会进行。 消费乳腺<ol><li>使用二甲苯防止方法（铅笔效果最佳）预先标记所有的幻灯片。在末端覆盖安装解决方案以保护标签。 </li><li>通过机构动物保护和使用委员会批准的方法对动物进行安乐死。 </li><li>安乐死后，将动物放在解剖板上（ 图1<...

<ol>
	<li>Sholl, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+organization+of+the+neurons+in+the+visual+and+motor+cortices+of+the+cat.">Dendritic organization of the neurons in the visual and motor cortices of the cat.</a> J Anat. 87 (4), 387-406 (1953).</li><li>Ferreira, T. A., Iacono, L. L., Gross, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+receptor+1A+modulates+actin+dynamics+and+restricts+dendritic+growth+in+hippocampal+neurons.">Serotonin receptor 1A modulates actin dynamics and restricts dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 32 (1), 18-26 (2010).</li><li>Stanko, J. P., Easterling, M. R., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Sholl+analysis+to+quantify+changes+in+growth+and+development+in+rat+mammary+gland+whole+mounts.">Application of Sholl analysis to quantify changes in growth and development in rat mammary gland whole mounts.</a> Reprod Toxicol. 54, 129-135 (2015).</li><li>Assis, S., Warri, A., Cruz, M. I., Hilakivi-Clarke, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+Mammary+Gland+Morphology+and+Breast+Cancer+Risk+in+Rats.">Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (44), e2260 (2010).</li><li>Plante, I., Stewart, M. K., Laird, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Mammary+Gland+Development+and+Function+in+Mouse+Models.">Evaluation of Mammary Gland Development and Function in Mouse Models.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2828 (2011).</li><li>ImageJ User Guide. IJ 1.46r. ImageJ Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide/146.html</a> (2012)</li><li>Tucker, D. K., Foley, J. F., Hayes-Bouknight, S. A., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+High-quality+Hematoxylin+and+Eosin-stained+Sections+from+Rodent+Mammary+Gland+Whole+Mounts+for+Histopathologic+Review.">Preparation of High-quality Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained Sections from Rodent Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Histopathologic Review.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 44 (7), 1059-1064 (2016).</li><li>Fenton, S. E., Hamm, J. T., Birnbaum, L. S., Youngblood, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+abnormalities+in+the+rat+mammary+gland+following+gestational+and+lactational+exposure+to+2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin+(TCDD).">Persistent abnormalities in the rat mammary gland following gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).</a> Toxicol Sci. 67 (1), 63-74 (2002).</li><li>Murray, T. J., Maffini, M. V., Ucci, A. A., Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+mammary+gland+ductal+hyperplasias+and+carcinoma+in+situ+following+fetal+bisphenol+A+exposure.">Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure.</a> Reprod Toxicol. 23 (3), 383-390 (2007).</li><li>Moral, R., Santucci-Pereira, J., Wang, R., Russo, I. H., Lamartiniere, C. A., Russo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+exposure+to+butyl+benzyl+phthalate+induces+modifications+in+the+morphology+and+the+gene+expression+profile+of+the+mammary+gland:+an+experimental+study+in+rats.">In utero exposure to butyl benzyl phthalate induces modifications in the morphology and the gene expression profile of the mammary gland: an experimental study in rats.</a> Environ Health. 10 (1), 5 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, M. D., Mueller, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+dimensional+multiphoton+imaging+of+fresh+and+whole+mount+developing+mouse+mammary+glands.">Three dimensional multiphoton imaging of fresh and whole mount developing mouse mammary glands.</a> BMC Cancer. 13, 373 (2013).</li><li>Enoch, R. R., Stanko, J. P., Greiner, S. N., Youngblood, G. L., Rayner, J. L., Fenton, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammary+gland+development+as+a+sensitive+end+point+after+acute+prenatal+exposure+to+an+atrazine+metabolite+mixture+in+female+Long-Evans+rats.">Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point after acute prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats.</a> Environ Health Persp. 115 (4), 541-547 (2007).</li><li>Hovey, R. C., Coder, P. S., Wolf, J. C., Sielken, R. L., Tisdel, M. O., Breckenridge, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+mammary+gland+development+in+female+Long+Evans+rats+following+in+utero+exposure+to+atrazine.">Quantitative assessment of mammary gland development in female Long Evans rats following in utero exposure to atrazine.</a> Toxicol Sci. 119 (2), 380-390 (2011).</li><li>Mandrup, K. R., Hass, U., Christiansen, S., Boberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perinatal+ethinyl+oestradiol+alters+mammary+gland+development+in+male+and+female+Wistar+rats.">Perinatal ethinyl oestradiol alters mammary gland development in male and female Wistar rats.</a> Inter J of Androl. 35 (3), 385-396 (2012).</li></ol>

从出生到青春期，乳腺生长是异速生长的。青春期后，乳腺通过广泛的导管分支和伸长发展，直到乳腺上皮占据整个脂肪垫。分支特征是乳腺发育的一个重要方面，客观量化这些特征的能力对于评估正常乳腺发育和识别早期暴露于乳腺有毒物质的异常发育是非常有用的。 评估形态特征，量化基本尺寸测量和计数乳腺结构是评估乳腺发育的典型方法。然而，由于啮齿动物乳腺?...

乳腺分支是通常被评估为腺体发育指标的特征，但难以客观量化。 1953年，Sholl 1描述了一种用于测量猫的视觉和运动皮质中的神经元树突状结构的方法，Ferriera 等人 2开发了一种用于该技术的插件。因为神经元和乳腺都具有类似的树状结构，所以该插件用于定量乳腺上皮分支密度在青春期大鼠乳腺的2D图像中。选择年龄阶段进行分析，因为断奶是在学术实验室和测试指南研究中经常评估的生命阶段。 Sholl分析是与FIJI一起分发的插件，它是开源图像处理软件包ImageJ，并附加了一些插件。该插件创建了一系列围绕predef的同心环（通常是神经元的神经元或乳腺的主要管道的起源）并延伸到物体的最远部分（包围半径）。然后计算每个环上发生的交点数（N）。该插件还返回一个Sholl回归系数（ k ），它是上皮分支衰减速率的量度。 使用ImageJ，创建乳腺整体的骨架图像，并测量乳腺上皮区域（MEA）。使用Sholl分析插件分析图像，并返回N和k的值以及其中未使用的其他值。通过计算N / MEA确定乳腺上皮分支密度。分支持续在腺上皮的外部区域的程度是分支复杂性，并且是均匀的远端上皮生长的指标。因为k是海拔远端下降的量度elial分支，它是分支复杂性的有效措施和乳腺发育的可靠指标。 该协议描述了一种计算机辅助方法，用于创建乳腺整体的骨架图像，并定量评估年龄男性和雌性大鼠的乳腺分支特征。这种方法相对较快，不需要使用专门的显微镜设备。该方法的开发和验证在Stanko 等人 （2015） 3 。本报告还介绍了大鼠乳腺整体的制备方法。 de Assis 等人已经描述了类似的乳腺整体手术（2010） 4和Plante et al。 （2011） 5 。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1069">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Dissecting board</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:439px;">A piece of styrofoam roughly 10&#34;x12&#34; is suitable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Dissecting T-Pins</td>
			<td>Daigger</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">EF7419A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Spray bottle with ethanol</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">NA</td>
			<td>70% ethanol is suitable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Curved dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">14569-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Straight dissecing scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">14568-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">11003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:245px;">Superfrost Plus 24x75x1 mm microscope slides</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4951PLUS-001</td>
			<td style="width:439px;">Thermo Scientific Superfrost Plus &#38; Colorfrost Plus slides hold tissue sections on permanently without the need for expensive coatings in IHC and Anatomical Pathology applications. This treatment reduces tissue loss during staining as well as hours of slide preparation. Slides electro-statically attract frozen tissue sections and cytology preparations and feature a chemistry similar to silane, although optimized to improve application performance. 
			https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/4951PLUS4.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:245px;">Fisherfinest Premium Cover Glass 24x60x1 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">12-548-5P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:245px;">Bemis Parafilm M Laboratory Wrapping Film</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">13-374-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Ethanol absolute, &#8805;99.8% (GC)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">24102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>214736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carmine alum&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Aluminum potassium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Permount mounting media</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">SP15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Macroscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Z16 APO&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:439px;">This is the image capturing hardware and software used in this laboratory.&#160; As there are many different options, the methods and applications may vary between laboratories.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Digital camera</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">DFC295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Camera software</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Leica Application Suite v3.1&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">ImageJ software</td>
			<td>Open source</td>
			<td>http://imagej.net/Welcome</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Sholl analysis&#160;</td>
			<td>Open source</td>
			<td>http://imagej.net/Sholl_Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying branching density in rat mammary gland whole-mounts using the sholl analysis method

越来越多的研究正在利用啮齿动物乳腺作为评估化学物质暴露的发育毒性的终点。这些暴露对乳腺发育的影响通常使用基本尺寸测量或通过评定形态学特征来评估。然而，解释发展变化的广泛方法可能导致实验室之间的翻译不一致。需要一种常见的评估方法，以便从研究中进行比较的数据形成适当的解释。本研究描述了Sholl分析方法应用于定量乳腺分支特征。 Sholl方法最初开发用于量化神经元树突状模式。通过使用ImageJ，开源图像分析软件包和为此分析开发的插件，乳腺分支密度和复杂性确定来自年龄大的雌性大鼠的乳腺。这里描述的方法将能够使用Sholl分析作为定量乳腺发育重要特征的有效工具。

在本方案中分析的乳腺的测量封闭半径，MEA，N， k和计算的分支密度的值报告在表1中 。 Sholl分析产生每个半径处的交点数（ 图9 ）的线性和半对数图 ，如果选择，则生成交点的热图（ 图10 ）。欠发达的腺体在同一MEA内表现出较少的交叉点，因此具有较低的支化密度。发育良好的腺体?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method at JoVE.com

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

通常使用描述性评估或通过测量基本物理属性来评估啮齿动物中的乳腺发育。分支密度是乳腺发育的一个指标，难以客观量化。该方案描述了乳腺分支特征定量评估的可靠方法。

使用Sholl分析方法量化大鼠乳腺组织中的分支密度

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

斑马鱼幼虫骨骼肌诚信与伊文思蓝分析

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

科研

发育生物学

A Method for Lineage Tracing of Corneal Cells Using Multi-color Fluorescent Reporter Mice

方法对角膜细胞的谱系追踪使用多色荧光记者小鼠

Lineage tracing experiments define the origin, fate and behavior of cells in a specific tissue or organism. This technique has been successfully applied ...

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

方法来检查淋巴腺和血细胞中<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Many parallels exist between the Drosophila and mammalian hematopoietic systems, even though Drosophila lack the lymphoid lineage that characterize ...

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

在Active ERK的时空分析<em&gt;℃。线虫</em&gt;生殖系

The evolutionarily conserved&#160;extracellular signal transducing RTK-RAS-ERK pathway is an important kinase-signaling cascade that controls multiple ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

5-mC点印迹测定定量软骨细胞去分化的DNA甲基化水平<em&gt;体外</em

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

通过细胞外囊泡/外来体转移乳腺基质上皮细胞和乳腺腔细胞之间的乳腺形成能力

Cells can communicate via exosomes, ~100-nm extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Non-adherent/mesenchymal ...

Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands

蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用的分析和鼠乳腺中间隙，紧密和粘附连接部位之间的共定位

Cell-cell interactions play a pivotal role in preserving tissue integrity and the barrier between the different compartments of the mammary gland. These ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

新型乳腺脂肪移植技术可视化血管内皮干细胞的血管生成

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

成人果蝇脑内蘑菇体和感光神经元的解剖和荧光染色

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

用扫描电镜和全贴免疫荧光技术可视化小鼠胚胎中的节点和外型板

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...