Name: an experimental protocol for assessing the performance of new ultrasound probes based on cmut technology in application to brain imaging
Uploaded: 2017-09-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi parcialmente apoiado pelos governos nacionais e da União Europeia, através do projeto de ENIAC JU DeNeCoR sob o número 324257 do contrato de concessão. Os autores gostaria de agradecer a Prof Giovanni Magenes, Prof Piero Tortoli e Dr. Giosuè Caliano pelo precioso apoio, supervisão e observações perspicazes que tornou este trabalho possível. Agradecemos também a Prof Egidio D'Angelo e seu grupo (Lab. BCC), juntamente com a Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Mondino, por fornecer o rastreamento de movimento e instrumentação do senhor e Giancarlo Germani senhor aquisições. Finalmente, gostaríamos de agradecer ao Dr. Nicoletta Caramia, Dr. Alessandro Dallai e Sra. Barbara Mauti seu valioso apoio técnico e Sr. Walter Volpi para fornecer o cérebro bovino.

todos os espécimes biológicos mostrados neste vídeo foram adquiridos através da cadeia alimentar padrão. Estes espécimes foram tratados em conformidade com os regulamentos de segurança e ética das instituições envolvidas.
 Nota: O diagrama na Figura 4 resume as 8 principais etapas do presente protocolo. Fases 1 a 4 envolvem atividades iniciais, a efectuar pelo menos uma vez antes do início da aquisição de imagens de US e estágios de processamento. ...

<ol>
	<li>Matrone, G., Savoia, A. S., Terenzi, M., Caliano, G., Quaglia, F., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Volumetric+CMUT-Based+Ultrasound+Imaging+System+Simulator+With+Integrated+Reception+and+&#181;-Beamforming+Electronics+Models.">A Volumetric CMUT-Based Ultrasound Imaging System Simulator With Integrated Reception and &#181;-Beamforming Electronics Models.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 61 (5), 792-804 (2014).</li><li>Pappalardo, M., Caliano, G., Savoia, A. S., Caronti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Micromachined ultrasonic transducers. Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications. , 453-478 (2008).</li><li>Oralkan, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacitive+micromachined+ultrasonic+transducers:+Next-generation+arrays+for+acoustic+imaging?.">Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers: Next-generation arrays for acoustic imaging?.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 49 (11), 1596-1610 (2002).</li><li>Savoia, A., Caliano, G., Pappalardo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+CMUT+probe+for+medical+ultrasonography:+From+microfabrication+to+system+integration.">A CMUT probe for medical ultrasonography: From microfabrication to system integration.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 59 (6), 1127-1138 (2012).</li><li>Ramalli, A., Boni, E., Savoia, A. S., Tortoli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Density-tapered+spiral+arrays+for+ultrasound+3-D+imaging.">Density-tapered spiral arrays for ultrasound 3-D imaging.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 62 (8), 1580-1588 (2015).</li><li>Lazebnik, R. S., Lancaster, T. L., Breen, M. S., Lewin, J. S., Wilson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volume+registration+using+needle+paths+and+point+landmarks+for+evaluation+of+interventional+MRI+treatments.">Volume registration using needle paths and point landmarks for evaluation of interventional MRI treatments.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 22 (5), 653-660 (2003).</li><li>Dawe, R. J., Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Vasireddi, S. K., Arfanakis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmortem+MRI+of+human+brain+hemispheres:+T2+relaxation+times+during+formaldehyde+fixation.">Postmortem MRI of human brain hemispheres: T2 relaxation times during formaldehyde fixation.</a> Magn. Reson. Med. 61 (4), 810-818 (2009).</li><li>Chen, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+anthropomorphic+polyvinyl+alcohol+brain+phantom+based+on+Colin27+for+use+in+multimodal+imaging.">An anthropomorphic polyvinyl alcohol brain phantom based on Colin27 for use in multimodal imaging.</a> Mag. Res. Phys. 39 (1), 554-561 (2012).</li><li>Farrer, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+evaluation+of+tissue-mimicking+gelatin+phantoms+for+use+with+MRgFUS.">Characterization and evaluation of tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms for use with MRgFUS.</a> J. Ther. Ultrasound. 3 (9), (2015).</li><li>Choe, A. S., Gao, Y., Li, X., Compton, K. B., Stepniewska, I., Anderson, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+image+registration+between+MRI+and+light+microscopy+in+the+ex+vivo+brain.">Accuracy of image registration between MRI and light microscopy in the ex vivo brain.</a> Magn. Reson. Imaging. 29 (5), 683-692 (2011).</li><li>Gobbi, D. G., Comeau, R. M., Peters, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+probe+tracking+for+real-time+ultrasound/MRI+overlay+and+visualization+of+brain+shift.">Ultrasound probe tracking for real-time ultrasound/MRI overlay and visualization of brain shift.</a> Int. Conf. Med. Image Comput. Comput. Assist. Interv (MICCAI) n. 920, 927 (1999).</li><li>Ternifi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+measurements+of+brain+tissue+pulsatility+correlate+with+the+volume+of+MRI+white-matter+hyperintensity.">Ultrasound measurements of brain tissue pulsatility correlate with the volume of MRI white-matter hyperintensity.</a> J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 34 (6), 942-944 (2014).</li><li>Unsgaard, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronavigation+by+Intraoperative+Three-dimensional+Ultrasound:+Initial+Experience+during+Brain+Tumor+Resection.">Neuronavigation by Intraoperative Three-dimensional Ultrasound: Initial Experience during Brain Tumor Resection.</a> Neurosurgery. 50 (4), 804-812 (2002).</li><li>Pfefferbaum, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmortem+MR+imaging+of+formalin-fixed+human+brain.">Postmortem MR imaging of formalin-fixed human brain.</a> NeuroImage. 21 (4), 1585-1595 (2004).</li><li>Schulz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+strain+fields+in+human+brain+resulting+from+formalin+fixation.">Three-dimensional strain fields in human brain resulting from formalin fixation.</a> J. Neurosci. Meth. 202 (1), 17-27 (2011).</li><li>Ahrens, J., Geveci, B., Law, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ParaView:+An+End-User+Tool+for+Large+Data+Visualization.">ParaView: An End-User Tool for Large Data Visualization.</a> Visualization Handbook. , (2005).</li><li>Cloutier, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multimodality+vascular+imaging+phantom+with+fiducial+markers+visible+in+DSA,+CTA,+MRA,+and+ultrasound.">A multimodality vascular imaging phantom with fiducial markers visible in DSA, CTA, MRA, and ultrasound.</a> Med. Phys. 31 (6), 1424-1433 (2004).</li><li>Boni, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reconfigurable+and+programmable+FPGA-based+system+for+nonstandard+ultrasound+methods.">A reconfigurable and programmable FPGA-based system for nonstandard ultrasound methods.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 59 (7), 1378-1385 (2012).</li><li>Bagolini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PECVD+low+stress+silicon+nitride+analysis+and+optimization+for+the+fabrication+of+CMUT+devices.">PECVD low stress silicon nitride analysis and optimization for the fabrication of CMUT devices.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 25 (1), (2015).</li><li>Savoia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+fabrication+of+a+cMUT+probe+for+ultrasound+imaging+of+fingerprints.">Design and fabrication of a cMUT probe for ultrasound imaging of fingerprints.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 1877-1880 (2010).</li><li>Fenster, A., Downey, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+ultrasound+imaging.">Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging.</a> Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2, 457-475 (2000).</li><li>Matrone, G., Ramalli, A., Savoia, A. S., Tortoli, P., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Frame-Rate,+High+Resolution+Ultrasound+Imaging+with+Multi-Line+Transmission+and+Filtered-Delay+Multiply+And+Sum+Beamforming.">High Frame-Rate, High Resolution Ultrasound Imaging with Multi-Line Transmission and Filtered-Delay Multiply And Sum Beamforming.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 36 (2), 478-486 (2017).</li><li>Matrone, G., Savoia, A. S., Caliano, G., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth-of-field+enhancement+in+Filtered-Delay+Multiply+and+Sum+beamformed+images+using+Synthetic+Aperture+Focusing.">Depth-of-field enhancement in Filtered-Delay Multiply and Sum beamformed images using Synthetic Aperture Focusing.</a> Ultrasonics. 75, 216-225 (2017).</li><li>Boni, E., Cellai, A., Ramalli, A., Tortoli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+performance+board+for+acquisition+of+64-channel+ultrasound+RF+data.">A high performance board for acquisition of 64-channel ultrasound RF data.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 2067-2070 (2012).</li><li>Matrone, G., Savoia, A. S., Caliano, G., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Delay+Multiply+and+Sum+beamforming+algorithm+in+medical+ultrasound+imaging.">The Delay Multiply and Sum beamforming algorithm in medical ultrasound imaging.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 34, 940-949 (2015).</li><li>Savoia, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+lateral+resolution+and+contrast+in+ultrasound+imaging+using+a+sidelobe+masking+technique.">Improved lateral resolution and contrast in ultrasound imaging using a sidelobe masking technique.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 1682-1685 (2014).</li><li>Gy&#246;ngy, G., Makra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+validation+of+a+convolution-+based+ultrasound+image+formation+model+using+a+planar+arrangement+of+micrometer-scale+scatterers.">Experimental validation of a convolution- based ultrasound image formation model using a planar arrangement of micrometer-scale scatterers.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 62 (6), 1211-1219 (2015).</li><li>Shapoori, K., Sadler, J., Wydra, A., Malyarenko, E. V., Sinclair, A. N., Maev, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Ultrasonic-Adaptive+Beamforming+Method+and+Its+Application+for+Trans-skull+Imaging+of+Certain+Types+of+Head+Injuries;+Part+I:+Transmission+Mode.">An Ultrasonic-Adaptive Beamforming Method and Its Application for Trans-skull Imaging of Certain Types of Head Injuries; Part I: Transmission Mode.</a> IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 62 (5), 1253-1264 (2015).</li><li>Salles, S., Liebgott, H., Basset, O., Cachard, C., Vray, D., Lavarello, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+evaluation+of+spectral-based+quantitative+ultrasound+imaging+using+plane+wave+compounding.">Experimental evaluation of spectral-based quantitative ultrasound imaging using plane wave compounding.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 61 (11), 1824-1834 (2014).</li><li>Alessandrini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+New+Technique+for+the+Estimation+of+Cardiac+Motion+in+Echocardiography+Based+on+Transverse+Oscillations:+A+Preliminary+Evaluation+In+Silico+and+a+Feasibility+Demonstration+In+Vivo.">A New Technique for the Estimation of Cardiac Motion in Echocardiography Based on Transverse Oscillations: A Preliminary Evaluation In Silico and a Feasibility Demonstration In Vivo.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 33 (5), 1148-1162 (2014).</li><li>Ramalli, A., Basset, O., Cachard, C., Boni, E., Tortoli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency-domain-based+strain+estimation+and+high-frame-rate+imaging+for+quasi-static+elastography.">Frequency-domain-based strain estimation and high-frame-rate imaging for quasi-static elastography.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 59 (4), 817-824 (2012).</li><li>Markley, F. L., Cheng, Y., Crassidis, J. L., Oshman, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Averaging+quaternions.">Averaging quaternions.</a> J. Guid. Cont. Dyn. 30 (4), 1193-1197 (2007).</li><li>Dorst, L., Fontijne, D., Mann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Geometric Algebra for Computer Science. An Object-oriented Approach to Geometry. , (2007).</li><li>Horn, B. K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-form+solution+of+absolute+orientation+using+unit+quaternions.">Closed-form solution of absolute orientation using unit quaternions.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 4 (4), 629-642 (1987).</li></ol>

Vários trabalhos foram apresentados na literatura descrevendo técnicas que são semelhantes ou relacionados ao protocolo apresentado. Estas técnicas baseiam-se também sobre o uso de metas realistas, incluindo animal fixo ou cérebros de cadáveres, mas eles são principalmente concebidos para testes dos métodos de registo digital de vários tipos.
O protocolo descrito aqui, no entanto, tem a finalidade específica de testes dos EUA sondas em configurações diferentes nos estágios inicia...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="925">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:415px;">Ultrasound imaging research system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">3D imaging piezeoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">9600195000</td>
			<td>Mechanically-swept 3D ultrasound probe, model BL-433</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Linear-array piezoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">122001100</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe, model LA-533</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">CMUT probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University Roma Tre</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe based on CMUT technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MR scanner</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>MR scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Head coil</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>32-channel head coil for MR imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Polaris Vicra</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700335001</td>
			<td>Optical motion tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Pointer tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700340</td>
			<td>Passive pointer tool with 4 reflecting markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Clamp-equipped tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700399</td>
			<td>Rigid body with 4 reflecting markers and a clamp to be connected to the US probe handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Bovine brain</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Brain of an adult bovine, from food suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>10% buffered formalin solution for bovine brain fixation - CAUTION, formalin is a toxic chemical substance and must be handled with care; specific regulations may also apply (see for instance US OSHA Standard 1910.1048 App A)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic container for anatomical parts</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Cilindrical plastic container with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glass spheres</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>3mm diameter spheres of Flint glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>30 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glycerine</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">AEFFE Farmaceutici</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A908005248</td>
			<td>100 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Solbat Gaysol</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8027391000015</td>
			<td>870 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Beaker used for the diluition of glycerine and agar in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Lysoform</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lever</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8000680500014</td>
			<td>A benzalkonium chloride and water solution was used for the agar phantom preservation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Polystyrene mannequin head</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Polyestirene model which was cutted and used to design the configuration of spheres&#39;patterns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Green tissue marking dye for histology</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Colour used to mark the glass spheres&#39; positions on the bovine brain surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Yellow enamel</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Enamel used to colour the glass spheres implanted in the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Water tank</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>50x50x30 cm plastic tank filled degassed water up to a 15cm height&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Mechanical arm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Mechanical arm clamped to the water tank border and used to held the probe in fixed positions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plate of synthetic resin</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Plate used as a support for the bovine brain positioning in the water tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Sewing threads</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sewing thread segments used to immobilize the brain on the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Adhesive tape</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Adhesive tape used to fix the sewing thread extremities onto the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic food container</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sealed food container used for the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Notebook</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lenovo</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Z50-70</td>
			<td>Lenovo&#160; Z50-70, Intel(R) Core i7-4510U @ 2.0 GHz, 8 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Workstation</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dell Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">T5810</td>
			<td>Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1240v3 @ 3.40 GHz, 16 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">R2013a</td>
			<td>Software tool, used for space transformation computation and 3D reconstruction from image planes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Paraview</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Kitware Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.4.1</td>
			<td>Open-source software for 3D image processing and visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Toolbox - ToolTracker Utility</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position visualization and tracking in the NDI Polaris Vicra measurement volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">C++ data-logging software</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position recording on a text log file</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Software for real-time display and control of the ULA-OP system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental protocol for assessing the performance of new ultrasound probes based on cmut technology in application to brain imaging

A possibilidade de realizar uma avaliação precoce e repetível do desempenho de imagem é fundamental no design e processo de desenvolvimento de novo ultra-som (US) sondas. Particularmente, uma análise mais realista com alvos de imagens específicas do aplicativo pode ser extremamente valiosa para avaliar o desempenho esperado de sondas dos EUA em seu campo clínico potencial de aplicação.
O protocolo experimental apresentado neste trabalho foi propositadamente concebido para fornecer um processo de avaliação de específicas do aplicativo para recém-desenvolvido nos sonda protótipos baseados na tecnologia capacitiva microusinado transdutor ultra-sônico (CMUT) em relação a imagens do cérebro.
O protocolo combina o uso de um cérebro bovino fixado em formalina como o destino da imagem latente, o que garante tanto realismo e repetibilidade dos procedimentos descritos e das técnicas de neuronavigation emprestadas de neurocirurgia. A sonda dos EUA na verdade está ligada a um sistema que adquire os dados de posição e permite a superposição de imagens dos Estados Unidos para fazer referência a imagens de ressonância magnética (RM) do cérebro de rastreamento de movimento. Isto fornece um meio para peritos humanos para realizar uma avaliação qualitativa visual da sonda E.U. desempenho de imagem e comparar as aquisições feitas com diferentes sondas. Além disso, o protocolo baseia-se na utilização de um sistema completo e aberto de pesquisa e desenvolvimento para aquisição de imagens dos Estados Unidos, ou seja, o scanner de ultrassom avançado abre plataforma (ULA-OP).
O manuscrito descreve detalhadamente os instrumentos e procedimentos envolvidos no protocolo, em particular para a calibração, aquisição de imagens e registro de imagens dos EUA e senhor. Os resultados obtidos provam a eficácia do protocolo geral apresentado, que é inteiramente aberto (dentro dos limites da instrumentação envolvido), repetíveis e abrange todo o conjunto de atividades de aquisição e processamento para imagens dos EUA.

O principal resultado alcançado através do protocolo descrito é a validação experimental de um procedimento de avaliação eficazes e repetíveis para o 2D e 3D capacidades de imagem de nós sonda protótipos baseados na tecnologia CMUT, na aplicação em potencial ao cérebro imagem latente. Depois de implementar todas as etapas do protocolo descrito, um perito pode então aplicar as funções de software de visualização (por exemplo, cortar a orientação livre extraçã...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

O desenvolvimento de novas sondas de ultra-som (US), baseado na tecnologia capacitiva microusinado transdutor ultra-sônico (CMUT) requer uma avaliação realista antecipada dos recursos de imagem. Descreveremos um protocolo experimental repetível para aquisição de imagens de US e comparação com imagens de ressonância magnética, usando um cérebro bovino ex vivo como um alvo de imagem.

Um protocolo Experimental para avaliar o desempenho de novas sondas de ultrassom baseado na tecnologia CMUT na aplicação de imagens do cérebro

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

A new family of ultrasound probes based on MEMS transducers is currently emerging. CMUT components are constructed on silicon and have a significant potential in terms of wideband operation, good thermal efficiency and low fabrication cost. This video describes a robust and repeatable experiment for protocol for accessing the capabilities of CMUT ultrasound probes in application to brain imaging during the early prototyping stages of design and development.Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers or CMUT for short are micro-fabricated arrays of tiny, electrostatic actuators, each acting as a two-ultrasound transducer. More in detail, in each CMUT cell an electrical excitation produces a dynamic force that then uses mechanical vibration of the moving plate. The acoustic waves thus generated propagate through the medium.The effect is reversed during reception. Acoustic waves generated by tissue scattering cause vibrations of the moving plate that change the capacitance of the CMUT cell. This produces an electrical signal which is further amplified and transmitted to the ultrasound system.This is the linear CMUT probe used for the experiments shown in this video. The probe head on the left contains the the CMUT array covered by an acoustic lens. The image on the right shows the packaged probe head together with the multichannel cable that connects it to the ultrasound system.This is the overview of the protocol that will be shown. In the preliminary design step, the positioning strategy for landmark glass spheres is defined and an Agar Phantom is prepared for calibration. In the sample preparation set, the bovine brain is prepared by inserting the glass spheres in predefined positions and fixating it in formalin.Then the prepared bovine brain is passed into the MR scan to acquire 3D images. Qualitative poses are then defined on 3D MR images with the help of experts. Setting up the experimental environment requires planting the passive tracking markers to the ultrasound probe and connecting the ULOB scanner and the motion tracking system.Two calibration sets are then required, one for clamped markers on the ultrasound probe and another for converting motion tracker positions into positions in the target 3D MR image. Ultrasound image acquisitions will be performed using our real time visualization tool for matching predefined, qualitative poses. In the final step of post processing, ultrasound images are registered on the target 3D MR image.Freehand moving images are also reconstructed into 3D volumes. A preliminary operation for the calibration activity to be shown later on involves using a phantom made with argala jelly with patterns of glass spheres embedded in it. For maximum realism and reliability of the assessment protocol, bovine brains obtained from the standard food supply chain were chosen as imaging targets.Specimens were prepared by inserting glass spheres at predefined positions. Specimens were then immersed in a formalid solution and kept in this way for at least three weeks until complete fixation. Multiple magnetic resonance scans of the bovine brain were then acquired using different waiting sequences.As it can be seen, glass spheres are well evident in MR images. The repeatability of the acquisition of ultrasound images is enforced by the definition of 12 virtual poses. Each of these predefined poses points to a region in the bovine brain which is rich in morphological features and tissue heterogeneity.A specific software routine provides realtime visual feedback about the current position and orientation of the ultrasound probe using data from the motion tracking system. This is the complete and integrated ultrasound system. On the mechanical arm, the CMUT probe connected to the ULA-OP system, which uses a computer connected by a USB for control, programming, and visualization.And the ultrasound probe used in this protocol must be clamped to an arrangement of reflective markers so that it's position and orientation can be recorded by the motion tracking system. The phantom is immersed in a water tank within the field of view of an infrared position sensor which records the position and the orientation of a rated pattern of reflective markers and transmits them by a USB to a house computer. The position of each glass sphere is recorded with a pointer tool.The recording is driven by the operator. The objective of the calibration is finding the geometric transformation from the intrinsic image frame of the probe to the reference frame of reflective markers using the positions of the glass spheres as extracted from the ultrasound images. Once the spheres are made visible in the ultrasound images, the mechanical arm is blocked and the image is acquired.Calibration ultrasound images are then imported in a visualization tool in which the positions of the spheres are marked manually and saved in a file. The geometric transformation is then computed automatically by comparing all these positions with the corresponding positions recorded by the motion tracking system. For the position of ultrasound images, which is the objective of the protocol, after complete washing, the bovine brain is first immobilized on a plastic plate and then immersed in a water tank within the field of view of the motion tracking system.The positions of all the glass spheres embedded in the bovine brain are manually recorded with the motion tracking system and the pointer tool. All the positions obtained in this way are stored in a log file. The objective of the second calibration activity is finding the geometric transformation from the physical space of the motion tracking system to the face of each MR image.This image shows all the recorded pointer positions inside the 3D phase of one MR image. Here we see the visual feedback routine being initialized after calibration. The 12 predefined virtual poses are visible to the operator in the 3D view.Here the red cone corresponds to the ultrasound probe being handheld by the operator. The probe position is recorded by the motion tracking system and transformed in realtime to provide visual feedback. Here the ULOB system is recording images at two frequencies simultaneously.Once an edge is considered satisfactory, the ultrasound image is frozen and saved on disk. A different acquisition modality is by a freehand sweep of the ultrasound probe made while the ULOB system is programmed to perform fast, repeated acquisitions in sequence. In this way, entire sub volumes of the bovine brain can be covered in each sweep.The result is a sequence of slices, each being a bmod ultrasound image that is saved to the disk as a whole. Each sequence is intended for post-processing. When each slice is associated with the instantaneous position and orientation provided by the motion tracking system and combined to form a three-dimensional picture of the corresponding sub volume.Overall, the objective of image post-processing in this protocol is to enable a comparative visual analysis of ultrasound images with MR images after special registration. Here we see the dataset of 12 images corresponding to predefined poses combined in a 3D reconstruction after spatial registration. Using a visualization software tool, each ultrasound image corresponding to a predefined pose can be seen in superposition to the corresponding slice of the three-dimensional MR image and the purity of the image contents can be evaluated.In this final animation, we can see the results of the three-dimensional reconstruction of the entire sequences of the sliced images acquired with a single sweep in freehand mode. Apart from a few reconstruction artifacts, the quality of these images gives a clear idea of the performance level that can be achieved with the technology and application to brain imaging. The main result achieved with the experiments described is proving the effectiveness of the protocol for the assessment of the CMUT probe imaging performance and on the integrated system of hardware and software tools for each execution.In addition, complete data sets of registered ultrasound and MR images have been obtained and this can be used to support farther status in automated image analysis. In conclusion, the experimental protocol presented in this video is a effective and repeatable method for the assessment of imaging capabilities of innovative CMUT ultrasound probes. In its realization, the integration of open hardware and software tools proved fundamental.The comparative ultrasound to MR visual analysis that the method allows can be further enhanced by integrating more sophisticated software techniques.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

High-throughput, Automated Extraction of DNA and RNA from Clinical Samples using TruTip Technology on Common Liquid Handling Robots

Alto rendimento, extração automatizada de DNA e RNA de amostras clínicas utilizando a Tecnologia TruTip em Robots Liquid Handling comuns

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction  technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a  pipette tip. The geometry of the ...

Bioengenharia

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

3D Orbital Rastreamento em um microscópio de dois fotões Modificação: Uma Aplicação para o rastreamento de vesículas intracelulares

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Em Situ Mapeamento das propriedades mecânicas de biofilmes por de rastreamento de partículas Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage

Um Experimental e Finite Element protocolo para investigar o transporte de solutos neutras e carregadas em toda a cartilagem articular

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that is associated with degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Degeneration of articular ...

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

Um sistema de tomografia fotoacústica compacta de alto desempenho para<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imagem de cérebro de animais pequenos

In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

Fabricação e validação de um sistema de órgãos-em-microplaqueta com eléctrodos integrados para quantificar diretamente a resistência elétrica de Transendothelial

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Uma nova técnica cirúrgica como fundamento na Vivo parcial engenharia fígado de rato

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance

Um novo modelo Ex Vivo para a avaliação de desempenho de Material de injeção submucosa endoscópica

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential ...

An Open Source Technology Platform to Manufacture Hydrogel-Based 3D Culture Models in an Automated and Standardized Fashion

Uma plataforma de tecnologia de código aberto para fabricar modelos de cultura 3D à base de hidrogel de forma automatizada e padronizada

Current mixing steps of viscous materials rely on repetitive and time-consuming tasks which are performed mainly manually in a low throughput mode. These ...

Patient-Specific Polyvinyl Alcohol Phantom Fabrication with Ultrasound and X-Ray Contrast for Brain Tumor Surgery Planning

Fabricação fantasma do álcool polivinyl específico do paciente com ultrassom e contraste de raios-X para planejamento de cirurgia de tumor cerebral

Phantoms are essential tools for clinical training, surgical planning and the development of novel medical devices. However, it is challenging to create ...