Name: a high-performance compact photoacoustic tomography system for in vivo small-animal brain imaging
Uploaded: 2017-06-21T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

研究由新加坡教育部（ARC2 / 15：M4020238）和新加坡卫生部国家医学研究委员会（NMRC / OFIRG / 0005/2016：M4062012）资助的第二级拨款支持。作者要感谢周伟雄博士为机加工店的帮助。

所有动物实验均按照新加坡南洋理工大学机构动物保护和使用委员会批准的指导方针和规定进行（动物标本编号ARF-SBS / NIE-A0263）。 系统说明<ol><li>将PLD安装在圆形扫描仪内， 如图1a所示。将PLD连接到激光驱动单元（LDU）。 注意：PLD在〜803 nm的波长下提供〜136 ns的脉冲，最大脉冲能量为〜1.42 mJ，重复率高达7 kHz。激光驱动单元（LDU）包括：温度控?...

<ol>
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该工作提出了使用PLD-PAT系统对大鼠进行体内脑成像的方案。该方案包括成像系统及其对准的详细描述，以及对大鼠脑成像的说明。现有的基于OPO的PAT系统是昂贵且庞大的，并且可以在5-10分钟内提供一个横截面图像。 PLD-PAT系统紧凑，便携，低成本，可在3秒内提供高质量的图像。系统的性能先前在幻影中进行了研究，并与传统的PAT系统25进行了比较 。在这里，相同的PLD-PAT?...

<html>光声层析成像（PAT）是一种混合成像模式，在临床和临床前研究1,2,3,4,5中都有许多应用。在PAT中，纳秒激光脉冲照射生物组织。由组织发色团吸收入射光导致局部温度升高，然后产生以声波形式发射的压力波。超声波检测器在样品周围的各个位置收集光声信号。使用各种算法（诸如延迟和和算法） 6重建光声（PA）信号以产生光声像。 这种混合成像模式提供高分辨率，深层组织成像和高光吸收对比度7 ，class =“xref”&gt; 8。近来，借助于较长波长（〜1,064nm）和称为磷酞菁的外源性造影剂，在鸡胸肉组织中获得〜12cm成像深度9 。这种深度灵敏度远远高于其他光学方法的深度敏感度，如共聚焦荧光显微镜，双光子荧光显微镜， 10光学相干断层扫描等。使用多个波长，PAT可以显示器官的结构和功能变化。对于许多人类疾病，小动物模型已经确立了12,13,14,15 。对于小动物的成像，已经证明了几种方式。在所有这些方法中，PA成像由于上述优点而获得了相当快的关注。 PAT已经显示出在4,16,17,18小动物的组织和器官（ 即心脏，肺，肝脏，眼睛，脾脏，脑，皮肤，脊髓，肾脏等 ）中成像血管的潜力。 PAT是一种成熟的小动物脑成像模式。 PA波由于发色团的光吸收而产生，所以多波长PAT允许总血红蛋白浓度（HbT）和氧饱和度（SO 2 ）的映射19,20,21,22。借助外源性造影剂12,23,24获得脑神经血管成像。 PA模式可以帮助更好地了解大脑健康提供分子和遗传水平的信息。 对于小动物成像，Nd：YAG / OPO激光器被广泛用作PAT激发源。这些激光器以〜10Hz的重复频率25提供〜5ns的近红外脉冲，能量（在OPO输出窗口为〜100mJ）。配备这种激光器的PA系统是昂贵且庞大的，由于激光源的重复率较低，因此可以使用单元件超声换能器（UST）进行低速成像。这种PA系统的典型A线采集时间为每个截面25分钟〜5分钟。具有如此长的测量时间的成像系统对于小动物成像是不理想的，因为难以控制全身成像，时间分辨功能成像等的生理参数。通过采用多个单元件UST，阵列的UST或高重复率激光器，可以提高PA的成像速度系统。仅使用一个单元件UST来收集样品周围的所有PA信号将限制系统的成像速度。以圆形或半圆形几何形式布置的多个单元件UST被演示用于高速，高灵敏度成像技术。基于阵列的UST 26 ，例如线性，半圆形，圆形和体积阵列已经成功地用于实时成像1 。这些基于阵列的UST将增加成像速度并降低测量灵敏度，但是它们昂贵。然而，使用基于阵列的UST的PA系统的成像速度仍受激光器重复率的限制。 脉冲激光技术先进于制造高重复率脉冲激光二极管（PLD）。使用临床超声波平台的PLD证明了7,000帧/秒的B扫描光声成像。这样的PLD可以提高th的成像速度e PAT系统，即使采用单元件UST圆形扫描几何形状。不同于基于阵列的UST，单元件UST更便宜且高度灵敏。在过去十年中，很少有人研究使用高重复率PLD作为PA成像的激发源。已经证明了基于纤维的近红外PLD，用于PA成像的幻影28 。使用低能量PLD 29证明了在人皮肤下约1毫米深度的血管的体内成像。报道了基于PLD的光学分辨率光声显微镜（ORPAM）。使用PLD，以0.43Hz的帧率显示〜1.5cm深的成像。最近，一个PLD-PAT系统被报道，提供的图像在短短的〜3秒和在〜2厘米成像深度的生物组织25,31 。这项研究证明，这样一个低成本，紧凑的系统可以提供高品质甚至高速图像。 PLD-PAT系统可用于高帧率（7,000 fps）光声成像，表面血管成像，手指关节成像，2厘米深的组织成像，小动物脑成像等 。单波长和来自PLD的低脉冲能量脉冲将其应用限于多光谱和深层组织成像。使用与临床前应用相同的PLD-PAT系统对小动物进行实验。这项工作的目的是提供PLD-PAT系统的可视化实验演示，用于小动物的体内 2D横断面脑成像。

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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">Pulsed laser diode</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Quantel, France</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">QD-Q1910-SA-TEC</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">It is the excitation laser source with specifications 803 nm, 1.4mJ per pulse, 136 ns pulse, 7kHz maximum, dimentions : 11.0 x 6.0 x 3.6 cm, weight: ~150 gm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Stepper motor with gearbox</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">LIN Engineering (Servo Dynamics)</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Motor: CO-5718-01P, Gearbox: DPL64/1, I = 10 for NEMA 23; power supply PW100-48</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">To move the detector holder in a circular geometry. Torque: 2.08 N-m, Rotor inertia: 2.6 kg-cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Ultrasonic pulser/receiver</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>5072PR</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">To receive, filter and ampligy the PA signal from UST. Its bandwidth is 35MHz, and gain is &#177;59 dB.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Ultrasound Transducer</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>V306-SU-NK-CF1.9IN/Q4200069</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">Ultrasonic sensors used for photoacoustic detection. Central freqency 2.25 MHz, 0.5 in, Cylindrical focus 1.9 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">PCIe DAQ (Data acquisition) Card</td>
			<td>GaGe</td>
			<td>CSE4227/ A6000610/B0E00610</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">12 bit, 100 Ms/s, 2 channels, 1 Gs on board memory, PCIe x16 interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Rats</td>
			<td>In Vivos Pte Ltd, Singapore</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">NTac:SD, Sprague Dawley / SD</td>
			<td>Female, weight 100&#177;10g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Acrylic water tank </td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NTU workshop</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">It contains the water that acts as an acoustic coupling medium between brain and detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Circular Scanner </td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NTU workshop</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td>Scanner is made out of Alluminum </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Anesthetic Machine</td>
			<td>medical plus pte ltd</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Non-Rebreathing Anaesthesia machine with oxygen concentrator.</td>
			<td>Supplies oxygen and isoflurane to animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Pulse Oxymeter portable</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">PM10N with veterinary sensor</td>
			<td>Monitors the pulse oxymetry of the animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Progress/parker acquasonic gel</td>
			<td>PA-GEL-CLEA-5000</td>
			<td>Clear ultrasound gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">Data acqusison software</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">National Instruments Corporation,Austin,TX,USA)</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">NI LabVIEW 2015 SP1</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">LabVIEW based program was developed in our laboratory for controlling the stepper motor and acquring the PA singnals from the detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Data processing software</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Matlab R2012b</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">Matlab code for reconstruction of PA images was developed in our lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller </td>
			<td>LaridTech, MO,USA</td>
			<td>MTTC1410</td>
			<td>It will constantly control temperature of the PLD </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12 V power supply </td>
			<td>Voltcraft </td>
			<td style="width:327px;">PPS-11810</td>
			<td>To supply operating voltage for PLD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Variable power supply </td>
			<td>BASETech</td>
			<td>BT-153</td>
			<td>To change the laser output power</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Funtion generator </td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Funktionsgenerator</td>
			<td>FG250D</td>
			<td style="width:449px;">To change the repetetion rate of the PLD. It will provide TTL signal to synchronize the DAQ with the laser excitation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Animal distributor</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">In Vivos Pte Ltd, Singapore</td>
			<td style="width:327px;"></td>
			<td>Animal distributor that supplies small animals for research purpose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Animal holder</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NTU workshop</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td>Used for holding the animal on its abdomen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Breathing mask</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NTU workshop</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td>Used along with animal holder to supply anesthesia mixture to the animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Valabarb</td>
			<td style="width:327px;"></td>
			<td>Used for euthanizing the animal after the expeirment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Optical diffuser</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">DG10-1500</td>
			<td>Used to to make the laser beam homogeneous</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high-performance compact photoacoustic tomography system for in vivo small-animal brain imaging

体内小动物成像在临床前研究中起重要作用。光声层析成像（PAT）是一种新兴的混合成像模式，显示临床前和临床应用的巨大潜力。传统的基于光学参数振荡器的PAT（OPO-PAT）系统体积庞大且昂贵，不能提供高速成像。最近，脉冲激光二极管（PLD）已被成功地证明是PAT的替代激发源。已经成功地证明了脉冲激光二极管PAT（PLD-PAT）用于光声模型和生物组织的高速成像。这项工作提供了使用PLD-PAT的体内脑成像的可视化实验方案。该协议包括紧凑的PLD-PAT系统配置及其描述，用于脑成像的动物准备，以及用于2D横断面大鼠脑成像的典型实验程序。 PLD-PAT系统紧凑且成本低廉有力的，可以提供高速，高品质的成像。提出了以各种扫描速度在体内收集的脑图像。

本节将介绍展示所描述的PLD-PAT系统的能力的体内脑成像结果。为了演示PLD-PAT系统的高速成像能力，进行了两种不同健康大鼠的体内脑成像。 图2以各种扫描速度显示雌性大鼠（93g）的脑图像。 图2a和b显示了在脑区域去除头皮之前和之后的大鼠脑的照片。 PAT成像是非侵入性的（ 即，皮肤和颅骨完整）。通过...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

证明了一种用于小动物高速体内脑成像的紧凑型基于脉冲激光二极管的光声层析成像（PLD-PAT）系统。

高性能紧凑型光声层析成像系统<em&gt;体内</em&gt;小动物脑成像

In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

三维光学分辨率的光声显微镜

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As ...

科研

生物工程

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

病毒粒子为<em在体内</em&gt;肿瘤显像

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being ...

Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

集成光声眼底镜检查和谱域光学相干断层扫描

Both the clinical diagnosis and fundamental investigation of major ocular diseases greatly benefit from various non-invasive ophthalmic imaging ...

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

人类心脏静脉系统使用对比计算机断层扫描灌注固定的标本解剖重建

A detailed  understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human  cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac ...

The Arteriovenous (AV) Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering

The Arteriovenous AV Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering

在小型动物模型的动静脉（AV）循环研究血管生成和血管组织工程

A functional blood vessel network is a prerequisite for the survival and growth of almost all tissues and organs in the human body. Moreover, in ...

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

可切换声光学分辨率光声显微镜<em&gt;体内</em&gt;小动物血液血管成像

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a fast-growing invivo imaging modality that combines both optics and ultrasound, providing penetration beyond the ...

Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography

Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography

应用活体显微计算机断层成像技术对骨微结构高分辨成像大鼠后肢的定位与抑制

The use of in vivo micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) is a powerful tool which involves the non-destructive imaging of internal structures at high ...

Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging

手持式实时非侵入性小动物成像的临床光声成像系统

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, ...

Rigid Embedding of Fixed and Stained, Whole, Millimeter-Scale Specimens for Section-free 3D Histology by Micro-Computed Tomography

用微计算机断层扫描法对无节段3D 组织学进行固定染色、全尺寸、毫米度试样的刚性嵌入

For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in ...

In Vivo Two-Color 2-Photon Imaging of Genetically-Tagged Reporter Cells in the Skin

在 Vivo 双色 2 光子成像中,基因标记报告器细胞在皮肤中

Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells that change their morphology upon activation, ultimately influencing the microenvironment of the tissue they are located ...