Name: a novel clinical grade isolation method for human kidney perivascular stromal cells
Uploaded: 2017-08-07T13:00:00
Duration: 9 min 5 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells at JoVE.com

Denne forskningen har mottatt finansiering fra EUs syvende rammeprogram (FP7/2007-2013) under grant avtalenummer 305436 STELLAR.

The local medical ethical committee and ethical advisory board of the European consortium (STELLAR) approved the research and collection of human transplant grade kidneys discarded mainly for surgical reasons. Research consent was given for all kidneys.
1. Preparations for Cell Culture
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a pool of platelet lysates.
	<ol>
		<li>Store the platelets that have expired for less than 2 d in -80 &#176;C until use (for a maximum of 1 year). 
		NOTE: The platelets were originally sourced from a commercial vendor. Hospital surplus material distributed by the local blood bank were obtained.</li>
		<li>Thaw the platelets of at least 5 donors (preferably 10) O/N at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Pool the platelets in a large sterile bottle, transfer to conical centrifuge tubes and spin down for 10 min at 1,960 x g at 4 &#176;C. 
		NOTE: The volume of platelets depends on the number of donors and the amount of hospital surplus material per donor.</li>
		<li>Pipette the supernatant to blood bags (50 mL/bag) through the barrel of a 50 mL syringe. Store at -80 &#176;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of cell culture medium.
	<ol>
		<li>Defrost one bag of platelet lysates in a water bath at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Add 1 L (i.e. 2 bottles) of Minimum Essential Medium - alpha modification (alphaMEM), 5 mL 200 mM glutamine, and 20 mL of penicillin (5,000 U/mL)/streptomycin (5,000 &#181;g/mL) (pen/strep) to the bag.</li>
		<li>Incubate for 3 h at 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Shake the bag for degelling by gently tapping on the bag when the bag is resting on a flat surface.</li>
		<li>Filter the 5% platelet lysates medium by pulling the lysates through the filter of the transfusion system with a sterile 50 mL syringe.</li>
		<li>Aliquot the medium in 50 mL tubes and store in -80 &#176;C until use. 
		NOTE: Every new batch of platelet lysates is tested in cell culture and compared to the previous batch by growing cells of interest (bmMSCs or kPSCs) to confluency in both batches. In cell numbers and viability, the kPSCs or bmMCs grown in the new batch should not differ more than 10%, and the marker expression of CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD31, CD34 and CD45 as analyzed by flow cytometry should not differ. The methods of cell culture are described in section 6 of the protocol (Culture of kPSC).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparations for Cell Harvest
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of solutions.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare the plain medium by adding 10 mL of pen/strep to 500 mL (1 bottle) of Dulbecco&#39;s Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM)-F12.</li>
		<li>Prepare the washing medium by adding 50 mL of Normal Human Serum (NHS) and 10 mL of pen/strep to 1 bottle of DMEM-F12.</li>
		<li>Prepare the enzyme-stock buffer by adding 2.9 mL 1 M 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 1.2 mL NaHCO3 2.5% [w/v] and 160 &#181;L CaCl2 (1 M) to 160 mL University of Wisconsin solution.</li>
		<li>Prepare the collagenase solution by slowly adding 20 mL of enzyme stock buffer to the bottle of GMP-grade collagenase containing &#62;2,000 U/bottle collagenase. Dissolve at 4 &#176;C for approximately 40 min. Gently shake several times during the dissolving period.</li>
		<li>Prepare the freeze medium by adding 5 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to 45 mL NHS.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of perfusion tray (Figure 1A).
	<ol>
		<li>Clean the flow cabin and cover with surgical drapes. Heat a water bath to approximately 40 - 45 &#176;C to heat the perfusion tray to 37 &#176;C. Put on surgical gowns and surgical gloves.</li>
		<li>Connect a sterilized perfusion tray to the water bath to preheat the perfusion tray with warm water. Make sure that there is no air in the perfusion tray by starting with the perfusion tray in the vertical position. If necessary add more water to the water bath to prevent air infusion into the perfusion tray.</li>
		<li>Place the LS25 tube in the pump. Leave both sterile ends of the tube in the flow cabinet. Place a Kocher&#39;s forceps on one end of the tube and allow to rest on the bottom of the perfusion tray. Place a sterile gauze on top of the tube to prevent obstruction. Attach a Luer connector on the other tube end.</li>
		<li>Add approximately 100 mL of plain medium into the perfusion tray and start flushing the tube on a pump speed of 100 mL/min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Kidney Cell Isolation
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of the kidney.
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the kidney from the double sterile bags and place on the sterile perfusion tray (Figure 1B). Remove the perirenal adipose tissue and kidney capsule with scissors and gentle tearing (Figure 1C) and identify the renal artery on the aortic patch as shown in Figure 1D.</li>
		<li>Cannulate the renal artery with the accessory spike, fix with a sterilized tie-rip, and attach to the pump tube end with the Luer connector while the pump is on. If the tubes are not completely filled, first add more medium to the tray and flush tubes by starting the pump (Figure 1E - F). Flush the kidney with plain medium via the pump with a flow of 100 mL/min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Collagenase treatment and kidney cell isolation.
	<ol>
		<li>Add collagenase (20 mL, &#62;2,000 U) and DNase (2.5 mL, 1 mg/mL) to the perfusion tray (Figure 1G). Turn the kidney from time to time gently by hand. Wait until the kidney becomes soft and the perfusion liquid becomes less transparent (approximately 30 - 40 min).</li>
		<li>Gently massage the kidney (Figure 1H) until a cell suspension is obtained (Figure 1I). Remove non-digested material and the spike in the renal artery.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Washing and collection of kidney cells.
	<ol>
		<li>Add 50 mL of the NHS to the cell suspension. Drain the cell suspension from the perfusion tray by putting the pump at low flow and placing the tube first connected to the kidney above the 50 mL tubes (Figure 1J).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 7 min at 4 &#730;C and remove the supernatant. Wash the pellets with washing medium containing 10% NHS and again centrifuge at 300 x g for 7 min. Repeat washing once more. Measure the volume of the cell pellets and add an equal volume of cell culture medium.</li>
		<li>Either cryopreserve the cells from here by adding freezing medium 1:1 to the cell suspension and store in cryogenic vials according to standard protocols, or continue to culture the cells (section 4). 
		NOTE: The cell suspension contains cell clumps and requires extra steps to obtain single cells, which results in an increase in cell death. Therefore, the cells are kept in suspension and are not counted at this stage.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Cell Culture of Crude Kidney Cells
<ol>
	<li>Add approximately 1 mL of the cell suspension to 24 mL of alphaMEM 5% platelet lysates (cell culture medium) in a T175 cell culture flask (Figure 1K) and culture at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2. Remove the medium and cell debris after 2 d&#160;from the adherent cells and refresh the medium with 25 mL of cell culture medium.</li>
	<li>Refresh the culture medium twice a week by removing half of the medium (12.5 mL) and adding fresh medium (12.5 mL) using aseptic techniques.</li>
	<li>Culture until confluent (usually 5 - 7 d) (Figure 1L). Remove the medium, wash twice with PBS and trypsinize the cells by adding 5 mL trypsin to each T175 flask for 5 min at 37 &#176;C. Wash in culture medium and centrifuge at 490 x g for 5 min and remove the supernatant.</li>
</ol>
5. Cell Enrichment for NG2 by Magnetic Cell Separation (Figure 1M)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the cell separation buffer according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the trypsinized kPSCs in 10 mL cell separation buffer. Centrifuge at 490 x g for 5 min, discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 300 &#181;L cell separation buffer.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L FcR blocking reagen/5 x 107 cells, add 100 &#181;L anti-melanoma (NG2) beads per 5 x 107 cells, and incubate for 30 min at 4 &#176;C. Separate the NG2-positive fraction according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Add 10 mL of medium and centrifuge cells for 5 min at 490 x g.</li>
	<li>Count the cells using a B&#252;rker counting chamber according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Seed the cells in a culture flask (approximately 4 x 103 cells/cm2) and incubate. 
	NOTE: Seed the cells in the following concentrations: &#60;250,000 in a T25 flask, 250,000 - 500,000 in a T75 flask, and 700,000 - 800,000 in a T175 flask. After magnetic cell enrichment, a positive fraction of approximately 1 - 2% is isolated. However, as this step is cell enrichment and not cell sorting, other cell types will be present in the culture (Figure 1N). After several passages (usually around 4 - 5), only a homogenous kPSC-population is present (Figure 1P).</li>
</ol>
6. Culture of kPSCs
<ol>
	<li>Refresh the medium twice a week by removing half of the medium and replace it with freshly thawed culture medium (Figure 1N). 
	NOTE: The kPSCs tend to be more viable and proliferative when only half of the medium is refreshed.</li>
	<li>Passaging of kPSCs. 
	NOTE: Passage the kPSCs at either 90 - 100% confluency, or when 3D structures appear (see Figure 1O), or when there hasn&#39;t been cell growth for more than a week. The latter two particularly might occur at early passages after cell enrichment. In this case, after passaging, the cells will usually start to grow again in monolayer culture (Figure 1P).
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the medium from the 90 - 100% confluent cells (keep the medium for later use). Wash the flask twice with PBS (1 mL in T25, 5 mL in T75, 10 mL in T175). Add trypsin (0.5 mL in T25, 2 mL in T75, 5 mL in T175) and incubate for 5 min at 37 &#176;C. Add the old medium to the flask and resuspend gently.</li>
		<li>Transfer to a 15&#160;or 50 mL tube (depending on the volume) and centrifuge at 490 x g for 5 min. Count the viable cells and plate &#60;250,000 in a T25, 250,000 - 500,000 in a T75, or 700,000 - 800,000 in a T175 (approximately 4 x 103 cells/cm2).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Test the kPSCs at passage 5 or 6 (e.g., scratch assay, section 7). 
	NOTE: Characterize the propagated cells by flow cytometry using standard protocols. Marker expression of NG2, PDGFR-&#946;, CD146, CD73, CD90, CD105, HLA-ABC should all be positive and CD31, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR should be negative. Test for mycoplasma, bacteria and fungi in the culture medium according to standard protocols of the clinical microbiology lab. Test the kPSCs functionally in a kidney epithelial wound scratch assay. Experiments are usually performed with sterile, flow cytometry-confirmed homogeneous kPSC populations with wound healing capacity between passage 6-8.</li>
	<li>Cryopreserve the kPSCs by adding 0.5 mL cryopreservation medium to 0.5 mL cell suspension (2 million cells per mL of culture medium) using standard protocols. 
	NOTE: After thawing, seed the kPSCs at a higher density (106&#160;cells in a T175).</li>
</ol>
7. Functional Test of kPSCs: Kidney Epithelial Wound Scratch Assay
<ol>
	<li>Culture the kPSCs in a 6-well plate at a density of 200,000 cells/well in 2 mL culture medium. After 48 h of culture at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, collect the supernatant. This is the conditioned medium.</li>
	<li>Seed the HK-2 (proximal tubular epithelial cells)17 in 2 mL of Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell (PTEC) medium consisting of a 1:1 ratio of DMEM-F12 supplemented with insulin (5 mg/mL), transferrin (5 mg/mL), selenium (5 ng/mL), hydrocortisone (36 ng/mL), triiodothyrinine (40 pg/mL), epidermal growth factor (10 ng/mL) and pen/strep, in a density of 500,000 cells per well in a 6-well cell culture plate.</li>
	<li>Culture for 48 h at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2. Remove the cell culture medium of the HK-2s and create a scratch wound in the monolayer of HK-2s by making a scratch with the tip of a yellow pipette point from the top to the bottom of the well. Wash the HK-2s with PBS and add the conditioned medium of the kPSCs or control medium. Mark on the bottom of the plate the area to be imaged. 
	NOTE: The HK-2s should be confluent. Image two areas per well.</li>
	<li>Image the scratch at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h at the same marked position with an inverted bright-field microscope.</li>
	<li>Measure the scratch area in Image J using the polygon selection tool to determine the percentage of closure.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Friedenstein, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precursors+for+fibroblasts+in+different+populations+of+hematopoietic+cells+as+detected+by+the+in+vitro+colony+assay+method.">Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method.</a> Exp Hematol. 2 (2), 83-92 (1974).</li><li>Dominici, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+criteria+for+defining+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells.+The+International+Society+for+Cellular+Therapy+position+statement.">Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.</a> Cytotherapy. 8 (4), 315-317 (2006).</li><li>Pittenger, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilineage+potential+of+adult+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Science. 284 (5411), 143-147 (1999).</li><li>Leuning, D. G., Reinders, M. E., de Fijter, J. W., Rabelink, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+translation+of+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+in+transplantation.">Clinical translation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in transplantation.</a> Semin Nephrol. 34 (4), 351-364 (2014).</li><li>Reinders, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+for+the+treatment+of+allograft+rejection+after+renal+transplantation:+results+of+a+phase+I+study.">Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of allograft rejection after renal transplantation: results of a phase I study.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 2 (2), 107-111 (2013).</li><li>Perico, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+and+kidney+transplantation:+a+pilot+study+of+safety+and+clinical+feasibility.">Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells and kidney transplantation: a pilot study of safety and clinical feasibility.</a> Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 6 (2), 412-422 (2011).</li><li>Perico, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stromal+cells+and+kidney+transplantation:+pretransplant+infusion+protects+from+graft+dysfunction+while+fostering+immunoregulation.">Mesenchymal stromal cells and kidney transplantation: pretransplant infusion protects from graft dysfunction while fostering immunoregulation.</a> Transpl Int. 26 (9), 867-878 (2013).</li><li>Tan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+therapy+with+autologous+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+living-related+kidney+transplants:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Induction therapy with autologous mesenchymal stem cells in living-related kidney transplants: a randomized controlled trial.</a> JAMA. 307 (11), 1169-1177 (2012).</li><li>Crisan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+perivascular+origin+for+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+multiple+human+organs.">A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3 (3), 301-313 (2008).</li><li>Sacchetti, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+Identical+"Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells"+at+Different+Times+and+Sites:+Human+Committed+Progenitors+of+Distinct+Origin+and+Differentiation+Potential+Are+Incorporated+as+Adventitial+Cells+in+Microvessels.">No Identical "Mesenchymal Stem Cells" at Different Times and Sites: Human Committed Progenitors of Distinct Origin and Differentiation Potential Are Incorporated as Adventitial Cells in Microvessels.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 6 (6), 897-913 (2016).</li><li>Chen, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+myocardial+pericytes:+multipotent+mesodermal+precursors+exhibiting+cardiac+specificity.">Human myocardial pericytes: multipotent mesodermal precursors exhibiting cardiac specificity.</a> Stem Cells. 33 (2), 557-573 (2015).</li><li>Dekel, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+nontubular+sca-1+lin-+multipotent+stem/progenitor+cells+from+adult+mouse+kidney.">Isolation and characterization of nontubular sca-1+lin- multipotent stem/progenitor cells from adult mouse kidney.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 17 (12), 3300-3314 (2006).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collecting+duct-derived+cells+display+mesenchymal+stem+cell+properties+and+retain+selective+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+epithelial+capacity.">Collecting duct-derived cells display mesenchymal stem cell properties and retain selective in vitro and in vivo epithelial capacity.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 26 (1), 81-94 (2015).</li><li>Pelekanos, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+transcriptome+and+immunophenotype+analysis+of+renal+and+cardiac+MSC-like+populations+supports+strong+congruence+with+bone+marrow+MSC+despite+maintenance+of+distinct+identities.">Comprehensive transcriptome and immunophenotype analysis of renal and cardiac MSC-like populations supports strong congruence with bone marrow MSC despite maintenance of distinct identities.</a> Stem Cell Res. 8 (1), 58-73 (2012).</li><li>Leuning, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical-Grade+Isolated+Human+Kidney+Perivascular+Stromal+Cells+as+an+Organotypic+Cell+Source+for+Kidney+Regenerative+Medicine.">Clinical-Grade Isolated Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells as an Organotypic Cell Source for Kidney Regenerative Medicine.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. , (2016).</li><li>Bruno, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+resident+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+human+glomeruli.">Isolation and characterization of resident mesenchymal stem cells in human glomeruli.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 18 (6), 867-880 (2009).</li><li>Ryan, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HK-2:+an+immortalized+proximal+tubule+epithelial+cell+line+from+normal+adult+human+kidney.">HK-2: an immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cell line from normal adult human kidney.</a> Kidney Int. 45 (1), 48-57 (1994).</li><li>Nijhoff, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycemic+Stability+Through+Islet-After-Kidney+Transplantation+Using+an+Alemtuzumab-Based+Induction+Regimen+and+Long-Term+Triple-Maintenance+Immunosuppression.">Glycemic Stability Through Islet-After-Kidney Transplantation Using an Alemtuzumab-Based Induction Regimen and Long-Term Triple-Maintenance Immunosuppression.</a> Am J Transplant. , (2015).</li></ol>

D.G.L., M.A.E., og T.J.R. er forbundet med en patentsøknad angående denne forskningen. Andre forfattere ikke avsløre.

Perivascular celler har vært isolert fra mange ulike menneskelige solide organer, inkludert bukspyttkjertelen, fett, brusk og nyre9,15,16. De fleste metoder, men er basert på små utvalg av vev, som er dissekert og etterpå behandles med fordøyelsesenzymer. Videre, dette er vanligvis ikke utført kliniske kvalitet produkter. Dette gjør disse strategiene mindre egnet for direkte klinisk oversettelse hvor store mengder av klinisk-grade celler er nødvendig.
Her viser vi en roman isolasjon metode for menneskelig kPSCs for hele organer basert på perfusjon med klinisk klasse enzymer og materialer. Protokollen er tilpasset fra klinisk holmer Langerhans isolasjon protokollen som brukes for klinisk anvendelse i vårt senter18.
Dette er den første kliniske klasse metoden der store mengder kPSCs kan oppnås. Variasjon i cellen avkastning er hovedsakelig donor avhengige. Men når cellen avkastningen vi nå få fra en brøkdel av råolje celle suspensjon av tre ulike givere er ekstrapolert, i teorien, kan en gjennomsnittlig avkastning på 2,7 x 1012 kPSCs per giver oppnås. Som MSC terapi vanligvis består av 2 cellen infusions med 1-2 x 106 celler/kg kroppen vekt4, er disse cellen tallene tilstrekkelig for allogenic behandling av flere pasienter.
En kritisk trinn i isolasjon prosedyren er den collagenase fordøyelsen. Når fordøyelsen perioden er for kort, blir store klumper av vev, som blir vanskeligere å kultur. Når Perfusjonsperiode er for lang, kan økt celledød observeres. Derfor nyre starter å bli myk og væsker mindre gjennomsiktig, nyre bør bli massert forsiktig og collagenase behandling bør stoppes.
Et annet viktig skritt er kulturen i cellene etter NG2 celle berikelse. Noen ganger etter den NG2 cellen berikelse starter perivascular cellene ikke sprer eller starte vokse i 3D strukturer. I dette tilfellet, når cellene er trypsinized og reseeded, begynner cellene vanligvis å vokse i monolayer kultur.
Som starter materiale, ble menneskelige transplantasjon Klasse nyrer forkastet hovedsakelig for kirurgiske grunner brukt. Dette er funksjonell organer uten store fibrose. Vi erkjenner at dette kan være en begrensning som dette er en relativt sjelden og vanskelig å få orgel kilde. Explanted nyrer kan være en annen kilde; imidlertid avhengig av grunnen av nyre explantation, disse nyrene kan inneholde flere fibrose og dermed myofibroblasts, og derfor må utvises forsiktighet siden myofibroblasts kunne være isolert og kultivert i stedet for perivascular celler.
Som kPSCs isolert med denne protokollen show organo-typic egenskaper med nyre epithelial sår helbredelse kapasitet15, cellen terapi med kPSCs i nyre sykdommer og transplantasjon ville være et interessant program som fremtidige. For dette formålet er det flere strategier av celle/celle produktlevering. Første strategi er IV infusjon av kPSCs, som brukes i dag i bmMSC kliniske studier. Et annet interessant program er bruk av kPSCs eller kPSC-utskilles faktorer i maskinen perfusjon før transplantasjon. På denne måten kan kvaliteten på explanted nyre forbedre som kan føre til forbedret nyrefunksjon etter transplantasjon. Begge strategier er kPSCs en interessant ny cellen kilde å utforske mer for klinisk formål.

Mesenchymal Stromal celler (MSCs) er modulatory immunceller som ble opprinnelig isolert fra benmargen. De er preget av sine spindel formet morfologi, evnen til å differensiere i fett, bein og brusk og plast etterlevelse. MSCs uttrykke stromal markører CD73, CD90, CD105 samtidig er negativt for markører CD31 og CD451,2,3. MSCs er en lovende kandidat for cellen terapi deres vev homøostatisk og immunmodulerende kapasiteter. bmMSCs er for tiden blir studert i kliniske studier for flere sykdommer, inkludert nyre sykdommer og nyre transplantasjon som vurderes andre steder4.
Tidligere ble det vist at perivascular celler fra flere forskjellige solide organer, inkludert fettvev, morkaken og skjelettlidelser muskel dele kjennetegn med MSCs9. Men utstillingen disse cellene også vev-spesifikke funksjoner som kan resultere i organotypic reparasjon10. Menneskelige hjerteinfarkt perivascular celler, for eksempel stimulerte angiogenic svar etter hypoksi og differensiert i cardiomyocytes, mens perivascular celler isolert fra andre vev ikke vise disse potensialene11.
Perivascular stromal celler kan også være isolert fra mus12,13,14 og menneskelige nyre15,16. Vi mye preget kPSCs og sammenlignet disse bmMSCs. Vi fant at kPSCs, ligner bmMSCs, har suppressive kapasitet og støtter vaskulære plexus formasjon. Det er imidlertid vev spesifikke forskjeller mellom celletyper, som kPSCs viste en organotypic transcriptional uttrykk signatur, inkludert de nephrogenic transkripsjonsfaktorer HoxD10 og HoxD11. kPSCs, i motsetning til bmMSCs, gjennomførte ikke myofibroblast transformasjon etter stimulering med TGF-β og var i stand til å skille ut adipocytter. Videre akselerert kPSCs epithelial integritet i en nyre rørformede epithelial såret scratch analysen, et fenomen som ikke ble observert med bmMSCs. Denne forbedrede sår reparasjon ble formidlet gjennom hepatocyte vekst faktor. Videre ameliorated kPSCs nyre skader i en musemodell av akutt nyre skader15. Derfor kPSCs synes å ha overlegen nyre reparasjon kapasiteter og er en interessant ny kilde for cellen terapi i nyre sykdommer.
For å kunne bruke kPSCs for cellen terapi, bør kPSCs bli isolert i en klinisk klasse måte med klinisk klasse enzymer og protokoller. Videre, for å kunne behandle flere pasienter med kPSCs fra 1 donor, tilstrekkelig celle tall kan skaffes. Her viser vi detaljert, klinisk klasse isolasjon prosedyren for kPSCs fra hele transplantasjon klasse nyrene, gir tilstrekkelig antall celler brukes til klinisk mobilnettet terapi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="619">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baxter bags</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Fenwal</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R4R-7004</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human platelets</td>
			<td>Sanquin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>hospital surplus material expired for less than 2 days is used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">platelet lysate</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable sterile bottles</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-761-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">500ml PP centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">a-MEM medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-169F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">thermo fisher</td>
			<td>35050038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pen/strep&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">transfusion system</td>
			<td>Codan</td>
			<td>455609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>life technologies</td>
			<td>11320-074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">normal human serum</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sanquin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes 1M</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BE-17-737E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaHCO3 7.5%</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BE17-613E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2 1M</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10043-52-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UW</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Bridge to life</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Leo Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">collagenase NB1 GMP grade</td>
			<td>SERVA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17455.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650-100ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">surgical drapes</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">3M Nederland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DH999969404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">perfusion pump</td>
			<td>metrohm</td>
			<td>x007528300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">pump head</td>
			<td>metrohm</td>
			<td>x077202600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">perfusion tray</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LS25 masterflex tubes</td>
			<td>Masterflex</td>
			<td>HV-96410-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">accessory spike</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Gambro DASCO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6038020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pulmozyme</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">culture flasks 25 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">690175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">culture flask 75 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">658170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">culture flask 175 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">661160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>t4174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FcR blocking reagent</td>
			<td>miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-059-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">anti melanoma beads (NG2)</td>
			<td>miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-090-452</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cellstrainer 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LS columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MACS magnet</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD34 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD45 APC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD146 PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>550315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NG2 APC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td>FAB2585A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD90 PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HLA ABC APC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555555</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD105 FITC</td>
			<td>Ancell</td>
			<td>326-040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HLA DR APC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>559866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD56 PE</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD73 PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>550257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD31 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD133 PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">miltenyi</td>
			<td>130-090-853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PDGF-r&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td>mab 1263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">mouse IgG1 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>345815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">mouse IgG1 PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>345816</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">mouse IgG1 APC</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>345818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IgG2b PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td>555743</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">goat anti mouse PE</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium azide</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Merck</td>
			<td>822335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31331-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ITS (insul, transferrin, selenium)</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>I1884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H0135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">triiodothyrinine</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immortalized human renal PTEC (HK2)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>courtesey of M. Ryan, university college Dublin</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel clinical grade isolation method for human kidney perivascular stromal cells

Mesenchymal Stromal celler (MSCs) er vev homøostatisk og immunsystemet modulatory celler som har vist gunstige effekter i nyre sykdommer og transplantasjon. Perivascular Stromal celler (PSCer) deler egenskapene med benmarg MSCs (bmMSCs). Men har de, sannsynligvis lokale preging, vev-spesifikke egenskaper og spille en rolle i lokale vev homeostase. Denne vev spesifisitet kan resultere i bestemte reparasjon av vev, også innen human nyrene. Vi viste tidligere at menneskelige nyre PSCer (kPSCs) har forbedret nyre epithelial sårheling mens bmMSCs ikke har dette potensialet. Videre kan kPSCs forbedre nyre skader i vivo. Derfor utgjør kPSCs en interessant kilde for cellen terapi, spesielt for nyre sykdommer og nyre transplantasjon. Her viser vi detaljerte isolasjon og kultur metoden for kPSCs fra transplantasjon førsteklasses menneskets nyrer basert på hele organ perfusjon fordøyelsesenzymer via nyre arterien og berikelse for perivascular merket NG2. På denne måten kan stor celle mengder fås som er egnet for mobilnettet terapi.

Metoden klinisk klasse kPSCs isolasjon summeres i figur 1. Råolje nyreceller er isolert fra menneskelige transplantasjon klasse nyrene ved collagenase perfusjon. Resulterende celle suspensjon er kultivert til confluent i 5% Platederivert lysates. Deretter er perivascular stromal cell brøkdel isolert basert på NG2-uttrykk.
kPSCs er plast tilhenger spindel-formet celler (figur 2A) og positivt for stromal markører CD73, CD90, CD105 og perivascular markørene NG2, PDGFR-B og CD146, mens negativ for CD31, CD34, CD45 og HLA-DR (figur 2B). Vanligvis en homogen befolkning på kPSCs kan nås på passage 4 og kPSCs nå senescence rundt passasje 9-10 (figur 2C). Derfor anbefaler vi for å utføre eksperimenter mellom passasje 5-8.
For å evaluere den funksjonelle kapasiteten til den isolerte kPSCs, utfører vi i vitro nyre epithelial sår scratch analysen på hver ny gruppe med kPSCs, som vi viste tidligere at betinget medium for kPSCs kan akselerere epithelial sårheling i denne scratch analysen15. KPSC betinget mediet er laget av dyrking kPSCs 48 h i alphaMEM 5% Platederivert lysates og samle nedbryting. Neste, udødeliggjort menneskelige nyre proksimale tubule epitelceller (HK-2)17 er kultivert til confluent og en ripe såret er gjort. Så enten betinget medium kPSCs eller kontroll middels legges til brønnene og hastigheten på sårheling måles. Når betinget medium for kPSCs legges, lukker såret betydelig raskere (figur 2D).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55841/55841fig1.jpg"> 
Figur 1 : Klinisk Grade isolasjon metoden for Human kPSCs. Transplantasjon Klasse nyrer er cannulated og parfyme med collagenase via arteria nyre (A - G) og resulterende celle suspensjon vasket og enten cryopreserved eller sette inn kultur (H - K). Når cellene når confluency (L), utført NG2 celle berikelse er (M). Cellene er trypsinized når de enten er confluent, har sluttet voksende eller når 3D strukturer vises (N - P). Utgivelsen kriteriene for kPSCs er sterilitet, markør uttrykk og evne til å forbedre rørformede epithelial sårheling (Q). Pilen: nyre arterien. Skala bar = 200 µm. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55841/55841fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klikk her for å se en større versjon av dette tallet.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55841/55841fig2.jpg"> 
Figur 2: karakteristikk av menneskelig kPSCs. En) kPSCs er spindel-formet, plast tilhenger celler. B) kPSCs er positive for mesenchymal markører CD73, CD90, CD105, perivascular markører NG2, PDGFR-β og CD146, mens negativ for CD31, CD34 og CD45. kPSCs express MHC-klassen jeg (HLA-ABC) men ikke klasse II (HLA-DR). C) vekst kjennetegner tre forskjellige kPSC givere fra flowcytometri bekreftet homogen NG2 positive populasjoner (på passage 4). kPSCs nå senescence rundt passasje 9-10. D) kPSCs kan øke nyre epithelial reparasjon i en såret scratch analysen. Representant bilder av kontroll medium og kPSC betinget medium på t = 0, 4, 8 og 12 h vises. Skala bar i A) = 200 μm, i D) = 100 µm. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55841/55841fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Klikk her for å se en større versjon av dette tallet.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells at JoVE.com

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Her presenterer vi romanen klinisk klasse isolasjon og kultur metode for nyre Perivascular Stromal celler (kPSCs) basert på hele organ perfusjon fordøyelsesenzymer og NG2-celle berikelse. Med denne metoden er det mulig å skaffe tilstrekkelig cellen tallene for mobilnettet terapi.

Romanen klinisk Grade isolasjon metode for menneskelig Perivascular Stromal nyreceller

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Eksperimentell Generation of Karsinom-Associated Fibroblaster (kafeer) fra Human mammary Fibroblaster

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Isolasjon, karakterisering og Comparative Differensiering av Human tannpulpa stamceller hentet fra permanente tenner ved hjelp av to ulike metoder

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

A Novel Vertebral Stabilization Method for Producing  Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

A Novel Vertebral Stabilisering metode for å produsere Contusive ryggmargsskade

Clinically-relevant animal cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) models are essential for developing and testing potential therapies; however, producing ...

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

To metoder for å etablere primær Menneskelig Livmor stromale celler fra Hysterektomi Prøver

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell ...

Isolation, Cryopreservation and Culture of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells for Clinical Applications

Isolasjon, Kryopreservering og kultur menneskerettighets amnion Epitelceller for kliniske anvendelser

Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from term or pre-term amnion membranes have attracted attention from researchers and clinicians as a ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

Preklinisk ortotopiske Murine Model of Human prostatakreft

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Endothelial Cells from Canine Arteries and Veins

Isolasjon og Culture of Primary endotelceller fra Canine arterier og vener

Cardiovascular disease is studied in both human and veterinary medicine. Endothelial cells have been used extensively as an in vitro model to study ...

A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device

En detaljert protokoll for Svette Monitoring Ved hjelp av en roman, Small, Wireless Device

Perspiration monitoring can be utilized for the detection of certain diseases, such as thermoregulation and mental disorders, particularly when the ...

Clinical Protocol of Producing Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction for Potential Cartilage Regeneration

Klinisk protokollen produsere fettvev-avledet pancreatic for potensielle brusk gjenfødelse

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common debilitating disorders.&#160;Recently, numerous attempts have been made to improve the functions of the ...