Name: rescue and characterization of recombinant virus from a new world zika virus infectious clone
Uploaded: 2017-06-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne takke Kristen Bullard-Feibelman, Milena Veselinovic og Claudia Rückert for deres hjælp til at karakterisere den klonafledte virus. Dette arbejde blev delvist støttet af tilskud fra National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH under tilskud AI114675 (BJG) og AI067380 (GDE).

1. Transformation og gendannelse af infektiøse klonplasmider <ol><li> Transform begge plasmider (separat) ved hjælp af en kommerciel transformationsprotokol ( f.eks . NEB 5 minutters transformationsprotokol) med nogle ændringer. Begge plasmider indeholder et gen, som koder for ampicillinresistens, derfor anvend ampicillin eller carbenicillin til udvælgelse. Carbenicillin foretrækkes, da det er mere stabilt. <ol><li> Fjern celler (se materialetabel) fra -80 ° C fryser og optø på is i 5...

<ol>
	<li>Kindhauser, M. K., Allen, T., Frank, V., Santhana, R. S., Dye, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika:+the+origin+and+spread+of+a+mosquito-borne+virus.">Zika: the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus.</a> Bull World Health Organ. 94 (9), 675C-686C (2016).</li><li>Oehler, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+infection+complicated+by+Guillain-Barre+syndrome--case+report,+French+Polynesia,+December+2013.">Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome--case report, French Polynesia, December 2013.</a> Euro Surveill. 19 (9), (2014).</li><li>Li, D., Aaskov, J., Lott, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+cryptic+prokaryotic+promoter+within+the+cDNA+encoding+the+5'+end+of+dengue+virus+RNA+genome.">Identification of a cryptic prokaryotic promoter within the cDNA encoding the 5' end of dengue virus RNA genome.</a> PLoS One. 6 (3), e18197 (2011).</li><li>Pu, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+approach+to+propagate+flavivirus+infectious+cDNA+clones+in+bacteria+by+introducing+tandem+repeat+sequences+upstream+of+virus+genome.">A novel approach to propagate flavivirus infectious cDNA clones in bacteria by introducing tandem repeat sequences upstream of virus genome.</a> J Gen Virol. 95 (Pt 7), 1493-1503 (2014).</li><li>Pu, S. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+a+reverse+genetics+system+for+Japanese+encephalitis+virus.">Development and application of a reverse genetics system for Japanese encephalitis virus.</a> J Virol. 77 (11), 6450-6465 (2003).</li><li>Gualano, R. C., Pryor, M. J., Cauchi, M. R., Wright, P. J., Davidson, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+major+determinant+of+mouse+neurovirulence+of+dengue+virus+type+2+using+stably+cloned+genomic-length+cDNA.">Identification of a major determinant of mouse neurovirulence of dengue virus type 2 using stably cloned genomic-length cDNA.</a> J Gen Virol. 79 (Pt 3), 437-446 (1998).</li><li>Johansen, I. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intron+insertion+facilitates+amplification+of+cloned+virus+cDNA+in+Escherichia+coli+while+biological+activity+is+reestablished+after+transcription+in+vivo.">Intron insertion facilitates amplification of cloned virus cDNA in Escherichia coli while biological activity is reestablished after transcription in vivo.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93 (22), 12400-12405 (1996).</li><li>Shan, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Infectious+cDNA+Clone+of+Zika+Virus+to+Study+Viral+Virulence,+Mosquito+Transmission,+and+Antiviral+Inhibitors.">An Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus to Study Viral Virulence, Mosquito Transmission, and Antiviral Inhibitors.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 19 (6), 891-900 (2016).</li><li>Schwarz, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+1947+Zika+Virus+Prototype+Strain+with+a+Cytomegalovirus+Promoter-Driven+cDNA+Clone.">Rescue of the 1947 Zika Virus Prototype Strain with a Cytomegalovirus Promoter-Driven cDNA Clone.</a> mSphere. 1 (5), (2016).</li><li>Tsetsarkin, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Full-Length+Infectious+cDNA+Clone+of+Zika+Virus+from+the+2015+Epidemic+in+Brazil+as+a+Genetic+Platform+for+Studies+of+Virus-Host+Interactions+and+Vaccine+Development.">A Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus from the 2015 Epidemic in Brazil as a Genetic Platform for Studies of Virus-Host Interactions and Vaccine Development.</a> MBio. 7 (4), (2016).</li><li>Gadea, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+method+for+the+rapid+generation+of+recombinant+Zika+virus+expressing+the+GFP+reporter+gene.">A robust method for the rapid generation of recombinant Zika virus expressing the GFP reporter gene.</a> Virology. 497, 157-162 (2016).</li><li>Kapoor, M., Zhang, L., Mohan, P. M., Padmanabhan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+characterization+of+an+infectious+dengue+virus+type-2+RNA+genome+(New+Guinea+C+strain).">Synthesis and characterization of an infectious dengue virus type-2 RNA genome (New Guinea C strain).</a> Gene. 162 (2), 175-180 (1995).</li><li>Messer, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+a+reverse+genetic+system+for+studying+dengue+virus+serotype+3+strain+variation+and+neutralization.">Development and characterization of a reverse genetic system for studying dengue virus serotype 3 strain variation and neutralization.</a> PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6 (2), e1486 (2012).</li><li>Kinney, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Avian+virulence+and+thermostable+replication+of+the+North+American+strain+of+West+Nile+virus.">Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus.</a> J Gen Virol. 87 (Pt 12), 3611-3622 (2006).</li><li>Chang, A. C., Cohen, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+and+characterization+of+amplifiable+multicopy+DNA+cloning+vehicles+derived+from+the+P15A+cryptic+miniplasmid.">Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid.</a> J Bacteriol. 134 (3), 1141-1156 (1978).</li><li>Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Characterization+of+Recombinant+Virus+Generated+from+a+New+World+Zika+Virus+Infectious+Clone.">Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone.</a> J Virol. 91 (1), (2017).</li><li>Roberts, P. L., Lloyd, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus+inactivation+by+protein+denaturants+used+in+affinity+chromatography.">Virus inactivation by protein denaturants used in affinity chromatography.</a> Biologicals. 35 (4), 343-347 (2007).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+concentration+determination+through+plaque+assays:+using+traditional+and+novel+overlay+systems.">Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: using traditional and novel overlay systems.</a> J Vis Exp. (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Weger-Lucarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Characterization+of+Recombinant+Virus+Generated+from+a+New+World+Zika+Virus+Infectious+Clone.">Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone.</a> J Virol. , (2016).</li><li>Grubaugh, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Drift+during+Systemic+Arbovirus+Infection+of+Mosquito+Vectors+Leads+to+Decreased+Relative+Fitness+during+Host+Switching.">Genetic Drift during Systemic Arbovirus Infection of Mosquito Vectors Leads to Decreased Relative Fitness during Host Switching.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 19 (4), 481-492 (2016).</li></ol>

Here we describe a method for the recovery of a bipartite infectious cDNA clone system for ZIKV. Previously described clones for ZIKV suffer from either attenuation or require the addition of introns, making plasmids larger and preventing rescue in insect cells. Infectious virus can be recovered using the two-plasmid clone system in either mammalian or insect cells (data not shown). In addition, virus recovered from this system behaves similarly to wild-type virus in several cell lines, in an immunocompromised mouse mode...

Zika virus (ZIKV; Family Flaviviridae : Genus Flavivirus ) er et mygebårne flavivirus, der ankom til Brasilien i 2013-14 og blev efterfølgende forbundet med et massivt udbrud af feber sygdom, der spredte sig i hele Amerika 1 . Derudover har ZIKV været forbundet med alvorlige sygdomsresultater, såsom Guillain-Barré-syndrom hos voksne og mikrocefalier hos fostre og nyfødte 2 . Lidt var kendt om ZIKV før dets hurtige spredning i den vestlige halvkugle. Dette indbefattede mangel på molekylære værktøjer, hvilket forhindrer mekanistisk forskning. Molekylære værktøjer til virus, såsom infektiøse cDNA kloner, lette vaccine og antiviral terapeutisk udvikling og tillade vurdering af virale genetiske faktorer relateret til differentiel viral patogenese, immunrespons og viral evolution. Flavivirus infektiøse kloner er kendt for at være yderst ustabile i bakterier på grund af crYptiske prokaryote promotorer til stede i deres genomer 3 . Flere fremgangsmåder er blevet brugt til at lette dette problem; Herunder indsættelse af tandem-gentagelser opstrøms for virussekvenser 4 , mutation af formodede prokaryote promotorsekvenser 5 , splittelse af genomet i multiple plasmider 6 , lavkopi-talvektorer (herunder bakterielle kunstige kromosomer) 7 , 8 og indsættelse af introner i virusgenomet 9 . Et fuldlængdesystem uden ændringer er blevet beskrevet for ZIKV; Denne klon syntes imidlertid at være dæmpet i cellekultur og hos mus 10 . Andre grupper har konstrueret introner i ZIKV-genomet, hvilket tillader afbrydelse af ustabile sekvenser i bakterier, som kan splejses ud i mammale celler in vitro til fremstilling af infektiøs virus 11, 12 . Derudover er et PCR-baseret system med titlen Infektiøs-Subgenomic-Amplicons blevet anvendt med succes til at redde prototypen MR766-stammen af ​​ZIKV 13 . Den fremgangsmåde, der beskrives her, kræver ingen fremmede sekvenser, men forstyrrer snarere genomet i området med høj ustabilitet ved anvendelse af flere plasmider, som tidligere er blevet anvendt succesfuldt med gul feber 6 , dengue 14 , 15 og West Nile vira 16 . Desuden letter tilsætningen af ​​hepatitis D-ribozym-sekvensen ved den virale genomiske termini oprettelsen af ​​en autentisk 3&#39;-ende uden behovet for tilsætning af et lineariseringssted. Derudover konstrueres begge plasmider i en vektor med lav kopiantal (pACYC177, ~ 15 kopier pr. Celle) for at afbøde eventuel resterende toksicitet 17 . Den genvundne virus viser en vækstprofil, der kan sammenlignes medForældrevirus i in vitro vækstkurver i 8 cellelinier omfattende en række celletyper afledt fra både pattedyr og insekter og har udvist identiske patogene profiler i mus og infektion, spredning og transmissionshastigheder i myg 18 . Heri beskriver vi en protokol, der beskriver, hvordan man dyrker de infektiøse klonplasmider, genererer viral RNA (viral genomet) i fuld længde, in vitro og genvinder infektiøs virus i cellekultur. For det første beskriver vi udbredelsen af ​​plasmider i bakterier eller bakteriefri amplifikation ved anvendelse af rullende cirkelforstærkning (RCA). Dernæst viser vi, hvordan de to plasmider fordøjes og derefter ligeres sammen for at generere virus i fuld længde. Endelig beskriver vi produktionen af ​​transkriberet RNA og dets efterfølgende elektroporation i Vero-celler efterfulgt af titrering af genvundet virus ( Figur 1 ). Den beskrevne fremgangsmåde er hurtig, hvilket tillader foR opsving af infektiøse virusbestande i 1-2 uger.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Stable CompetentE. coli</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>C3040H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin, Disodium Salt</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZymoPURE Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SalI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3138S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NheI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3131S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ApaLI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0507S</td>
			<td>10,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3101S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3136S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HindIII-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3104S</td>
			<td>20,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>illustra TempliPhi 100 Amplification Kit</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>25640010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-up</td>
			<td>Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td>740609.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (rSAP)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0371S</td>
			<td>1,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase, Calf Intestinal (CIP)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0290S</td>
			<td>10,000 units/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td>400,000units/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiScribe T7 ARCA mRNA Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E2065S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECM 630 High Throughput Electroporation System</td>
			<td>BTX</td>
			<td>45-0423</td>
			<td>Other machines are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Broth with agar (Miller)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3147</td>
			<td>Can be homemade as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terrific Broth</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T0918</td>
			<td>Can be homemade as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229693</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>60818-576</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 flasks</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T182 flasks</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-glutamine and 4.5 g/L glucose</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-017-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Atlas Biologicals</td>
			<td>FP-0500-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tragacanth Powder</td>
			<td>MP Bio</td>
			<td>MP 104792</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal Violet</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0528-1006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol Denatured</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>BDH1156-1LP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 well plate</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sequencing Oligos</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>see table 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 3.0</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Qubit 3.0</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Q32852</td>
			<td>other methods are acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Varies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This is necessary for live-virus work.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rescue and characterization of recombinant virus from a new world zika virus infectious clone

Infektiøse cDNA kloner tillader genetisk manipulation af en virus, hvilket letter arbejdet med vacciner, patogenese, replikation, transmission og viral evolution. Her beskriver vi opførelsen af ​​en infektiøs klon for Zika virus (ZIKV), der i øjeblikket forårsager et eksplosivt udbrud i Amerika. For at forhindre toksicitet for bakterier, der almindeligvis observeres med flavivirus-afledte plasmider, genererede vi et to-plasmidsystem, som adskiller genomet ved NS1-genet og er mere stabilt end konstruktioner i fuld længde, som ikke kunne genoprettes uden mutationer. Efter fordøjelse og ligering for at slutte sig til de to fragmenter, kan viral RNA i fuld længde genereres ved in vitro transkription med T7 RNA polymerase. Efter elektroporation af transkriberet RNA i celler blev virus udvundet, der udviser lignende in vitro vækstkinetik og in vivo virulens- og infektionsfænotyper hos henholdsvis mus og myg.

Protokollen beskrevet her muliggør genvinding af infektiøs klonafledt Zika-virus. Manipulering af det to-plasmid-infektiøse klonsystem er ligetil, når det udføres forsigtigt i sammenligning med versioner af fuld længde, der er stærkt ustabile (data ikke vist). Efter fordøjelse og ligering af de to adskilte stykker fremstilles afkortet RNA ved anvendelse af in vitro- transkription med T7-polymerase, som derefter elektroporeres i Vero-celler ( figur 1<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone at JoVE.com

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Denne protokol beskriver genopretningen af ​​infektiøs Zika-virus fra en to-plasmid-infektiøs cDNA-klon.

Redning og karakterisering af rekombinant virus fra en ny verden Zika Virus infektiøs klon

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

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Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

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En simpel flowcytometri baseret analyse for at bestemme In Vitro antistof afhængig af forbedring af Dengue Virus ved hjælp af Zika Virus rekreationshjem Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

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Hurtig, sikker og simpel manuel sengelamper nukleinsyre udvinding til påvisning af Virus i blodprøver

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The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought ...