Name: measuring synaptic vesicle endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons
Uploaded: 2017-09-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons at JoVE.com

Ringraziamo il Dr. Yong-Ling Zhu per fornire lo synaptophysin-pHluorin2x costrutto e Dr. James E. Rothman per fornire VAMP2-phluorin. Ringraziamo Dr. Susan Cheng e Virginia Crocker di NINDS microscopia elettronica Facility per loro guida e supporto tecnico. Questo lavoro è stato supportato dall'Istituto nazionale dei disordini neurologici e colpo programma di ricerca intramurale in USA e una sovvenzione dal programma iniziativa ricerca KRIBB (coreano Biomedical Scientist Fellowship Program), Korea Research Institute di Bioscienze e biotecnologie, Repubblica di Corea.

Nota: il seguente protocollo descrive i metodi di formazione immagine di pHluorin e metodi EM utilizzati in neuroni hippocampal coltivati. pHluorin monitor delle vescicole sinaptiche proteine l'assorbimento nelle cellule viventi ed EM rileva l'assorbimento delle vescicole sinaptiche e cambiamenti ultrastrutturali.
 cura degli animali e procedura seguite linee guida NIH e sono stati approvati dal comitato di uso e cura degli animali NIH.
 1. pHluorin Imaging <ol><...

<ol>
	<li>Sankaranarayanan, S., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+measurements+of+vesicle-SNARE+recycling+in+synapses+of+the+central+nervous+system.">Real-time measurements of vesicle-SNARE recycling in synapses of the central nervous system.</a> Nature cell biol. 2 (4), 197-204 (2000).</li><li>Sun, T., Wu, X. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+calcium/calmodulin-activated+calcineurin+in+rapid+and+slow+endocytosis+at+central+synapses.">The role of calcium/calmodulin-activated calcineurin in rapid and slow endocytosis at central synapses.</a> J Neurosci. 30 (35), 11838-11847 (2010).</li><li>Wu, X. -. S. S., Lee, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+Is+Crucial+for+All+Kinetically+Distinguishable+Forms+of+Endocytosis+at+Synapses.">Actin Is Crucial for All Kinetically Distinguishable Forms of Endocytosis at Synapses.</a> Neuron. 92 (5), 1020-1035 (2016).</li><li>Granseth, B., Odermatt, B., Royle, S. J., Lagnado, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clathrin-mediated+endocytosis+is+the+dominant+mechanism+of+vesicle+retrieval+at+hippocampal+synapses.">Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the dominant mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses.</a> Neuron. 51 (6), 773-786 (2006).</li><li>Atluri, P. P., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinetics+of+synaptic+vesicle+reacidification+at+hippocampal+nerve+terminals.">The kinetics of synaptic vesicle reacidification at hippocampal nerve terminals.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (8), 2313-2320 (2006).</li><li>Royle, S. J., Granseth, B., Odermatt, B., Derevier, A., Lagnado, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+phluorin-based+probes+at+hippocampal+synapses.">Imaging phluorin-based probes at hippocampal synapses.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 457, 293-303 (2008).</li><li>Moulder, K. L., Mennerick, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reluctant+vesicles+contribute+to+the+total+readily+releasable+pool+in+glutamatergic+hippocampal+neurons.">Reluctant vesicles contribute to the total readily releasable pool in glutamatergic hippocampal neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 25 (15), 3842-3850 (2005).</li><li>Li, Z., Burrone, J., Tyler, W. J., Hartman, K. N., Albeanu, D. F., Murthy, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+vesicle+recycling+studied+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+synaptopHluorin.">Synaptic vesicle recycling studied in transgenic mice expressing synaptopHluorin.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (17), 6131-6136 (2005).</li><li>Morris, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elements+of+a+neurobiological+theory+of+hippocampal+function:+the+role+of+synaptic+plasticity,+synaptic+tagging+and+schemas.">Elements of a neurobiological theory of hippocampal function: the role of synaptic plasticity, synaptic tagging and schemas.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 23 (11), 2829-2846 (2006).</li><li>Sankaranarayanan, S., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+accelerates+endocytosis+of+vSNAREs+at+hippocampal+synapses.">Calcium accelerates endocytosis of vSNAREs at hippocampal synapses.</a> Nat Neurosci. 4 (2), 129-136 (2001).</li><li>Balaji, J., Armbruster, M., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+control+of+endocytic+capacity+at+a+CNS+synapse.">Calcium control of endocytic capacity at a CNS synapse.</a> J Neurosci. 28 (26), 6742-6749 (2008).</li><li>Ferguson, S. M., Brasnjo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+selective+activity-dependent+requirement+for+dynamin+1+in+synaptic+vesicle+endocytosis.">A selective activity-dependent requirement for dynamin 1 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis.</a> Science. 316 (5824), 570-574 (2007).</li><li>Baydyuk, M., Wu, X. S., He, L., Wu, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor+inhibits+calcium+channel+activation,+exocytosis,+and+endocytosis+at+a+central+nerve+terminal.">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits calcium channel activation, exocytosis, and endocytosis at a central nerve terminal.</a> J Neurosci. 35 (11), 4676-4682 (2015).</li><li>Wu, X. S., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W. D., Wang, D., Luo, F., Wu, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcineurin+is+universally+involved+in+vesicle+endocytosis+at+neuronal+and+nonneuronal+secretory+cells.">Calcineurin is universally involved in vesicle endocytosis at neuronal and nonneuronal secretory cells.</a> Cell Rep. 7 (4), 982-988 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, Z., Wang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+SNARE+proteins+SNAP25+and+synaptobrevin+are+involved+in+endocytosis+at+hippocampal+synapses.">The SNARE proteins SNAP25 and synaptobrevin are involved in endocytosis at hippocampal synapses.</a> J Neurosci. 33 (21), 9169-9175 (2013).</li><li>Wu, L. -. G. G., Hamid, E., Shin, W., Chiang, H. -. C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exocytosis+and+endocytosis:+modes,+functions,+and+coupling+mechanisms.">Exocytosis and endocytosis: modes, functions, and coupling mechanisms.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 76 (1), 301-331 (2014).</li><li>Daniele, F., Di Cairano, E. S., Moretti, S., Piccoli, G., Perego, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TIRFM+and+pH-sensitive+GFP-probes+to+evaluate+neurotransmitter+vesicle+dynamics+in+SH-SY5Y+neuroblastoma+cells:+cell+imaging+and+data+analysis.">TIRFM and pH-sensitive GFP-probes to evaluate neurotransmitter vesicle dynamics in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: cell imaging and data analysis.</a> J Vis Exp. (95), e52267 (2015).</li><li>Shaner, N. C., Lin, M. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+photostability+of+bright+monomeric+orange+and+red+fluorescent+proteins.">Improving the photostability of bright monomeric orange and red fluorescent proteins.</a> Nat Methods. 5 (6), 545-551 (2008).</li><li>Li, Y., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pHTomato,+a+red,+genetically+encoded+indicator+that+enables+multiplex+interrogation+of+synaptic+activity.">pHTomato, a red, genetically encoded indicator that enables multiplex interrogation of synaptic activity.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15 (7), 1047-1053 (2012).</li><li>Leitz, J., Kavalali, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+retrieval+and+autonomous+regulation+of+single+spontaneously+recycling+synaptic+vesicles.">Fast retrieval and autonomous regulation of single spontaneously recycling synaptic vesicles.</a> Elife. 3, e03658 (2014).</li><li>Bisht, K., El Hajj, H., Savage, J. C., S&#225;nchez, M. G., Tremblay, M. -. &. #. 2. 0. 0. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlative+Light+and+Electron+Microscopy+to+Study+Microglial+Interactions+with+&#946;-Amyloid+Plaques.">Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy to Study Microglial Interactions with &#946;-Amyloid Plaques.</a> J Vis Exp. (112), e54060 (2016).</li><li>Schikorski, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+Synaptic+Vesicle+Protein+Sorting+with+Enhanced+Horseradish+Peroxidase+in+the+Electron+Microscope.">Monitoring Synaptic Vesicle Protein Sorting with Enhanced Horseradish Peroxidase in the Electron Microscope.</a> High-Resolution Imaging of Cellular Proteins: Methods and Protocols. , 327-341 (2016).</li><li>Kononenko, N. L., Puchkov, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clathrin/AP-2+mediate+synaptic+vesicle+reformation+from+endosome-like+vacuoles+but+are+not+essential+for+membrane+retrieval+at+central+synapses.">Clathrin/AP-2 mediate synaptic vesicle reformation from endosome-like vacuoles but are not essential for membrane retrieval at central synapses.</a> Neuron. 82 (5), 981-988 (2014).</li><li>Wu, Y., O'Toole, E. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamin+1-,+dynamin+3-+and+clathrin-independent+pathway+of+synaptic+vesicle+recycling+mediated+by+bulk+endocytosis.">A dynamin 1-, dynamin 3- and clathrin-independent pathway of synaptic vesicle recycling mediated by bulk endocytosis.</a> eLife. 2014 (3), e01621 (2014).</li><li>Heuser, J. E., Reese, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+recycling+of+synaptic+vesicle+membrane+during+transmitter+release+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> J Cell Biol. 57 (2), 315-344 (1973).</li><li>Ceccarelli, B., Hurlbut, W. P., Mauro, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Turnover+of+transmitter+and+synaptic+vesicles+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Turnover of transmitter and synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> J Cell Biol. 57 (2), 499-524 (1973).</li><li>Watanabe, S., Rost, B. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+endocytosis+at+mouse+hippocampal+synapses.">Ultrafast endocytosis at mouse hippocampal synapses.</a> Nature. 504 (7479), 242-247 (2013).</li><li>Watanabe, S., Trimbuch, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clathrin+regenerates+synaptic+vesicles+from+endosomes.">Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes.</a> Nature. 515 (7526), 228-233 (2014).</li><li>Sankaranarayanan, S., Atluri, P. P., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+has+a+molecular+scaffolding,+not+propulsive,+role+in+presynaptic+function.">Actin has a molecular scaffolding, not propulsive, role in presynaptic function.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6 (2), 127-135 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, Y., Xu, J., Heinemann, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+pathways+of+synaptic+vesicle+retrieval+revealed+by+single-vesicle+imaging.">Two pathways of synaptic vesicle retrieval revealed by single-vesicle imaging.</a> Neuron. 61 (3), 397-411 (2009).</li><li>Miesenbock, G., De Angelis, D. A., Rothman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+secretion+and+synaptic+transmission+with+pH-sensitive+green+fluorescent+proteins.">Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins.</a> Nature. 394 (6689), 192-195 (1998).</li><li>Arnao, M. B. B., Acosta, M., del Rio, J. A. A., Garc&#237;a-C&#225;novas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+peroxidase+by+hydrogen+peroxide+and+its+protection+by+a+reductant+agent.">Inactivation of peroxidase by hydrogen peroxide and its protection by a reductant agent.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1038 (1), 85-89 (1990).</li><li>De&#225;k, F., Schoch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptobrevin+is+essential+for+fast+synaptic-vesicle+endocytosis.">Synaptobrevin is essential for fast synaptic-vesicle endocytosis.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 6 (11), 1102-1108 (2004).</li><li>Clayton, E. L., Evans, G. J. O., Cousin, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+synaptic+vesicle+endocytosis+is+rapidly+triggered+during+strong+stimulation.">Bulk synaptic vesicle endocytosis is rapidly triggered during strong stimulation.</a> J Neurosci. 28 (26), 6627-6632 (2008).</li><li>Kavalali, E. T., Jorgensen, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+presynaptic+function.">Visualizing presynaptic function.</a> Nat Neurosci. 17 (1), 10-16 (2014).</li><li>Wienisch, M., Klingauf, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vesicular+proteins+exocytosed+and+subsequently+retrieved+by+compensatory+endocytosis+are+nonidentical.">Vesicular proteins exocytosed and subsequently retrieved by compensatory endocytosis are nonidentical.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9 (8), 1019-1027 (2006).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez-Alfonso, T., Kwan, R., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+vesicles+interchange+their+membrane+proteins+with+a+large+surface+reservoir+during+recycling.">Synaptic vesicles interchange their membrane proteins with a large surface reservoir during recycling.</a> Neuron. 51 (2), 179-186 (2006).</li><li>Gimber, N., Tadeus, G., Maritzen, T., Schmoranzer, J., Haucke, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusional+spread+and+confinement+of+newly+exocytosed+synaptic+vesicle+proteins.">Diffusional spread and confinement of newly exocytosed synaptic vesicle proteins.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 8392 (2015).</li><li>Nicholson-Fish, J. C., Smillie, K. J., Cousin, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+activity-dependent+bulk+endocytosis+with+the+genetically-encoded+reporter+VAMP4-pHluorin.">Monitoring activity-dependent bulk endocytosis with the genetically-encoded reporter VAMP4-pHluorin.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 266, 1-10 (2016).</li><li>Burrone, J., Li, Z., Murthy, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+vesicle+cycling+in+presynaptic+terminals+using+the+genetically+encoded+probe+synaptopHluorin.">Studying vesicle cycling in presynaptic terminals using the genetically encoded probe synaptopHluorin.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (6), 2970-2978 (2006).</li><li>Wisse, E., Braet, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation+methods+for+electron+microscopy+of+human+and+other+liver.">Fixation methods for electron microscopy of human and other liver.</a> World journal of gastroenterology. 16 (23), 2851-2866 (2010).</li><li>Magidson, V., Khodjakov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circumventing+Photodamage+in+Live-Cell+Microscopy.">Circumventing Photodamage in Live-Cell Microscopy.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 114, 545-560 (2013).</li><li>S&#248;ndergaard, C. R., Garrett, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+artifacts+in+protein-ligand+X-ray+structures:+implications+for+the+development+of+docking+scoring+functions.">Structural artifacts in protein-ligand X-ray structures: implications for the development of docking scoring functions.</a> J Med Chem. 52 (18), 5673-5684 (2009).</li></ol>

Qui dimostriamo due metodi per il monitoraggio di endocitosi delle vescicole sinaptiche. Nel primo metodo, abbiamo monitorato pHluorin fuse con una proteina della vescicola sinaptica nei neuroni trasfettati e successivamente elettricamente stimolata. In secondo luogo, abbiamo usato la formazione immagine EM dell'assorbimento HRP come indotto da KCl. Abbiamo usato diversi stimoli per due motivi. In primo luogo, applicazione di potassio induce la depolarizzazione di tutti i neuroni nella cultura. Questo facilita l'esame EM...

Neurotrasmettitori sono memorizzati in vescicole sinaptiche e distribuiti dalla esocitosi. La membrana della vescicola sinaptica e la proteina sono quindi interiorizzati dal endocytosis e riutilizzati nel prossimo turno di esocitosi. Endocitosi delle vescicole sinaptiche sono importante per il mantenimento piscine delle vescicole sinaptiche e rimuove vescicole sporgente dalla membrana plasmatica. PHluorin la proteina fluorescente verde sensibili al pH, che è spenta in circostanze acide e dequenched a pH neutro, è stato utilizzato per misurare il tempo di endocitosi corsi in diretta le cellule1,2,3. La proteina di pHluorin è in genere associata al lato lumenal di proteine delle vescicole sinaptiche, come lo synaptophysin o VAMP2/sinaptobrevina. A riposo, pHluorin è spenta in lumen pH 5,5 delle vescicole sinaptiche. Fusione della vescicola alla membrana plasmatica espone il lume vescicolare alla soluzione extracellulare dove il pH è ~ 7.3, conseguente aumento nella fluorescenza pHluorin. Dopo l'esocitosi, l'aumento della fluorescenza decade, a causa di endocitosi delle proteine delle vescicole sinaptiche, seguita da ri-acidificazione vescicola all'interno di tali vescicole recuperate. Anche se il decadimento riflette sia endocitosi e ri-acidificazione vescicolare, essa riflette principalmente endocitosi, perché ri-acidificazione è più veloce di endocitosi nella maggior parte delle condizioni1,4. La costante di tempo di ri-acidificazione è 3-4 s o meno5,6, che è generalmente più veloce di 10 s o superiore richiesto per endocitosi delle vescicole4,5. Se sono necessari esperimenti per distinguere endocitosi da ri-acidificazione, acidi dissetante esperimenti utilizzando la soluzione di (MES) acida 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic (25 mM) con un pH di 5.5 possono essere utilizzati per determinare se vengono recuperate proteine delle vescicole sinaptiche dalla membrana del plasma tramite endocitosi1,3,4. Così, l'aumento di intensità di fluorescenza pHluorin riflette un equilibrio di exo - ed endocitosi e la diminuzione dopo stimolazione del nervo in particolare riflette endocitosi.
pHluorin formazione immagine può essere usata non solo per misurare il corso di tempo dell'endocitosi, ma anche la dimensione della vescicola sinaptica piscine7,8, e la probabilità di rilascio evocato e spontaneo versione9. Molti fattori e proteine coinvolte nella regolazione di endocitosi, quali calcio, le proteine solubili NSF-attachment proteina recettore (rullante), factor(BDNF) neurotrophic cervello-derivato e della calcineurina sono stati identificati usando pHluorin imaging1 , 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16. Inoltre, il rilascio di neurotrasmettitore potrebbe essere rilevata nei neuroni non solo primari ma in cellule di neuroblastoma con TIRFM17. Recentemente, pHTomato, dsRed, mOrange e varianti di pHluorin sono stati sviluppati per il monitoraggio di registrazioni simultanee di fattori multipli in una singola sinapsi18,19. Ad esempio, pHTomato è stato fuso con lo synaptophysin e utilizzato con un indicatore di calcio codificato geneticamente (GCaMP5K) per monitorare la fusione della vescicola presinaptica e afflusso di Ca2 + nel compartimento postsinaptico20. Di conseguenza, pHluorin associata a proteine sinaptiche fornisce un metodo utile per analizzare la relazione fra endocitosi ed esocitosi.
EM è un altro metodo comunemente usato per lo studio di endocitosi, grazie all'elevata risoluzione spaziale che mostra i cambiamenti ultrastrutturali durante endocitosi. Due aree generali sono la capacità di visualizzare cambiamenti patologici all'interno di cellule neuronali21 e tenere traccia della vescicola proteine22. In particolare, l'osservazione dell'assorbimento delle vescicole sinaptiche, curvatura di membrana rivestite di clatrina nella zona periattiva ed endosomal strutture sono possibili con EM3,23,24,25 ,26,27,28. Mentre EM comporta potenziali artefatti, come fissativo-indotto malformazioni, che possono pregiudicare la endocitosi, e analisi dei dati è laboriosa, che la risoluzione fornisce un'opportunità interessante per visualizzare la struttura cellulare. Potenziali problemi di fissativo e la limitazione a risoluzione temporale EM può essere superati da alta pressione congelamento, fornendo un metodo veloce e non chimici di stabilizzare le delicate strutture presenti durante endocitosi27.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine LTX with Plus</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15338-100</td>
			<td>Transfection of plasmid DNA including synaptophysin or VAMP2-pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21103-049</td>
			<td>Growth medium for neuron, Warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Gradient for neuronal differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Gradient for neuronal culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine coated coverslip</td>
			<td>Neuvitro</td>
			<td>GG-25-pdl</td>
			<td>Substrate for neuronal growth and imaging of pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin XI from bovine pancrease</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1005</td>
			<td>Neuronal culture-digest hippocampal tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5025</td>
			<td>Neuronal culture-inhibits viscous cell suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pulse stimulator</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>model 2100</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slotted bath with field stimulation</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-21BRFS</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stimulus isolation unit</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>SIU102</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lubricant</td>
			<td>Dow corning</td>
			<td>111</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging-seal with coverslip and imaging chamber, avoid leak from chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP5</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>3693</td>
			<td>Gradient for normal saline, selective NMDA receptor antagonist, inhibit postsynaptic activity which have potential for recurrent activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNQX</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>190</td>
			<td>Gradient for normal saline, competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, inhibit postsynaptic activity which have potential for recurrent activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illuminator</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C-HGFI</td>
			<td>Metal halide light source for pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>iXon3</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging, detect pHluorin fluorescence intensity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscopy</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Ti-E</td>
			<td>Imaging for synaptophysin or VAMP2 pHluorin transfected cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements AR</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NIS-Elements Advanced Research</td>
			<td>Software for imaging acquisition and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Igor Pro</td>
			<td>WaveMetrics</td>
			<td>Igor pro</td>
			<td>Software for imaging analysis and data presentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>imaging chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC21B</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging, apply field stimulation on living cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly-l-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4832</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, substrate for neuronal growth, apply on multiwell plate for 1 h at room temperature then wash with sterilized water 3 times</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase(HRP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6782</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles by catalyzing DAB in presence hydrogen peroxide, final concentration is 5 mg/mL in normal saline, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na cacodylate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>12300</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, buffer for fixatives and washing, final concentration is 0.1 N</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#8242;-Diaminobenzidine(DAB)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8001</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles, substrate for HRP, final concentration is 0.5 mg/mL in DDW and filtered, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles by inducing HRP-DAB reaction, final concentration is 0.3% in DDW, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>16365</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, fixatives, final concentration is 4% in Na-cacodylate buffer, make fresh before use, shake well before to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>200CX</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, imaging of endocytosed vesicles and ultrastructural changes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD digital camera</td>
			<td>AMT</td>
			<td>XR-100</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, capturing images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead citrate</td>
			<td>Leica microsystems</td>
			<td>16707235</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, grid staining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring synaptic vesicle endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons

Durante endocitosi, fusione delle vescicole sinaptiche sono Estratto alle terminazioni nervose, permettendo per riciclo delle vescicole e quindi il mantenimento della trasmissione sinaptica durante la cottura ripetuto del nervo. Alterata endocitosi in condizioni patologiche conduce alle diminuzioni in funzioni sinaptiche di forza e cervello. Qui, descriviamo i metodi utilizzati per misurare la endocitosi delle vescicole sinaptiche alla sinapsi ippocampo mammifera in coltura neuronale. Abbiamo monitorato endocitosi proteine delle vescicole sinaptiche fondendo una proteina di membrana vescicolare sinaptica, compreso lo synaptophysin e VAMP2/sinaptobrevina, sul lato di lumenal vescicolare, con pHluorin, una proteina fluorescente verde di pH sensibili che aumenta la sua aumenta l'intensità di fluorescenza come il pH. Durante l'esocitosi, vescicolare lumen pH aumenta, mentre durante il lume vescicolare endocitosi pH è ri-acidificato. Così, un aumento dell'intensità di fluorescenza pHluorin indica fusione, mentre una diminuzione indica endocitosi della proteina marcata delle vescicole sinaptiche. Oltre a utilizzare il metodo di imaging pHluorin per registrare endocitosi, abbiamo monitorato endocitosi membrana vescicolare da misure di microscopia elettronica (EM) del rafano perossidasi (HRP) assorbimento dalle vescicole. Infine, abbiamo monitorato la formazione dei pozzi di membrana terminale del nervo in tempi diversi dopo la depolarizzazione indotta da potassio alta. Il corso di formazione di pozzo di assorbimento e membrana HRP tempo indica il corso di tempo dell'endocitosi.

Utilizzando il metodo di elemento portante del lipido, SpH è stato espresso nei neuroni dell'ippocampo, che consenta l'identificazione dei boutons (Figura 1a). La stimolazione elettrica delle cellule indotto esocitosi e un corrispondente aumento in intensità di fluorescenza. L'aumento della fluorescenza (ΔF) è stato interrotto terminando lo stimolo (Figura 1b). L'aumento della fluorescenza è stata seguita da una lenta diminu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons at JoVE.com

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Endocitosi delle vescicole sinaptiche sono rilevato da microscopia chiara di pHluorin fuso con proteine delle vescicole sinaptiche e da microscopia elettronica dell'assorbimento della vescicola.

Endocitosi delle vescicole sinaptiche in colture di neuroni ippocampali di misura

During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

Studiare Piscine vescicole sinaptiche con fotoconversione di coloranti Styryl

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching FRAP of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Recupero della fluorescenza dopo photobleaching (FRAP) di fluorescenza proteine ​​Tagged in spine dendritiche di colture di neuroni ippocampali

FRAP has been used to quantify the mobility of GFP-tagged proteins. Using a strong excitation laser, the fluorescence of a GFP-tagged protein is bleached ...

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Analisi di Morfologia spine dendritiche in colture di neuroni del SNC

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

Analisi quantitativa di Replenishment pool delle vescicole sinaptiche in colture di neuroni granuli cerebellari utilizzando coloranti FM

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

Indurre crescita dendritica in colture di neuroni simpatici

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Diffusione laterale e esocitosi delle proteine ​​di membrana in neuroni in coltura valutata utilizzando Recovery fluorescenza e fluorescenza-loss photobleaching

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

Rilevamento di palmitoilazione proteina in colture di neuroni ippocampali di immunoprecipitazione e di acil-Biotina Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay

Il saggio danneggiare il DNA in neuroni ippocampali Utilizzo del Comet Assay

A number of drugs target the DNA repair pathways and induce cell kill by creating DNA damage. Thus, processes to directly measure DNA damage have been ...

Post-embedding Immunogold Labeling of Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Post-embedding Etichettatura immuno di proteine ​​sinaptiche in Culture Slice ippocampali

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as ...

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

Esame delle vescicole sinaptiche Riciclaggio Uso FM coloranti Durante evocati, spontaneo, e miniatura Attività Synaptic

Synaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using ...