Name: measuring synaptic vesicle endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons
Uploaded: 2017-09-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons at JoVE.com

Agradecemos o Dr. Yong-Ling Zhu por prevê construção Sinaptofisina-pHluorin2x e Dr. James E. Rothman fornecendo VAMP2-phluorin. Agradecemos o Dr. Susan Cheng e Virginia Crocker da facilidade de microscopia eletrônica de NINDS pelo apoio técnico e ajuda. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto Nacional de Disorders Neurological e curso Intramural Research Program nos EUA e uma bolsa da KRIBB iniciativa programa de pesquisa (Korean biomédica cientista Fellowship Program), Instituto de pesquisa da Coreia do Biociências e biotecnologia, República da Coreia.

Nota: O seguinte protocolo descreve os métodos de imagem pHluorin e métodos EM neurônios hippocampal culta. pHluorin monitores vesícula sináptica proteína absorção em células vivas e EM detecta a absorção da vesícula sináptica e as alterações ultra-estruturais.
 cuidados com animais e procedimento seguiu as diretrizes do NIH e foram aprovados pelo Comitê de uso e cuidados do Animal NIH.
 1. pHluorin Imaging <ol><li>cultura neurônio Hippoc...

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Aqui demonstramos dois métodos para monitorar a endocitose da vesícula sináptica. O primeiro método, temos monitorado pHluorin fundiu-se com uma proteína de vesícula sináptica nos neurônios transfectadas e posteriormente eletricamente estimulado. Em segundo lugar, usamos EM imagem latente de captação HRP como induzida por KCl. Usamos diferentes estímulos por duas razões. Primeiro, aplicação elevada de potássio induz a despolarização dos neurônios todos na cultura. Isso facilita o exame EM, dado que a no...

Os neurotransmissores são armazenados em vesículas sinápticas e liberados por exocitose. A membrana da vesícula sináptica e a proteína são então internalizadas por endocitose e reutilizadas na próxima rodada de exocitose. Endocitose das vesículas sinápticas é importante para a manutenção de piscinas de vesícula sináptica e remove salientes vesículas de membrana plasmática. O pHluorin sensíveis ao pH proteína verde fluorescente, que é saciada em circunstâncias ácidas e dequenched em pH neutro, tem sido usado para medir tempo de endocitose cursos em vivem células1,2,3. A proteína de pHluorin normalmente é unida ao lado lumenal das proteínas de vesículas sinápticas, tais como Sinaptofisina ou VAMP2/synaptobrevin da. No resto, pHluorin é extinguido no lúmen 5.5 pH das vesículas sinápticas. Fusão de vesículas para a membrana plasmática apresenta o lúmen vesicular à solução extracelular onde o pH é ~ 7.3, resultando em um aumento na fluorescência do pHluorin. Após a exocitose, decompõe-se o aumento da fluorescência, devido a endocitose das proteínas de vesículas sinápticas seguido por re-acidificação de vesículas dentro dessas vesículas recuperadas. Embora a decadência reflete tanto a endocitose e a re-acidificação vesicular, principalmente reflete endocitose, porque re-acidificação é mais rápido que endocitose na maioria das condições1,4. A constante de tempo de re-acidificação é 3-4 s ou menos5,6, que é geralmente mais rápido que o 10 s ou mais necessários para vesículas endocitose4,5. Se experimentos são necessários para distinguir a endocitose de re-acidificação, ácidos resfriamento experimentos usando a solução de (MES) ácido 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic (25 mM) com um pH de 5,5 podem ser usados para determinar se as proteínas de vesículas sinápticas são recuperadas da membrana plasmática através de endocitose1,3,4. Assim, o aumento de intensidade de fluorescência pHluorin reflete um equilíbrio de exo e endocitose, e a diminuição após a estimulação do nervo especificamente reflete endocitose.
pHluorin imagem pode ser usada não apenas para medir o tempo de curso de endocitose, mas também o tamanho da vesícula sináptica piscinas7,8, e9de lançamento a probabilidade de lançamento evocado e espontânea. Muitos fatores e proteínas envolvidas na regulação da endocitose, tais como cálcio, solúvel NSF-acessório da proteína do receptor (SNARE) proteínas, neurotrófico derivado do cérebro factor(BDNF) e calcineurina foram identificadas usando pHluorin de imagens1 , 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16. Além disso, a liberação do neurotransmissor pode ser detectada nos neurônios não apenas primários, mas em células de neuroblastoma com TIRFM17. Recentemente, pHTomato, dsRed, mOrange e variantes de pHluorin foram desenvolvidos para o monitoramento de gravações simultâneas de vários fatores em uma única sinapse18,19. Por exemplo, pHTomato tem sido fundido com Sinaptofisina e usado com um indicador de cálcio geneticamente codificado (GCaMP5K) para monitorar fusão de vesícula pré-sináptica e Ca2 + influxo no compartimento pós-sináptica20. Portanto, pHluorin ligado a proteínas sinápticas fornece um método útil para analisar a relação entre endocitose e exocitose.
É outro método comumente usado para estudar a endocitose, devido a alta resolução espacial que mostra as alterações ultra-estruturais durante a endocitose. Duas áreas gerais são a capacidade de visualizar as alterações patológicas dentro de células neuronais21 e faixa de proteínas de vesícula22. Em particular, a observação da absorção da vesícula sináptica, curvatura de membrana revestida por Clatrina na zona de periactive, e CDDP estruturas são possíveis com EM3,23,24,25 ,26,,27,28. Enquanto EM envolve artefatos potenciais, tais como malformações induzidas pelo fixador, que pode afetar a endocitose e análise de dados é de trabalho intensivo, que a resolução prevê uma oportunidade atraente para visualizar a estrutura celular. Potenciais problemas de fixador e a limitação em resolução temporal EM podem ser superados por alta pressão, congelamento, fornecendo um método rápido e não-químicas de estabilizar as delicadas estruturas presentes durante a endocitose27.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine LTX with Plus</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15338-100</td>
			<td>Transfection of plasmid DNA including synaptophysin or VAMP2-pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21103-049</td>
			<td>Growth medium for neuron, Warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Gradient for neuronal differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Gradient for neuronal culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine coated coverslip</td>
			<td>Neuvitro</td>
			<td>GG-25-pdl</td>
			<td>Substrate for neuronal growth and imaging of pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin XI from bovine pancrease</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1005</td>
			<td>Neuronal culture-digest hippocampal tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5025</td>
			<td>Neuronal culture-inhibits viscous cell suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pulse stimulator</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>model 2100</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slotted bath with field stimulation</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-21BRFS</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stimulus isolation unit</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>SIU102</td>
			<td>Apply electrical stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lubricant</td>
			<td>Dow corning</td>
			<td>111</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging-seal with coverslip and imaging chamber, avoid leak from chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AP5</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>3693</td>
			<td>Gradient for normal saline, selective NMDA receptor antagonist, inhibit postsynaptic activity which have potential for recurrent activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNQX</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>190</td>
			<td>Gradient for normal saline, competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, inhibit postsynaptic activity which have potential for recurrent activity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illuminator</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C-HGFI</td>
			<td>Metal halide light source for pHluorin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>iXon3</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging, detect pHluorin fluorescence intensity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscopy</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Ti-E</td>
			<td>Imaging for synaptophysin or VAMP2 pHluorin transfected cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements AR</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NIS-Elements Advanced Research</td>
			<td>Software for imaging acquisition and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Igor Pro</td>
			<td>WaveMetrics</td>
			<td>Igor pro</td>
			<td>Software for imaging analysis and data presentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>imaging chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC21B</td>
			<td>pHluorin imaging, apply field stimulation on living cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly-l-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4832</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, substrate for neuronal growth, apply on multiwell plate for 1 h at room temperature then wash with sterilized water 3 times</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase(HRP)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6782</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles by catalyzing DAB in presence hydrogen peroxide, final concentration is 5 mg/mL in normal saline, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na cacodylate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>12300</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, buffer for fixatives and washing, final concentration is 0.1 N</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#8242;-Diaminobenzidine(DAB)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8001</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles, substrate for HRP, final concentration is 0.5 mg/mL in DDW and filtered, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, labeling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles by inducing HRP-DAB reaction, final concentration is 0.3% in DDW, make fresh before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>16365</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, fixatives, final concentration is 4% in Na-cacodylate buffer, make fresh before use, shake well before to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>200CX</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, imaging of endocytosed vesicles and ultrastructural changes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD digital camera</td>
			<td>AMT</td>
			<td>XR-100</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, capturing images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lead citrate</td>
			<td>Leica microsystems</td>
			<td>16707235</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy, grid staining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring synaptic vesicle endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons

Durante a endocitose, fundidas vesículas sinápticas são recuperadas em terminais nervosos, permitindo a reciclagem de vesículas e, portanto, a manutenção da transmissão sináptica durante o disparo repetitivo do nervo. Endocitose prejudicada em condições patológicas leva a diminuições em funções sinápticas de força e cérebro. Aqui, descrevemos os métodos utilizados para medir a endocitose da vesícula sináptica na sinapse hippocampal mamífera na cultura neuronal. Temos monitorado endocitose de proteínas de vesícula sináptica pela fusão de uma proteína de membrana vesicular sináptica, incluindo Sinaptofisina e VAMP2/synaptobrevin da, o lado lumenal vesicular, com pHluorin, uma proteína fluorescente verde sensíveis ao pH que aumenta sua intensidade de fluorescência como o pH aumenta. Durante a exocitose, pH do lúmen vesicular aumenta, Considerando que durante o lúmen vesicular endocitose pH é re-acidificado. Assim, um aumento da intensidade de fluorescência pHluorin indica fusão, enquanto uma diminuição indica endocitose da proteína rotulados vesícula sináptica. Além de usar o pHluorin método de imagem para gravar endocitose, temos monitorado endocitose da membrana vesicular por microscopia de elétron (EM) medições de absorção de Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) por vesículas. Finalmente, temos monitorado a formação dos poços de membrana terminal do nervo em vários momentos após a despolarização induzida por potássio alto. O tempo de curso de formação de poço de captação e membrana HRP indica o tempo de curso de endocitose.

Usando o método de transportadora de lipídios, SpH foi expressa em neurônios hippocampal, permitindo a identificação de boutons (Figura 1a). Estimulação elétrica das células induzidas por exocitose e um correspondente aumento na intensidade de fluorescência. O aumento na fluorescência (ΔF) foi interrompido por encerrar o estímulo (Figura 1b). O aumento da fluorescência foi seguido por uma diminuição lenta, devido ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons at JoVE.com

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Endocitose da vesícula sináptica é detectada pela microscopia de luz de pHluorin fundido com proteínas de vesículas sinápticas e por microscopia eletrônica de absorção da vesícula.

Medindo a endocitose da vesícula sináptica nos neurônios Hippocampal culturas

During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

Estudando Pools vesículas Synaptic usando fotoconversão de Corantes Styryl

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The ...

Neurociência

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching FRAP of Fluorescence Tagged Proteins in Dendritic Spines of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Recuperação de fluorescência Após Fotodegradação (FRAP) de fluorescência Proteínas Tagged em espinhas dendríticas dos neurônios do hipocampo Cultivadas

FRAP has been used to quantify the mobility of GFP-tagged proteins. Using a strong excitation laser, the fluorescence of a GFP-tagged protein is bleached ...

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Análise de Morfologia Spine dendríticas em neurônios cultivados CNS

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

Análise quantitativa de Reposição da vesícula sináptica Piscina em Cultured neurônios granulares do cerebelo usando Dyes FM

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

Induzir o crescimento dendrítico no cultivadas neurônios simpáticos

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Difusão lateral e Exocitose de proteínas de membrana em neurônios cultivados avaliada através da recuperação de fluorescência e fluorescência perda de fotobranqueamento

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange (ABE)

Detection of Protein Palmitoylation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons by Immunoprecipitation and Acyl-Biotin Exchange ABE

Detecção de palmitoylation proteína em neurônios cultivados por imunoprecipitação e Acil-Biotina Exchange (ABE)

Palmitoylation is a post-translational lipid  modification involving the attachment of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid,  palmitate, to cysteine residues ...

Assaying DNA Damage in Hippocampal Neurons Using the Comet Assay

Ensaio danos no DNA em neurônios do hipocampo Usando o Ensaio Cometa

A number of drugs target the DNA repair pathways and induce cell kill by creating DNA damage. Thus, processes to directly measure DNA damage have been ...

Post-embedding Immunogold Labeling of Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Pós-incorporação de Etiquetagem immunogold de proteínas sinápticas em culturas de hipocampo

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as ...

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

Exame da Reciclagem de Vesículas Sinápticas Usando Corantes FM Durante Atividades Sinápticas Evocadas

Synaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using ...