Name: combining raman imaging and multivariate analysis to visualize lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall at JoVE.com

نشكر وزارة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الصينية (2016YDF0600803) للحصول على الدعم المالي.

1. إعداد العينة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قطع كتلة الأنسجة الصغيرة (حوالي 3 مم × 3 مم × 5 مم) من عينة النبات (على سبيل المثال، الجذعية الحور). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تزج الأنسجة في الماء المغلي منزوع الأيونات لمدة 30 دقيقة. نقل على الفور إلى ...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+2.">Chapter 2.</a> Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept: Challenges and Perspectives. , 38-64 (2016).</li><li>Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+tissue+specific+compositions+of+bioenergy+feedstocks+Through+hyperspectral+Raman+imaging.">Understanding tissue specific compositions of bioenergy feedstocks Through hyperspectral Raman imaging.</a> Bio. 108 (2), 286-295 (2009).</li><li>Tolstik, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+and+prediction+of+HCC+tissues+by+Raman+imaging+with+identification+of+fatty+acids+as+potential+lipid+biomarkers.">Classification and prediction of HCC tissues by Raman imaging with identification of fatty acids as potential lipid biomarkers.</a> J. 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جدار الخلية النباتية هو مركب الذي تم تنظيمه في عدة طبقات، بما في ذلك زاوية الخلية (سيسي)، الجدار الثانوي (سو، مع S1، S2، و S3 طبقات)، والمركبة لاميلا المتوسطة (سمل، لاميلا المتوسطة بالإضافة إلى الابتدائي المجاور الجدار)، مما يجعل من الصعب الحصول على سطح مستو أثناء إعداد ا...

Plant biomass is the most abundant renewable resource on Earth; is mainly composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; and is considered an attractive source of bioenergy and bio-based chemicals1. Unfortunately, it can resist degradation and confer hydrolytic stability or structural robustness to the plant cell wall. Such resistance is attributable to the accessible surface area, biomass particle size, degree of polymerization, cellulose crystallinity, and protective lignin2. A comprehensive understanding of the structural and chemical nature of the plant cell wall is thus significant from the viewpoint of plant biology and chemistry, as well as from that of commercial utilization. Commonly used wet chemistry analyses, such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, only provide average compositional data of the measured sample. Furthermore, these methods are invasive and destroy the original structure of the plant tissue3. 
The Raman imaging technique is a powerful tool for the nondestructive visualization of spatially resolved chemical information4. It uses a laser light to cause inelastic scattering with a photon and relies on changes in polarizability arising from the molecular vibrations. In this case, water causes weak Raman scattering, which makes this approach suitable for in situ investigations of biological samples5. The application of the Raman imaging technique to the plant cell wall can elucidate the structure and composition of plant cell walls in their native state, with the resolution on the scale of the single cell and even of the cell wall layers6. A typical Raman imaging analysis of a plant cell wall generally consists of three steps: 1) sample preparation, 2) spectral acquisition, and 3) data processing. 
Although one of the major advantages of Raman imaging is the ability to achieve label-free and non-destructive spectra with minimal sample preparation, physical sample sectioning is still necessary to expose the surface of interest. This process should be performed carefully to obtain a flat surface, since the technique depends on maintaining optical focus7. Spectral acquisition requires a balance between image quality and extensive acquisition times8. Data processing aims to effectively extract the chemical information from the image data, especially for the components with similar chemical structures, such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Due to the strong spectral overlap, the exact spectra are difficult to discern. In this case, multivariate analysis is a straightforward approach to effectively uncover the hiding structural and chemical information9. This work presents a general protocol describing the use of Raman imaging to visualize the main components in plant cell walls, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="597">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:199px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Microm HM430</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Confocal Raman microscope</td>
			<td>Horiba Jobin Yvon</td>
			<td>Xplora</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai ZHICHENG</td>
			<td>ZXFD-A5040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining raman imaging and multivariate analysis to visualize lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall

تطبيق رامان التصوير إلى الكتلة الحيوية النباتية آخذ في الازدياد لأنه يمكن أن توفر المعلومات المكانية والتراكيب على المحاليل المائية. ولا يتطلب التحليل عادة إعداد عينات واسعة النطاق؛ يمكن الحصول على المعلومات الهيكلية والكيميائية دون وضع العلامات. ومع ذلك، كل صورة رامان يحتوي على آلاف الأطياف. وهذا يثير صعوبات عند استخراج المعلومات الخفية، وخاصة بالنسبة للمكونات ذات الهياكل الكيميائية مماثلة. يقدم هذا العمل تحليلا متعدد المتغيرات لمعالجة هذه المشكلة. بروتوكول يحدد طريقة عامة لتصور المكونات الرئيسية، بما في ذلك اللجنين والسليلوز، وهيميسيلولوز داخل جدار الخلية النباتية. في هذا البروتوكول، وصفت إجراءات لإعداد العينات، واكتساب الطيفية، ومعالجة البيانات. وهي تعتمد اعتمادا كبيرا على مهارة المشغل في إعداد العينات وتحليل البيانات. باستخدام هذا النهج، وتحقيق رامان يمكن أن يؤديها مستخدم غير متخصص لاكتساب هيغh- بيانات ذات جودة ونتائج ذات مغزى لتحليل جدار الخلية النباتية.

الشكل 1 يقدم لمحة عامة عن نظام رامان نموذجي نموذجي لتصوير رامان من جدار الخلية النباتية. على سبيل المثال، أطياف رامان الأصلية من الحور ( بوبولوس نيغرا L.) لديها الانجرافات خط الأساس كبيرة والمسامير ( الشكل 2A ). بعد ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall at JoVE.com

Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall

ويهدف هذا البروتوكول لتقديم طريقة عامة لتصور اللجنين، السليلوز، وهيميسيلولوز في جدران الخلايا النباتية باستخدام رامان التصوير وتحليل متعدد المتغيرات.

الجمع بين رامان التصوير وتحليل متعدد المتغيرات لتصور اللجنين، السليلوز، وهيميسيلولوز في جدار الخلية النباتية

The application of Raman imaging to plant biomass is increasing because it can offer spatial and compositional information on aqueous solutions. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Covalent Binding of Antibodies to Cellulose Paper Discs and Their Applications in Naked-eye Colorimetric Immunoassays

التساهمية ملزم من الأجسام المضادة لالسليلوز أقراص الورق وتطبيقاتها في العين المجردة اللونية يمونواسايس

This report presents two methods for the covalent immobilization of capture antibodies on cellulose filter paper grade No. 1 (medium-flow filter paper) ...

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

توصيف الهيكلية من السكريات جدار الخلية المنان في النباتات باستخدام خطي

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

والعزلة وقياسات الجهاز التنفسي من الميتوكوندريا من التمويل نبات

Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in numerous metabolic pathways in plants, most notably the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...

2 in 1: One-step Affinity Purification for the Parallel Analysis of Protein-Protein and Protein-Metabolite Complexes

2 في 1: انجذاب تطهير لتحليل مواز للبروتين-بروتين والبروتين-المستقلب المجمعات من خطوة واحدة

Cellular processes are regulated by interactions between biological molecules such as proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids. While the investigation of ...

Using In Vitro Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study the Dynamics Of Protein Complexes at a Millisecond Time Scale

استخدام الأنابيب الفلورية الرنين نقل الطاقة لدراسة ديناميات البروتين المجمعات في مقياس زمني ميلي ثانية

Proteins are the primary operators of biological systems, and they usually interact with other macro- or small molecules to carry out their biological ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging in C. elegans Body Wall Muscles

In Vivo Calcium Imaging in C. elegans Body Wall Muscles

في فيفو الكالسيوم التصوير في c. الهيئة عضلات الجدار الجسم

The model organism C. elegans provides an excellent system to perform in vivo calcium imaging. Its transparent body and genetic manipulability allow for ...

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea Camellia Sinensis L. Leaves

دراسة عن الأيض من المبيدات الحشرية النظامية الستة في ثقافة تعليق الخلية المنشأة حديثا المستمدة من الشاي(كاميليا سينينسيس L.) يترك

A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

قياس التفاعلات بين مجسات الفلورسنت والليغسين في أقسام النبات بواسطة sFLIM استنادا إلى الفلورية الاصليه

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...

An Integrated Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Platform to Study Single-Cell Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects

والتحليل الطيفي رامان المتكاملة وكتله الطيف الكتلي لدراسة امتصاص المخدرات خليه واحده, الأيض, والآثار

Cells are known to be inherently heterogeneous in their responses to drugs. Therefore, it is essential that single-cell heterogeneity is accounted for in ...

RNA Blot Analysis for the Detection and Quantification of Plant MicroRNAs

تحليل RNA لطخة للكشف عن و الكم من MicroRNAs النبات

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and ...