Name: combining raman imaging and multivariate analysis to visualize lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall
Uploaded: 2017-06-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall at JoVE.com

우리는 재정 지원을 위해 중국 과학 기술부 (2016YDF0600803)에 감사드립니다.

1. 샘플 준비 <ol><li> 식물 샘플 ( 예 : 포플러 줄기)에서 작은 조직 블록 (약 3mm x 3mm x 5mm)을 자릅니다. </li><li> 조직을 끓는 탈 이온수에 30 분간 담근다. 즉시 실온 (RT)에서 30 분 동안 탈 이온수로 옮긴다. 티슈가 용기 바닥에 가라 앉을 때까지이 단계를 반복하여 조직의 공기가 제거되었고 조직이 부드럽게되었다는 것을 나타냅니다. 참고 :이 단계 이전에 바닥에 가라 앉은 샘플의 경우 ?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+2.">Chapter 2.</a> Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept: Challenges and Perspectives. , 38-64 (2016).</li><li>Sun, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+tissue+specific+compositions+of+bioenergy+feedstocks+Through+hyperspectral+Raman+imaging.">Understanding tissue specific compositions of bioenergy feedstocks Through hyperspectral Raman imaging.</a> Bio. 108 (2), 286-295 (2009).</li><li>Tolstik, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+and+prediction+of+HCC+tissues+by+Raman+imaging+with+identification+of+fatty+acids+as+potential+lipid+biomarkers.">Classification and prediction of HCC tissues by Raman imaging with identification of fatty acids as potential lipid biomarkers.</a> J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 141 (3), 407-418 (2015).</li><li>Schrader, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Infrared and Raman spectroscopy: methods and applications. , (2008).</li><li>Gierlinger, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+plant+cell+walls+by+confocal+Raman+microscopy.">Imaging of plant cell walls by confocal Raman microscopy.</a> Nat. Protoc. 7 (9), 1694-1708 (2012).</li><li>Luca, A. C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Online+fluorescence+suppression+in+modulated+Raman+spectroscopy.">Online fluorescence suppression in modulated Raman spectroscopy.</a> Anal. Chem. 82 (2), 738-745 (2009).</li><li>Schl&#252;cker, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raman+microspectroscopy:+a+comparison+of+point,+line,+and+wide-field+imaging+methodologies.">Raman microspectroscopy: a comparison of point, line, and wide-field imaging methodologies.</a> Anal. Chem. 75 (16), 4312-4318 (2003).</li><li>Cooper, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemometric+analysis+of+Raman+spectroscopic+data+for+process+control+applications.">Chemometric analysis of Raman spectroscopic data for process control applications.</a> Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 46 (2), 231-247 (1999).</li><li>Cheng, H. J., Hsiau, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+study+of+granular+agglomeration+mechanism.">The study of granular agglomeration mechanism.</a> Powder Technol. 199 (3), 272-283 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+removing+spectral+contaminants+to+improve+analysis+of+Raman+imaging+data.">Method for removing spectral contaminants to improve analysis of Raman imaging data.</a> Sci. Rep. 6, 39891 (2016).</li><li>Shinzawa, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multivariate+data+analysis+for+Raman+spectroscopic+imaging.">Multivariate data analysis for Raman spectroscopic imaging.</a> J. 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식물 세포 벽은 세포 모서리 (CC), 2 차벽 (S1, S2 및 S3 층을 갖는 SW) 및 복합 중간 엽 줄기 (CML, 중층 및 인접한 주 엽산)를 포함하는 여러 층으로 조직화 된 복합체이다. 벽), 이는 샘플 준비 동안 평평한 표면을 얻는 것을 어렵게 만듭니다. 따라서 나무보다 복잡한 구조를 가진 식물 샘플, 특히 잔디는 미세 절단을 위해 응고 될 필요가 있습니다. PEG는 물에 녹기 때문에 절단 및 라만 조사를위한 이상적...

Plant biomass is the most abundant renewable resource on Earth; is mainly composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; and is considered an attractive source of bioenergy and bio-based chemicals1. Unfortunately, it can resist degradation and confer hydrolytic stability or structural robustness to the plant cell wall. Such resistance is attributable to the accessible surface area, biomass particle size, degree of polymerization, cellulose crystallinity, and protective lignin2. A comprehensive understanding of the structural and chemical nature of the plant cell wall is thus significant from the viewpoint of plant biology and chemistry, as well as from that of commercial utilization. Commonly used wet chemistry analyses, such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, only provide average compositional data of the measured sample. Furthermore, these methods are invasive and destroy the original structure of the plant tissue3. 
The Raman imaging technique is a powerful tool for the nondestructive visualization of spatially resolved chemical information4. It uses a laser light to cause inelastic scattering with a photon and relies on changes in polarizability arising from the molecular vibrations. In this case, water causes weak Raman scattering, which makes this approach suitable for in situ investigations of biological samples5. The application of the Raman imaging technique to the plant cell wall can elucidate the structure and composition of plant cell walls in their native state, with the resolution on the scale of the single cell and even of the cell wall layers6. A typical Raman imaging analysis of a plant cell wall generally consists of three steps: 1) sample preparation, 2) spectral acquisition, and 3) data processing. 
Although one of the major advantages of Raman imaging is the ability to achieve label-free and non-destructive spectra with minimal sample preparation, physical sample sectioning is still necessary to expose the surface of interest. This process should be performed carefully to obtain a flat surface, since the technique depends on maintaining optical focus7. Spectral acquisition requires a balance between image quality and extensive acquisition times8. Data processing aims to effectively extract the chemical information from the image data, especially for the components with similar chemical structures, such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Due to the strong spectral overlap, the exact spectra are difficult to discern. In this case, multivariate analysis is a straightforward approach to effectively uncover the hiding structural and chemical information9. This work presents a general protocol describing the use of Raman imaging to visualize the main components in plant cell walls, including lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="597">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:199px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Microm HM430</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Confocal Raman microscope</td>
			<td>Horiba Jobin Yvon</td>
			<td>Xplora</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai ZHICHENG</td>
			<td>ZXFD-A5040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining raman imaging and multivariate analysis to visualize lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the plant cell wall

식물체 바이오 매스에 라만 이미징을 적용하는 것은 수용액에 대한 공간적 및 조성 정보를 제공 할 수 있기 때문에 증가하고 있습니다. 분석은 일반적으로 광범위한 샘플 준비가 필요하지 않습니다. 라벨을 붙이지 않고도 구조적 및 화학적 정보를 얻을 수 있습니다. 그러나 각 라만 이미지에는 수천 개의 스펙트럼이 포함되어 있습니다. 이것은 숨겨진 정보를 추출 할 때 어려움을 낳습니다. 특히 비슷한 화학 구조를 가진 구성 요소의 경우. 이 연구는이 문제를 해결하기 위해 다변량 분석을 도입합니다. 이 프로토콜은 식물 세포벽 내에서 리그닌, 셀룰로오스 및 헤미 셀룰로스를 비롯한 주성분을 시각화하는 일반적인 방법을 수립합니다. 이 프로토콜에서는 시료 준비, 스펙트럼 획득 및 데이터 처리 절차가 설명됩니다. 이는 시료 준비 및 데이터 분석시 운영자의 기술에 크게 의존합니다. 이 접근법을 사용함으로써 비전문 사용자가 라만 조사를 수행하여 high 품질 데이터 및 식물 세포벽 분석에 대한 의미있는 결과.

그림 1 은 식물 세포벽의 라만 이미징을위한 전형적인 마이크로 라만 시스템의 개요를 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 포플라 ( Populus nigra L.)의 원래 라만 스펙트럼은 상당한 기준선 드리프트와 스파이크를 가지고 있습니다 ( 그림 2a ). 라만 이미징 데이터 세트 (APRI)에 대한 자동 사전 처리 방법을 수행 한 후,이 두 스펙트럼 오?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall at JoVE.com

Combining Raman Imaging and Multivariate Analysis to Visualize Lignin, Cellulose, and Hemicellulose in the Plant Cell Wall

이 프로토콜은 라만 이미징 및 다 변수 분석을 사용하여 식물 세포 벽에서 리그닌, 셀룰로오스 및 헤미 셀룰로오스를 시각화하는 일반적인 방법을 제시합니다.

라만 이미징과 다변량 분석을 결합하여 식물 세포벽에서 리그닌, 셀룰로오스 및 헤미 셀룰로스를 시각화합니다.

The application of Raman imaging to plant biomass is increasing because it can offer spatial and compositional information on aqueous solutions. The ...

Research

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Biochemistry

Covalent Binding of Antibodies to Cellulose Paper Discs and Their Applications in Naked-eye Colorimetric Immunoassays

셀룰로오스 종이 디스크와 벌거 벗은 눈 색채 면역 측정법에 그들의 응용 프로그램에 항체의 결합 공유

This report presents two methods for the covalent immobilization of capture antibodies on cellulose filter paper grade No. 1 (medium-flow filter paper) ...

연구

생화학

Structural Characterization of Mannan Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Plants Using PACE

속도 사용 하 여 식물에 Mannan 세포 벽 다 당 류 구조 특성

Plant cell wall polysaccharides are notoriously difficult to analyze, and most methods require expensive equipment, skilled operators, and large amounts ...

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

절연 및 호흡 측정의 미토 콘 드리 아 애기 thaliana 에서

Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in numerous metabolic pathways in plants, most notably the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...

2 in 1: One-step Affinity Purification for the Parallel Analysis of Protein-Protein and Protein-Metabolite Complexes

2 1: 원스텝 단백질 단백질과 단백질 대사 산물 단지의 병렬 분석에 대 한 친 화력 정화

Cellular processes are regulated by interactions between biological molecules such as proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids. While the investigation of ...

Using In Vitro Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study the Dynamics Of Protein Complexes at a Millisecond Time Scale

체 외 형광 공명 에너지 전달에 밀리초 시간 규모에서 단백질 복합물의 역학을 공부 하는 사용 하 여

Proteins are the primary operators of biological systems, and they usually interact with other macro- or small molecules to carry out their biological ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging in C. elegans Body Wall Muscles

In Vivo Calcium Imaging in C. elegans Body Wall Muscles

C. 예쁜꼬마선충의 생체내 칼슘 이미징

The model organism C. elegans provides an excellent system to perform in vivo calcium imaging. Its transparent body and genetic manipulability allow for ...

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Leaves

Study on the Metabolism of Six Systemic Insecticides in a Newly Established Cell Suspension Culture Derived from Tea Camellia Sinensis L. Leaves

차에서 파생된 새로 설립된 세포 현탁액 배양에서 6개의 전신 살충제의 물질대사에 관한 연구(동백나무시넨시스 L.) 잎

A platform for studying insecticide metabolism using in vitro tissues of tea plant was developed. Leaves from sterile tea plantlets were induced to form ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

네이티브 오토플루임션을 기반으로 sFLIM에 의한 식물 섹션의 형광 프로브와 리그닌 간의 상호 작용 측정

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...

An Integrated Raman Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Platform to Study Single-Cell Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects

단일 세포 약물 섭취, 신진 대사 및 효과를 연구하기 위한 통합 라만 분광법 및 질량 분광법 플랫폼

Cells are known to be inherently heterogeneous in their responses to drugs. Therefore, it is essential that single-cell heterogeneity is accounted for in ...

RNA Blot Analysis for the Detection and Quantification of Plant MicroRNAs

식물 MicroRNAs의 검출 및 정량화를 위한 RNA 블롯 분석

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and ...