Name: purification of the membrane compartment for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of exogenous antigens in cross-presentation
Uploaded: 2017-08-21T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation at JoVE.com

Bu eser Takasaki Üniversitesi Sağlık ve refah tarafından desteklenir.

1. büyüyen hücreler ve ayrıca eksojen antijenleri bir biotin proteinli etiketleme kullanarak <ol><li>hazırla bOVA kit üretici takip &#39; s protokolü. 
	Not: Normalde, ortalama 1 M OVA başına 2 M biotin bOVA içerir.</li>
	<li>RPMI-1640 2 mM L-glutamin, 1 mM sodyum pyruvate, 0,1 mM gerekli olmayan amino asitler, 100 U/mL penisilin-streptomisin, 55 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) ve 5'te 37 ° C'de % 10 fetal buzağı serum (bundan sonra RPMI) ile takıma hücrelerde DC2.4 büyümek % CO 2...

<ol>
	<li>van Endert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Providing+ligands+for+MHC+class+I+molecules.">Providing ligands for MHC class I molecules.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 68 (9), 1467-1469 (2011).</li><li>Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. , (2001).</li><li>McDevitt, H. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+I-restricted+cross-presentation+of+exogenous+self-antigens+leads+to+deletion+of+autoreactive+CD8(+)+T+cells.">Class I-restricted cross-presentation of exogenous self-antigens leads to deletion of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells.</a> J Exp Med. 186 (2), 239-245 (1997).</li><li>Bonifaz, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+targeting+of+protein+antigen+to+the+dendritic+cell+receptor+DEC-205+in+the+steady+state+leads+to+antigen+presentation+on+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+I+products+and+peripheral+CD8++T+cell+tolerance.">Efficient targeting of protein antigen to the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205 in the steady state leads to antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I products and peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance.</a> J Exp Med. 196 (12), 1627-1638 (2002).</li><li>Heath, W. R., Carbone, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-presentation+in+viral+immunity+and+self-tolerance.">Cross-presentation in viral immunity and self-tolerance.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 1 (2), 126-134 (2001).</li><li>Imai, J., Hasegawa, H., Maruya, M., Koyasu, S., Yahara, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exogenous+antigens+are+processed+through+the+endoplasmic+reticulum-associated+degradation+(ERAD)+in+cross-presentation+by+dendritic+cells.">Exogenous antigens are processed through the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) in cross-presentation by dendritic cells.</a> Int Immunol. 17 (1), 45-53 (2005).</li><li>Houde, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagosomes+are+competent+organelles+for+antigen+cross-presentation.">Phagosomes are competent organelles for antigen cross-presentation.</a> Nature. 425 (6956), 402-406 (2003).</li><li>Guermonprez, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER-phagosome+fusion+defines+an+MHC+class+I+cross-presentation+compartment+in+dendritic+cells.">ER-phagosome fusion defines an MHC class I cross-presentation compartment in dendritic cells.</a> Nature. 425 (6956), 397-402 (2003).</li><li>Burgdorf, S., Scholz, C., Kautz, A., Tampe, R., Kurts, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+mechanistic+separation+of+cross-presentation+and+endogenous+antigen+presentation.">Spatial and mechanistic separation of cross-presentation and endogenous antigen presentation.</a> Nat Immunol. 9 (5), 558-566 (2008).</li><li>Liz&#233;e, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+dendritic+cell+cross-presentation+by+the+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+I+cytoplasmic+domain.">Control of dendritic cell cross-presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class I cytoplasmic domain.</a> Nat Immunol. 4 (11), 1065-1073 (2003).</li><li>Basha, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+CD74-dependent+MHC+class+I+endolysosomal+cross-presentation+pathway.">A CD74-dependent MHC class I endolysosomal cross-presentation pathway.</a> Nat Immunol. 13 (3), 237-245 (2012).</li><li>Saveanu, L., Carroll, O., Hassainya, Y., van Endert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexity,+contradictions,+and+conundrums:+studying+post-proteasomal+proteolysis+in+HLA+class+I+antigen+presentation.">Complexity, contradictions, and conundrums: studying post-proteasomal proteolysis in HLA class I antigen presentation.</a> Immunol Rev. 207 (1), 42-59 (2005).</li><li>Wiertz, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sec61-mediated+transfer+of+a+membrane+protein+from+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+to+the+proteasome+for+destruction.">Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction.</a> Nature. 384 (6608), 432-438 (1996).</li><li>Hampton, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER-associated+degradation+in+protein+quality+control+and+cellular+regulation.">ER-associated degradation in protein quality control and cellular regulation.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14 (4), 476-482 (2002).</li><li>Tsai, B., Ye, Y., Rapoport, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retro-translocation+of+proteins+from+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+into+the+cytosol.">Retro-translocation of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3 (4), 246-255 (2002).</li><li>Nyathi, Y., Wilkinson, B. M., Pool, M. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloned+dendritic+cells+can+present+exogenous+antigens+on+both+MHC+class+I+and+class+II+molecules.">Cloned dendritic cells can present exogenous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules.</a> J Immunol. 158 (6), 2723-2730 (1997).</li><li>Imai, J., Otani, M., Sakai, T., Hatta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+the+subcellular+compartment+in+which+exogenous+antigens+undergo+endoplasmic+reticulum-associated+degradation+from+dendritic+cells.">Purification of the subcellular compartment in which exogenous antigens undergo endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation from dendritic cells.</a> Heliyon. , (2016).</li><li>Kovacsovics-Bankowski, M., Rock, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+phagosome-to-cytosol+pathway+for+exogenous+antigens+presented+on+MHC+class+I+molecules.">A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules.</a> Science. 267 (5195), 243-246 (1995).</li><li>Ackerman, A. L., Giodini, A., Cresswell, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+endoplasmic+reticulum+protein+retro+translocation+machinery+during+cross+presentation+by+dendritic+cells.">A role for the endoplasmic reticulum protein retro translocation machinery during cross presentation by dendritic cells.</a> Immunity. 25 (4), 607-617 (2006).</li><li>Ackerman, A. 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CP önceki çalışmalarda, immünfloresan mikroskobu16,30,31,32tarafından geç endosome veya ER kısıtlı alana eklenen eksojen antijenleri birikmiş. Hücresel yuvası Sükroz veya iodixanol yoğunluk gradient Santrifüjü kullanarak tanımlandığı gibi bu ERAD benzeri taşıma ve işleme eksojen antijenleri ER veya geç endosome, bu özel alanlarda yapılmaktadır olduğunu tahmin edilme...

MHC ı molekülleri ile kısa antijenik peptidler sitozol1Ubikuitin-proteasome sistemi tarafından işlenen endojen antijenleri türetilen tüm çekirdekli hücrelerin yüzeyinde ifade. İşlendikten sonra antijenik peptidler endoplazmik retikulum (ER) Lümen DOKUNUN peptid taşıyıcı tarafından taşınmaktadır. ER Lümen peptid yükleme ve doğru katlanır MHC ben karmaşık bir dizi belirli chaperones yardım. Molekülleri bu dizi acil servis merkezi a bölme için yükleme MHC ben2peptid olduğunu belirten peptid-yükleme karmaşık (PLC) denir. Yükleme, peptid MHC sonra ben moleküller hücre yüzeyine taşınır ve bir anahtar edinilmiş bağışıklık sistemi olarak kendini işaretleri ve etkinleştirir CD8+ sitotoksik T lenfositler (CTL) kanser hücreleri veya enfeksiyöz ajanlar algılamaya tarafından antijenik rolü peptidler olmayan kendine proteinler3.
Hücreleri (APC) sunulması antijen, eksojen antijenleri üzerinden antijenik peptidler de sunulan MHC ben esas olarak yapılan4,5,6,7,8 üzerinden CP, dışarı DCs9,10,11tarafından. CP esastır saf CD8+ T aktivasyonu için hem de hücreleri ve bellek CD8+ T hücreleri içine CTL'ler12,13Anti-bulaşıcı ve anti-tumoral ve immün tolerans bakım ihracı, kendi kendine oyunculuk saf T hücreleri14,15. CP moleküler mekanizmaları henüz ayrıntılı olarak tarif edilebilir ancak CP edinilmiş bağışıklık sisteminde birçok önemli rol oynar. Eksojen antijenleri ve acil servis ve endosome hem de lokalize ERAD, eksojen antijenleri ERAD benzeri işleme ve16 yükleme peptid acil servise endosome taşınmaktadır düşündüren tarafından işlenmiş olan CP önceki çalışmaların ortaya . Ancak, CP peptid yüklenmesini serviste değil ama da Ayrıca ER (şekil 1)17,18 farklı özelliklere sahip çok klasik olmayan endositik bölmeleri, gerçekleştirilir biriken kanıtlar gösteriyor ,19,20,21. Antijenik peptid öncüleri bozulma aminopeptidaz yüksek faaliyet tarafından önlemek için bu klasik olmayan endositik bölmeleri (şekil 1) proksimal bölgede22 sitozol, işleme ve peptid CP içinde yükleme oluşur. Endositik bu bölmeleri karakterizasyonu tartışmalı olmasına rağmen bu yerde eksojen antijenlere başka hiçbir varolan belirli moleküller vardır.
ERAD özellikle misfolded proteinler ER kaldırır hücresel bir yoludur. ERAD yolu misfolded proteinler retrogradely sitoplazma için ER membran aracılığıyla taşınır ve ubiquitin-proteasome sistemi23,24,25tarafından işlenen. Proteinler gibi büyük moleküllerin lipid bilayer ile taşınmaktadır zaman, bu moleküller Derlin ER26ve Tom karmaşık içinde karmaşık ve Tim ve Sec61 karmaşık gibi bir translocon kompleksi olarak adlandırılan bir moleküler aparatı ile başarılı mitokondri27. Ne zaman exogenously eklendi antijenleri ER membran taşınır, lipid bilayer ile translocons, Sec61 kompleksi gibi kompleks içinde nüfuz gerekir. Burada açıklanan yöntemi endositik salonlar için işaretleyici olarak bu zarı delici moleküller kullanarak hedeflenen vezikül saf.
Burada açıklanan yöntemi eksojen bir antijen DC benzeri hücre satırı DC2.428 ve biotinylated ovalbumin (bOVA) kullanarak yeni bir vezikül arıtma protokoldür. Endositik bölmeleri streptavidin (SA) tarafından saf-membran-Penetran bOVA bir üreticisi kullanarak manyetik boncuklar. Bu saf microsome, bazı exogenously bOVA hala membran kesirler korundu ama dışında microsome ve sonra ubiquitinated taşınan ve işlenen ekledi vitro29. Bu saf microsome ERAD ve karmaşık yükleme peptid için hem de ER yerleşik proteinler endositik yuvası özel proteinler yer alan; hücresel yuvası CP29potansiyel endositik yuvası olduğunu düşündüren. Bu iletişim kuralı eksojen antijenleri türüne bağlı değildir ve ayrıca diğer DC alt kümeleri ve DCs hassas moleküler mekanizması için yeterli CP netleştirmek için diğer hücre tipleri, endotel hücreleri, makrofajlar ve B hücreleri gibi için geçerlidir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="871">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-093</td>
			<td style="width:241px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Equitech bio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SFB30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:272px;">MEM non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25030-164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Penisicillin-Sreptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">gibco by life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12100-46</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OVA</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Biotin-protein labelling kit</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">MG-132&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">201270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">lactacystin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L6785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Dounce homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">IUCHI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">131703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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purification of the membrane compartment for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of exogenous antigens in cross-presentation

Dendritik hücreler (DC) işleme ve MHC sınıf (MHC) üzerine içselleştirilmiş eksojen antijen sunan son derece yetenekli ben moleküller olarak da bilinen çapraz-sunum (CP). CP çalış önemli bir rol sadece saf CD8 uyarılması+ T hücreleri ve bellek CD8+ T hücreleri için bulaşıcı ve tümör bağışıklığı ama aynı zamanda kendiliğinden hareket inactivation saf T hücreleri tarafından T hücre anerji veya T hücre silme. Her ne kadar aydınlatılmamıştır için CP kritik moleküler mekanizması kalır, biriken kanıtlar eksojen antijenleri endoplazmik retikulum ilişkili bozulması ile (ERAD) klasik olmayan ihracat sonra endositik işlenir gösterir bölmeleri. Çünkü eksojen antijenlere başka hiçbir belirli moleküler işaretleri vardı yakın zamana kadar bu endositik bölmeleri karakterizasyonu sınırlıydı. Burada açıklanan endositik bu bölmeleri arıtma için izin verir yeni bir vezikül yalıtım Protokolü yöntemidir. Bu saf microsome kullanarak, biz ERAD benzeri taşıma, ubiquitination ve eksojen antijen vitro, işlenmesi Ubikuitin-proteasome sistemi ihracat bundan sonra eksojen antijen işleme düşündüren yeniden düzenlendi hücresel bölme. Bu iletişim kuralı daha fazla CP moleküler mekanizması netleştirmek için diğer hücre tipleri için uygulanabilir.

CP moleküler mekanizması aydınlatmak için nerede eksojen antijenleri ERAD benzeri taşıma ve işleme tabi hücresel kompartmanlarda tanımlamak gereklidir. Gözlemler immünfloresan mikroskopi veya elektron mikroskobu nerede eksojen antijenleri16,17,18,19birikmiş hücresel yuvası tespit ederken, 30</su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation at JoVE.com

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Burada açıklanan nerede eksojen antijenleri endoplazmik retikulum ilişkili düşmesine çapraz-sunum tarafından işlenen hücresel kompartmanlarda arıtma için izin verir yeni bir vezikül yalıtım Protokolü yöntemidir.

Membran yuvası arıtma için çapraz-sunudaki eksojen antijenleri endoplazmik retikulum ilişkili bozulma

Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly capable of processing and presenting internalized exogenous antigens upon major histocompatibility class (MHC) I ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Glycosphingolipid Antigens

Glycosphingolipid Antijenler Kütle Spektrometrik Analizi

Glycosphingolipids (GSL's) belong to the glycoconjugate class of biomacromolecules, which bear structural information for significant biological processes ...

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Antijenler Kompakt Hyperbranched Polyglycerols Of Aşılama Membran By Fonksiyonel Kırmızı Kan Hücreleri Korumalı

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell ...

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

Monitoring Changes in Membrane Polarity, Membrane Integrity, and Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Using Fluorescent Dyes

Membran Kutup, Membran Dürüstlük ve Hücre içi İyon Konsantrasyonlarında İzleme değişiklikler<em&gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae</em&gt; Floresan boyalar kullanarak

Membrane depolarization and ion fluxes are events that have been studied extensively in biological systems due to their ability to profoundly impact ...

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

RNA Purification from Intracellularly Grown Listeria monocytogenes in Macrophage Cells

RNA Arıtma Hücre içindeki dan Yetiştirilen<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; Makrofaj

Analysis of the transcriptome of bacterial pathogens during mammalian infection is a valuable tool for studying genes and factors that mediate infection. ...

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

X-ışını kristalografisi, biyofizik ve fonksiyonel tahliller kullanılarak mekanizmalar Yönetim T hücresi kanser antijenleri Reseptör tanıma belirlemek için

Human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are known to play an important role in tumor control. In order to carry out this function, the cell ...

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Teşhis edilmesi için kullanılan ilişkili Viral ve hücresel proteinler Viral DNA'ın arıtma

The goal of this protocol is to isolate herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA from infected cells for the identification of associated viral and ...

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Expression of Exogenous Antigens in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine via Non-genetic Surface Decoration with the Avidin-biotin System

Eksojen antijenleri Mycobacterium bovis BCG aşısı Avidin-biotin sistemi ile sigara genetik yüzey dekorasyon ile ifade

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease and the only available vaccine M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is safe and effective for ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Aşırı Ezme ve İnsanın Saflaştırılması<em&gt; Cis</em&gt; -prenıltransferaz in<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification BiCAP

Bimolecular tamamlayıcı benzeşme arıtma (BiCAP) tarafından parçalanmış çok protein sinyal kompleksleri

The assembly of protein complexes is a central mechanism underlying the regulation of many cell signaling pathways. A major focus of biomedical research ...

Assembly and Purification of Prototype Foamy Virus Intasomes

Derleme ve prototip köpüklü virüs Intasomes arıtma

A defining feature and necessary step of the retrovirus life cycle is the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. All retroviruses encode an ...