Name: a genetically engineered mouse model of sporadic colorectal cancer
Uploaded: 2017-07-06T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è dedicato alla memoria del professor Moritz Koch.

Gli esperimenti animali qui presentati sono stati riesaminati e approvati in maniera indipendente da un comitato istituzionale e governativo per la cura degli animali e sono stati condotti secondo le linee guida dell&#39;Associazione federale delle scienze animali animali (FELASA). Tutte le misure possibili sono state prese per ridurre al minimo la sofferenza, inclusa l&#39;anestesia e l&#39;analgesia o, se necessario, l&#39;eutanasia precoce. 1. Induzione tumorale locale attraverso l&#39;...

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LDB1+overexpression+is+a+negative+prognostic+factor+in+colorectal+cancer.">LDB1 overexpression is a negative prognostic factor in colorectal cancer.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (51), 84258-84270 (2016).</li><li>van Noort, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Drug+Candidates+for+the+Treatment+of+Metastatic+Colorectal+Cancer+through+Global+Inverse+Gene-Expression+Profiling.">Novel Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer through Global Inverse Gene-Expression Profiling.</a> Cancer Res. 74 (20), 5690-5699 (2014).</li><li>Nanduri, L. K., Garc&#237;a, S., Weitz, J., Sch&#246;lch, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Models+of+Colorectal+Cancer-Derived+Circulating+Tumor+Cells.">Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer-Derived Circulating Tumor Cells.</a> Med Chem (Los Angeles). 6 (7), 497-499 (2016).</li><li>Taketo, M. M., Edelmann, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+colon+cancer.">Mouse models of colon cancer.</a> Gastroenterology. 136 (3), 780-798 (2009).</li><li>Sch&#246;lch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+tumor+cells+exhibit+stem+cell+characteristics+in+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+colorectal+cancer.">Circulating tumor cells exhibit stem cell characteristics in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (19), 27232-27242 (2016).</li><li>Sch&#246;lch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiotherapy+combined+with+TLR7/8+activation+induces+strong+immune+responses+against+gastrointestinal+tumors.">Radiotherapy combined with TLR7/8 activation induces strong immune responses against gastrointestinal tumors.</a> Oncotarget. 6 (7), 4663-4676 (2015).</li><li>Corbett, T. H., Griswold, D. P., Roberts, B. J., Peckham, J. C., Schabel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+induction+relationships+in+development+of+transplantable+cancers+of+the+colon+in+mice+for+chemotherapy+assays,+with+a+note+on+carcinogen+structure.">Tumor induction relationships in development of transplantable cancers of the colon in mice for chemotherapy assays, with a note on carcinogen structure.</a> Cancer Res. 35 (9), 2434-2439 (1975).</li><li>Roper, J., Hung, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Priceless+GEMMs:+genetically+engineered+mouse+models+for+colorectal+cancer+drug+development.">Priceless GEMMs: genetically engineered mouse models for colorectal cancer drug development.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 33 (8), 449-455 (2012).</li><li>Hung, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+mouse+model+for+sporadic+and+metastatic+colon+tumors+and+its+use+in+assessing+drug+treatment.">Development of a mouse model for sporadic and metastatic colon tumors and its use in assessing drug treatment.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107 (4), 1565-1570 (2010).</li><li>Sharpless, N. E., Depinho, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mighty+mouse:+genetically+engineered+mouse+models+in+cancer+drug+development.">The mighty mouse: genetically engineered mouse models in cancer drug development.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 5 (9), 741-754 (2006).</li><li>Shibata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+colorectal+adenoma+formation+initiated+by+conditional+targeting+of+the+Apc+gene.">Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene.</a> Science. 278 (5335), 120-123 (1997).</li><li>Kuraguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenomatous+polyposis+coli+(APC)+is+required+for+normal+development+of+skin+and+thymus.">Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is required for normal development of skin and thymus.</a> PLoS Genet. 2 (9), e146 (2006).</li><li>Jackson, E. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+lung+tumor+initiation+and+progression+using+conditional+expression+of+oncogenic+K-ras.">Analysis of lung tumor initiation and progression using conditional expression of oncogenic K-ras.</a> Genes Dev. 15 (24), 3243-3248 (2001).</li><li>Olive, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+p53+gain+of+function+in+two+mouse+models+of+Li-Fraumeni+syndrome.">Mutant p53 gain of function in two mouse models of Li-Fraumeni syndrome.</a> Cell. 119 (6), 847-860 (2004).</li><li>Madisen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+and+high-throughput+Cre+reporting+and+characterization+system+for+the+whole+mouse+brain.">A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain.</a> Nature Neurosci. 13 (1), 133-140 (2010).</li><li>Becker, C., Fantini, M. C., Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+colonoscopy+in+live+mice.">High resolution colonoscopy in live mice.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (6), 2900-2904 (2006).</li><li>Moser, A. R., Pitot, H. C., Dove, W. 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Mentre sono generalmente facili da generare e mantenere, i modelli classici di CRC basati sull&#39;iniezione della linea cellulare sono artificiali e non sono in grado di ricapitolare completamente la malattia umana. Di conseguenza, i GEMM sono stati sviluppati. Il primo GEMM CRC era il mouse Apc Min , che ospita una mutazione null eterozigote nel gene Apc, quindi imitando la poliposi adenomatica familiare familiare (FAP) della malattia ereditaria umana. Tuttavia, i topi Apc Min sviluppano invariab...

Il cancro del colon-retto (CRC) continua ad essere una delle cause principali della morte correlata ai tumori nei paesi occidentali. 1 Mentre la prognosi dei pazienti con malattia precoce è buona, molti tumori vengono diagnosticati in fasi successive in cui, nonostante numerose opzioni di trattamento, la prognosi è limitata. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 La maggior parte dei modelli di mouse correnti del CRC si basa sull&#39;impianto di cellule tumorali derivate da linee cellulari o tumori del paziente in topi immunodeficienti. 6 , 7 , 8 Questo porta a locali e, a seconda del sito di iniezione e delle cellule tumorali utilizzate per l&#39;iniezione, a volte tumori metastatici. 9 , 10 Tuttavia, i modelli risultanti di xenograft hanno majoR limitazioni. Devono essere stabiliti in topi immunodeficienti, eliminando così l&#39;interazione complessa tra il tumore e il sistema immunitario ospitante. Inoltre, poiché lo stroma tumorale è derivato da cellule ospitanti, l&#39;interazione tra parenchima tumorale umana e stroma murina è difettosa e quindi non rappresentativa della malattia. Queste carenze possono essere evitate con l&#39;uso di linee cellulari murine per l&#39;iniezione. Tuttavia, solo alcune linee di cellule CRC murine sono disponibili e, simili alla maggior parte delle linee cellulari CRC umane disponibili, sono monoclonali e altamente anaplatiche. 11 In sintesi, la maggior parte dei modelli CRC attualmente disponibili sono altamente artificiali e non rappresentano pienamente rappresentativi della malattia umana. I modelli di topi geneticamente modificati (GEMM) di CRC possono evitare questi inconvenienti in quanto presentano tumori di mouse genuini che vengono creati attraverso l&#39;induzione di mutazioni chiave del CRC nel colon. 12 , 13 ,14 Ciò può essere ottenuto mediante l&#39;attivazione di mutazioni della germinazione condizionale (floxed) mediante la ricombinasi all&#39;interno della mucosa colorettale. Mentre in GEMM di molte altre entità del tumore si utilizza l&#39;espressione germinale (inducibile) creata da promotori specifici del tessuto, la creazione di germline cre non può essere utilizzata nel colon come questo porta ad un gran numero di adenomi in tutto il colon causando la morte per carico tumorale benigno Un&#39;età molto giovane. Pertanto, nel modello qui descritto, un virus adenovirale che esprime l&#39;espressione cre è usato per infettare un segmento corto di due punti. Ciò porta all&#39;induzione della tumorigenesi all&#39;interno di questo segmento della mucosa in un punto temporale definito dall&#39;individuo, con conseguente adenoma in ultima analisi che procede al carcinoma invasivo e metastatico. I tumori sono tumori genuini del topo, crescono in un microambiente intatto e quindi sono in grado di simulare l&#39;intero oncogenesis del colon-retto, tra cui l&#39;interazione tumor-host e la cascata metastatica. Questo modello èQuindi una piattaforma interessante per studi sulla biologia del cancro e sulle prove terapeutiche precliniche. Uno svantaggio maggiore dei modelli di topi geneticamente modificati del CRC è la loro complessità tecnica. La distribuzione locale cre crea con clistere rettale adeno-cre nei topi che trasportano alleli APc floccati è stata descritta prima; Tuttavia, l&#39;incidenza, la molteplicità e l&#39;ubicazione dei tumori intestinali possono essere molto variabili con questa tecnica. Pertanto, è stata sviluppata la tecnica di limitare l&#39;infezione da adeno-cre mediante bloccaggio chirurgico del segmento da indurre. 13 Abbiamo modificato questa procedura per migliorare il benessere degli animali, ridurre la mortalità e il numero di tumori che ne derivano. Con questo protocollo, tutti i laboratori con esperienza in piccole chirurgia di roditori dovrebbero poter riprodurre il modello e produrre tumori altamente riproducibili e facilmente accessibili alla colonscopia. A seconda del condizionale mSi possono osservare utature utilizzate per tumorigenesi, l&#39;intero spettro di adenoma, carcinoma invasivo e metastasi. Poiché i tumori si trovano nel colon distale, la valutazione endoscopica seriale è facilmente possibile in questo modello.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents / consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies GmbH</td>
			<td>14190169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%, Phenol-Red)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies GmbH</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal saline 0.9% (E154)</td>
			<td>Serumwerk Bernburg AG</td>
			<td>10013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqua ad injectabilia</td>
			<td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td>235144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ad5CMV-Cre (adenovirus, c = 2E+11 PFU/mL)</td>
			<td>Gene Transfer Vector Core 
			University of Iowa</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL, 50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
			<td>188271/227270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes 1.5 mL/ 2 mL</td>
			<td>Sarstedt AG &#38; Co.</td>
			<td>72,695,400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish PS 100/15 mm (sterile, Nuclon)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific GmbH</td>
			<td>10508921/ NUNC150350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Syringe (without dead volume) - Injekt-F SOLO</td>
			<td>Braun/neoLab</td>
			<td>194291661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G injection needle</td>
			<td>BECTON DICKINSON</td>
			<td>304000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analgesia / anesthesia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sevoflurane (Sevoflurane AbbVie)</td>
			<td>AbbVie Germany GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical oxygen</td>
			<td>Air Liquide Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (Temgesic)</td>
			<td>Indivior Eu Ltd.</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen - ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>10047757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table Top Research Anesthesia Machine x/O2 Flush w/ Sevoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Parkland Scientific</td>
			<td>V3000PS/PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellulose swabs</td>
			<td>Lohmann &#38; Rauscher Deutschland</td>
			<td>13356</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe EMG 1 mL (with 30G cannula)</td>
			<td>B. Braun Melsungen AG</td>
			<td>9161627S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Bore Tubing (bore: 0.28 mm/ diameter: 0.61mm)</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical Deutschland</td>
			<td>800/100/100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11018-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Scissor - ToughCut</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14058-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12002-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoClip Kit</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12020-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS Z1012H 6/0 C1 (surgical suture)</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson Medical GmbH</td>
			<td>Z1012H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Micro Serrefine Vascular Clamp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18055-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fogarty Spring Clips</td>
			<td>Edwards</td>
			<td>CDSAFE 6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot Plate 062</td>
			<td>Labotect</td>
			<td>13854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isis - Hair shaver</td>
			<td>Aesculap - Braun</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colonoscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold Light Fountain XENON 175 SCB</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>20132101-1</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Coloview System Mainz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber Optic Light Cable</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>69495NL</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Coloview System Mainz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRICAM Three-Chip Camera Head</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>20221030</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Coloview System Mainz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRICAM SLII Camera Control Unit</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>20223011-1</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Coloview System Mainz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15&#34; Flat Screen Monitor EndoVue</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>9415NN</td>
			<td>Karl Storz Coloview System Mainz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOPKINS Straight Forward Telescope 
			diameter 1.9 mm; length 10 cm 
			autoclavable 
			fiber optic light transmission incorporated</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>64301AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protection and Examination Sheath</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>61029C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a genetically engineered mouse model of sporadic colorectal cancer

Nonostante i vantaggi di una facile applicabilità e di un rapporto costo-efficacia, i modelli del topo tumorale colorato a base di iniezione di cellule tumorali hanno gravi limitazioni e non simulano accuratamente la biologia tumorale e la diffusione delle cellule tumorali. I modelli del mouse geneticamente modificati sono stati introdotti per superare questi limiti; Tuttavia, tali modelli sono tecnicamente impegnativi, specialmente in grandi organi come il colon in cui è desiderato un solo tumore. Di conseguenza, è stato sviluppato un modello di topo immunocompetente, geneticamente modificato del cancro del colon-retto, che sviluppa tumori altamente uniformi e può essere utilizzato per studi di biologia tumorale, nonché studi terapeutici. Lo sviluppo del tumore è iniziato dall&#39;infezione chirurgica, segmentale del colon distale con virus adeno-cre in topi condizionati condizionatamente mutanti. I tumori possono essere facilmente rilevati e monitorati tramite colonscopia. Qui descriviamo la tecnica chirurgica dell&#39;infezione segmentale di adeno-creIl colon, la sorveglianza del tumore mediante colonscopia ad alta risoluzione e presentare i tumori colorettali risultanti.

Se eseguita adeguatamente,&gt; 85% degli animali sviluppa tumori. La mortalità della procedura chirurgica qui presentata è &lt;5%, la mortalità della colonoscopia è praticamente inesistente. Nella maggior parte dei topi è stata individuata una singola lesione; In circa il 30% possono essere rilevati 2 - 3 piccoli adenomi che si fondono di solito in un unico tumore entro 2-3 settimane dall&#39;insorgenza del tumore. Il fen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer at JoVE.com

A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer

Un modello di mouse geneticamente modificato del cancro colorettale sporadico

Viene presentato un protocollo per la creazione di un modello di topi geneticamente modificato del cancro del colon-retto mediante infezione adenocarica segmentale e la sua sorveglianza mediante colonscopia ad alta risoluzione.

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, colorectal cancer mouse models based on tumor cell injection have severe limitations ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to achieve segmental adeno-cre infection of the colon in a genetically engineered mouse model. This method can help answer key questions in the field of colorectal cancer, or CRC, as it provides an excellent model for studying the biology and treatment of CRC. The main advantage of this technique is that any lab with small rodent surgery experience can use this model to produce highly reproducible and easily accessible colon-localized tumors.Begin by placing an anesthetized mouse in the supine position and apply ointment to the animal's eyes. Tape the mouse in a secure position and then confirm the appropriate level of sedation by toe pinch. Make an approximately 15-millimeter midline incision in the skin of the lower abdomen.Then, use forceps to grasp the abdominal wall musculature and carefully incise the muscle with scissors to open the abdominal cavity. After identifying the distal colon, carefully clinch the tissue with a delicate clamp approximately 15 millimeters proximal to the anus. Next, insert a flexible Teflon tube transanally carefully advancing the tube until it reaches the luminal occlusion.Encannulate the tube with a 30-gauge cannula. Connect a standard one-milliliter syringe to the cannula and flush the colon with several milliliters of normal saline until all of the fecal matter has been evacuated. Once the distal colon is empty, replace the saline tube with a new Teflon tube and use a second clamp to occlude the colon approximately three millimeters distal to the first clamp.Using a second one-milliliter syringe equipped with a 30-gauge cannula, carefully inject 50 to 80 microliters of 0.25%trypsin-EDTA into the clamped colon segment. The colon should inflate enough to break up the mucosal barrier without perforating the clamped tissue segment. After 10 minutes, remove the distal clamp.Then, remove the trypsin tube and flush the distal colon with 500 microliters of normal saline. After inserting a new Teflon tube, clamp the colon again and inflate the tissue with 50 to 80 microliters of the adenoviral solution. After 30 minutes, remove the clamps and the tube and close the abdominal wall with 6-0 rapidly absorbable running sutures.Close the skin with surgical wound clips and monitor the animal on a heating pad until it is fully recovered. To monitor tumor growth via colonoscopy, place the anesthetized tumor-bearing animal in the supine position on a heating pad and transanally insert the endoscope into the intestinal tract. Gently insufflate air under visual control to distend the colon.Then, carefully push the scope forward until a mucosal lesion can be identified in the distal colon saving each endoscopic image as it is acquired for later evaluation. When all of the images have been obtained, slowly remove the endoscope and place the mouse on a 38-degree-Celsius heating pad until fully recovered. The tumors can be easily and repeatedly monitored via colonoscopy without major stress for the animals.The disease manifestations are very similar to the human colorectal cancer with the animals first developing adenomas followed ultimately by adenocarcinoma development in the distal colon. Depending on the conditional genotype of the animals, the tumors also metastasize to the peritoneum and the liver. If a fluorescent cre-reporter allele is used, the tumor manifestations can be easily identified by fluorescent protein expression which depending on the reporter allele, may be bright enough to be visualized in daylight.Histologically, 95%of the developing tumors are adenocarcinomas closely resembling human colorectal cancer and feature the entire spectrum of tumor development from non-invasive adenoma to adenocarcinoma invading the surrounding structures. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in 50 minutes if it's performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to give special attention to the vulnerability of the colon at all times.Perforation inevitably leads to peritonitis and sepsis and requires a termination of the enema. Don't forget that working with adenovirus requires biosafety level two safety measures as the virus can be hazardous.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

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Ricerca

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