Name: advanced confocal microscopy techniques to study protein-protein interactions and kinetics at dna lesions
Uploaded: 2017-11-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af tilskud agenturet af Den Tjekkiske Republik, projekt P302-12-G157. Forsøg blev også støttet af Tjekkisk-Norsk forskning programmet CZ09, som er overvåget af norske midler og af Ministeriet for uddannelse, Ungdom og Sport i Tjekkiet (giver nummer: 7F14369).

1. dyrkning af cellelinjer <ol><li>HeLa-afledte cellelinjer Bemærk: Brug HeLa cervikal karcinom celler: enten HeLa celler stabilt udtrykker Histon H2B markeret med normal god landbrugspraksis eller HeLa-Fucci celler, der udtrykker RFP-Cdt1 i den G1 og tidlige faser når S og normal god landbrugspraksis-geminin i S/G2-M faser ( figur 1).
	<ol><li>Til dyrkning af alle HeLa-afledte cellelinjer, bruge Dulbecco &#39; s ændret Eagle &#39; s medium (DMEM) suppleret med 1...

<ol>
	<li>Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J. L., Douki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoinduced+damage+to+cellular+DNA:+direct+and+photosensitized+reactions.">Photoinduced damage to cellular DNA: direct and photosensitized reactions.</a> Photochem Photobiol. 88 (5), 1048-1065 (2012).</li><li>Cooke, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunochemical+detection+of+UV-induced+DNA+damage+and+repair.">Immunochemical detection of UV-induced DNA damage and repair.</a> J Immunol Methods. 280 (1-2), 125-133 (2003).</li><li>Lahtz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+irradiation+does+not+induce+detectable+changes+in+DNA+methylation+directly+following+exposure+of+human+cells.">Gamma irradiation does not induce detectable changes in DNA methylation directly following exposure of human cells.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44858 (2012).</li><li>Cremer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+chromosome+aberrations+in+the+human+interphase+nucleus+by+visualization+of+specific+target+DNAs+with+radioactive+and+non-radioactive+in+situ+hybridization+techniques:+diagnosis+of+trisomy+18+with+probe+L1.84.">Detection of chromosome aberrations in the human interphase nucleus by visualization of specific target DNAs with radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridization techniques: diagnosis of trisomy 18 with probe L1.84.</a> Hum Genet. 74 (4), 346-352 (1986).</li><li>Zorn, C., Cremer, T., Cremer, C., Zimmer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+UV+microirradiation+of+interphase+nuclei+and+post-treatment+with+caffeine.+A+new+approach+to+establish+the+arrangement+of+interphase+chromosomes.">Laser UV microirradiation of interphase nuclei and post-treatment with caffeine. A new approach to establish the arrangement of interphase chromosomes.</a> Hum Genet. 35 (1), 83-89 (1976).</li><li>Bartova, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+of+Oct4+protein+to+UV-damaged+chromatin+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">Recruitment of Oct4 protein to UV-damaged chromatin in embryonic stem cells.</a> PLoS One. 6 (12), e27281 (2011).</li><li>Stixova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HP1beta-dependent+recruitment+of+UBF1+to+irradiated+chromatin+occurs+simultaneously+with+CPDs.">HP1beta-dependent recruitment of UBF1 to irradiated chromatin occurs simultaneously with CPDs.</a> Epigenetics Chromatin. 7 (1), 39 (2014).</li><li>Stixova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+microscopy+techniques+used+for+comparison+of+UVA-+and+gamma-irradiation-induced+DNA+damage+in+the+cell+nucleus+and+nucleolus.">Advanced microscopy techniques used for comparison of UVA- and gamma-irradiation-induced DNA damage in the cell nucleus and nucleolus.</a> Folia Biol (Praha). 60, 76-84 (2014).</li><li>Luijsterburg, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterochromatin+protein+1+is+recruited+to+various+types+of+DNA+damage.">Heterochromatin protein 1 is recruited to various types of DNA damage.</a> J Cell Biol. 185 (4), 577-586 (2009).</li><li>Bartova, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coilin+is+rapidly+recruited+to+UVA-induced+DNA+lesions+and+gamma-radiation+affects+localized+movement+of+Cajal+bodies.">Coilin is rapidly recruited to UVA-induced DNA lesions and gamma-radiation affects localized movement of Cajal bodies.</a> Nucleus. 5 (3), 460-468 (2014).</li><li>Franek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+Image+Acquisition+and+Analytical+Techniques+for+Studies+of+Living+Cells+and+Tissue+Sections.">Advanced Image Acquisition and Analytical Techniques for Studies of Living Cells and Tissue Sections.</a> Microsc Microanal. 22 (2), 326-341 (2016).</li><li>Lemmer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+conventional+fluorescent+markers+for+far-field+fluorescence+localization+nanoscopy+allows+resolution+in+the+10-nm+range.">Using conventional fluorescent markers for far-field fluorescence localization nanoscopy allows resolution in the 10-nm range.</a> J Microsc. 235 (2), 163-171 (2009).</li><li>Reits, E. A., Neefjes, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+fixed+to+FRAP:+measuring+protein+mobility+and+activity+in+living+cells.">From fixed to FRAP: measuring protein mobility and activity in living cells.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 3 (6), E145-E147 (2001).</li><li>Lakowitz, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Piston, D. W., Kremers, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+protein+FRET:+the+good,+the+bad+and+the+ugly.">Fluorescent protein FRET: the good, the bad and the ugly.</a> Trends Biochem Sci. 32 (9), 407-414 (2007).</li><li>Levitt, J. A., Matthews, D. R., Ameer-Beg, S. M., Suhling, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+lifetime+and+polarization-resolved+imaging+in+cell+biology.">Fluorescence lifetime and polarization-resolved imaging in cell biology.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 20 (1), 28-36 (2009).</li><li>Shimomura, O., Johnson, F. H., Saiga, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction,+purification+and+properties+of+aequorin,+a+bioluminescent+protein+from+the+luminous+hydromedusan,+Aequorea.">Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea.</a> J Cell Comp Physiol. 59, 223-239 (1962).</li><li>Iwabuchi, K., Bartel, P. L., Li, B., Marraccino, R., Fields, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+cellular+proteins+that+bind+to+wild-type+but+not+mutant+p53.">Two cellular proteins that bind to wild-type but not mutant p53.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (13), 6098-6102 (1994).</li><li>Ward, I. M., Minn, K., van Deursen, J., Chen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p53+Binding+protein+53BP1+is+required+for+DNA+damage+responses+and+tumor+suppression+in+mice.">p53 Binding protein 53BP1 is required for DNA damage responses and tumor suppression in mice.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 23 (7), 2556-2563 (2003).</li><li>Kanda, T., Sullivan, K. F., Wahl, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone-GFP+fusion+protein+enables+sensitive+analysis+of+chromosome+dynamics+in+living+mammalian+cells.">Histone-GFP fusion protein enables sensitive analysis of chromosome dynamics in living mammalian cells.</a> Curr Biol. 8 (7), 377-385 (1998).</li><li>Walter, J., Schermelleh, L., Cremer, M., Tashiro, S., Cremer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+order+in+HeLa+cells+changes+during+mitosis+and+early+G1,+but+is+stably+maintained+during+subsequent+interphase+stages.">Chromosome order in HeLa cells changes during mitosis and early G1, but is stably maintained during subsequent interphase stages.</a> J Cell Biol. 160 (5), 685-697 (2003).</li><li>Sakaue-Sawano, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracing+the+silhouette+of+individual+cells+in+S/G2/M+phases+with+fluorescence.">Tracing the silhouette of individual cells in S/G2/M phases with fluorescence.</a> Chem Biol. 15 (12), 1243-1248 (2008).</li><li>Sorokin, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+movement+and+morphology+of+UBF1-positive+nucleolar+regions+are+changed+by+gamma-irradiation+in+G2+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">Localized movement and morphology of UBF1-positive nucleolar regions are changed by gamma-irradiation in G2 phase of the cell cycle.</a> Nucleus. 6 (4), 301-313 (2015).</li><li>Vogel, S. S., Nguyen, T. A., van der Meer, B. W., Blank, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+heterogeneity+and+dark+acceptor+states+on+FRET:+implications+for+using+fluorescent+protein+donors+and+acceptors.">The impact of heterogeneity and dark acceptor states on FRET: implications for using fluorescent protein donors and acceptors.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), e49593 (2012).</li><li>Foltankova, V., Matula, P., Sorokin, D., Kozubek, S., Bartova, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+detectors+improved+time-lapse+confocal+microscopy+of+PML+and+53BP1+nuclear+body+colocalization+in+DNA+lesions.">Hybrid detectors improved time-lapse confocal microscopy of PML and 53BP1 nuclear body colocalization in DNA lesions.</a> Microsc Microanal. 19 (2), 360-369 (2013).</li><li>Suchankova, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+kinetics+of+DNA+repair+protein+accumulation+at+DNA+lesions+and+cell+cycle-dependent+formation+of+gammaH2AX-+and+NBS1-positive+repair+foci.">Distinct kinetics of DNA repair protein accumulation at DNA lesions and cell cycle-dependent formation of gammaH2AX- and NBS1-positive repair foci.</a> Biol Cell. 107 (12), 440-454 (2015).</li><li>B&#225;rtov&#225;, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PCNA+is+recruited+to+irradiated+chromatin+in+late+S+phase+and+is+most+pronounced+in+G2+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">PCNA is recruited to irradiated chromatin in late S phase and is most pronounced in G2 phase of the cell cycle.</a> Protoplasma. , (2017).</li><li>Krejci, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-Translational+Modifications+of+Histones+in+Human+Sperm.">Post-Translational Modifications of Histones in Human Sperm.</a> J Cell Biochem. 116 (10), 2195-2209 (2015).</li><li>Chou, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chromatin+localization+screen+reveals+poly+(ADP+ribose)-regulated+recruitment+of+the+repressive+polycomb+and+NuRD+complexes+to+sites+of+DNA+damage.">A chromatin localization screen reveals poly (ADP ribose)-regulated recruitment of the repressive polycomb and NuRD complexes to sites of DNA damage.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (43), 18475-18480 (2010).</li><li>Sustackova, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetylation-dependent+nuclear+arrangement+and+recruitment+of+BMI1+protein+to+UV-damaged+chromatin.">Acetylation-dependent nuclear arrangement and recruitment of BMI1 protein to UV-damaged chromatin.</a> J Cell Physiol. 227 (5), 1838-1850 (2012).</li><li>Smirnov, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+replication+and+transcription+domains+in+nucleoli.">Separation of replication and transcription domains in nucleoli.</a> J Struct Biol. 188 (3), 259-266 (2014).</li><li>Bastiaens, P. I., Squire, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+lifetime+imaging+microscopy:+spatial+resolution+of+biochemical+processes+in+the+cell.">Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: spatial resolution of biochemical processes in the cell.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 9 (2), 48-52 (1999).</li><li>Day, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+protein+interactions+using+Forster+resonance+energy+transfer+and+fluorescence+lifetime+imaging+microscopy.">Measuring protein interactions using Forster resonance energy transfer and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy.</a> Methods. 66 (2), 200-207 (2014).</li><li>Konig, K., Uchugonova, A., Breunig, H. 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Mikroskopi-teknikker repræsenterer grundlæggende værktøjer i forskningslaboratorier. Her en kort beskrivelse af metoderne, der anvendes til undersøgelse af protein rekruttering og kinetik ved DNA læsioner er præsenteret. Vi bemærkede især vores eksperimentelle erfaringer inden for lokale microirradiation af levende celler, og vi diskuterer studiet af protein kinetik af FRAP og protein-protein interaktion på DNA læsioner af acceptoren-blegning FRET28 og dens avancerede ændring FRET-FLIM...

DNA-skader fører til fremkomsten af DNA læsioner består af cyclobutane pyrimidin dimerer (CPDs), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine og single-strand eller dobbelt-strenget pauser1,2. Γ-stråler er formen for ioniserende stråling med den højeste energi og høj penetrans, således denne kilde af stråling er meget udbredt i strålebehandling3. På den anden side inducerede eksperimentelt DNA skader forårsaget af UV-lasere efterligner naturlig eksponering for UV-lys. UVA microirradiation, repræsenterer som en mikroskopisk metode, en eksperimentel værktøj til at studere DNA skader i enkelte levende celler. Microirradiation blev anvendt for første gang 40 år siden for at afsløre organisation af kromosom regioner4,5. Denne teknik er meget afhængige af enten de funktionelle egenskaber af Konfokal mikroskoper eller de tekniske begrænsninger af moderne nanoscopy. For at fremkalde DNA læsioner, kan celler være presensitized af 5' bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) eller Hoechst 33342 før UV-bestråling. Bártová et al. 6 tidligere beskrevet de presensitization trin, og for nylig vi optimeret denne microirradiation teknik for at undgå celledød, eller apoptose. For eksempel, fører brug af en 405-nm UV laser (uden Hoechst 33342 presensitization) til induktion af 53BP1-positive dobbelt-strenget pauser (DSBs) på bekostning af cyclobutane pyrimidin dimerer (CPDs). På den anden side presensitization trin kombineret med UV microirradiation fremkalde meget høje niveauer af CPDs og DSBs samtidig7,8. Denne metode er vanskelig at anvende til undersøgelse af et enkelt DNA reparation pathway.
Med microirradiation er det muligt at analysere protein rekruttering, kinetik og interaktion på DNA læsioner i levende celler. Et eksempel på denne metode blev udgivet af Luijsterburg et al. 9 for heterochromatin protein 1β, og vi for nylig viste for første gang, at pluripotency faktor Oct4 og et protein associeret med Cajal organer, Merete, rekrutteres til UV-induceret DNA læsioner6,10. Protein kinetics på disse DNA læsioner kan også studeres ved hjælp af FRAP (Fluorescens opsving efter Photobleaching)11,12,13 eller ÆRGRE (Fluorescens resonans energi Transfer) teknikker14 ,15. Disse metoder har potentiale til at afsløre simpel diffusion af proteiner på DNA læsioner eller protein-protein interaktioner. Et nyttigt redskab for yderligere karakterisering af proteiner er FLIM (Fluorescens levetid Imaging mikroskopi) eller kombination med FRET teknologi (FRET-FLIM)16. Disse metoder giver studiet af processer i levende celler, der er stabilt eller forbigående udtrykker protein af interesse markeret ved en fluorescerende molekyle17. Her er vist et eksempel på eksponentiel henfald tid (τ) til normal god landbrugspraksis-tagged p53 protein og dens interaktion partner, mCherry-mærket 53BP1, spiller en vigtig rolle i DNA skader svar18,19 . Parameter τ, er levetiden for fluorokrom leveres af FLIM beregninger, specifikke for en given fluorescens dye, dets bindende evner, og dets cellulære miljø. Derfor, denne metode kan vise os sondringer mellem protein delpopulationer, deres bindende evner og deres funktionelle egenskaber efter, for eksempel DNA-skader.
Her, en oversigt over de metodiske tilgange til avancerede mikroskopi-teknikker, som bruges i vores laboratorium til at studere time-specifik protein rekruttering, kinetik, diffusion og protein-protein interaktioner på stedet af microirradiated kromatin præsenteres. Den trinvise metode for induktion af lokale DNA læsioner i levende celler, og beskrivelse af metoder, der er nyttige for studier af DNA-skader-relaterede begivenheder på lokalt induceret DNA læsioner forårsaget af UV-lasere er fastsat.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell cultivation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2TM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES-D3 [D3]</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11632TM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa -Fucci cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://ruo.mbl.co.jp/bio/e/product/flprotein/fucci.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>PAN-Biotech</td>
			<td>P03-0710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30180.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ES Cell FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16141-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mLIF (mouse Leukemia Inhibitor Factor)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTG (1-Thioglycerol)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6145-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Biosera</td>
			<td>XC-A4122/100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin - EDTA</td>
			<td>Biosera</td>
			<td>XC-T1717/100</td>
			<td>dilute with 1 &#215; PBS in ratio 1:6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7866</td>
			<td>cultivation of mESCs D3 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;-Dish 35m+A15:I35m Grid-500</td>
			<td>Ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td>81166</td>
			<td>microscopic dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% Gelatine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890-100G</td>
			<td>dilute in destille water and autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell transfection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP-p53 plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry-PCNA plasmid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>generous gift from Cristina Cardoso, Technische Universit&#228;t Darmstadt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry-53BP1 plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>19835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metafecetene</td>
			<td>Biontex Laboratories GmbH</td>
			<td>T020&#8211;2.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#215; PBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9625</td>
			<td>for transfection use 1 &#215; PBS diluted in nuclease-free water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-bromo-2&#8217;-deoxy-uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11296736001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Leica TCS SP5</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Leica TCS SP8</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White-light laser</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>355-nm laser</td>
			<td>Coherent Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>laser power 80 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>405-nm laser</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>laser power 50 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunofluorescence staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip</td>
			<td>VWR International Ltd</td>
			<td>631-1580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>19943 1 LT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X100</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2194854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin from quillaja bark</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S4521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>53BP1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab21083</td>
			<td>primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluore 647</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A27040</td>
			<td>secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories Ltd</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

advanced confocal microscopy techniques to study protein-protein interactions and kinetics at dna lesions

Lokale microirradiation med lasere repræsenterer et nyttigt redskab for studier af DNA-repair-relaterede processer i levende celler. Her, beskriver vi en metodisk tilgang til at analysere protein kinetics på DNA læsioner over tid eller protein-protein interaktioner på lokalt microirradiated kromatin. Vi viser også hvordan man genkender enkelte faser i cellecyklus bruger Fucci cellular system til at studere celle-cyklus-afhængige protein kinetics på DNA læsioner. En metodologisk beskrivelse af brugen af to UV lasere (355 nm og 405 nm) til at fremkalde forskellige typer af DNA-skader er også præsenteret. Kun celler microirradiated ved 405-nm diodelaser fortsatte gennem mitosen normalt og var blottet for cyclobutane pyrimidin dimerer (CPDs). Vi viser også, hvordan microirradiated celler kan fastsættes på et givet tidspunkt at udføre immunodetection af de endogene proteiner af interesse. DNA reparation undersøgelser, vi derudover beskrive brugen af biofysiske metoder herunder FRAP (Fluorescens opsving efter Photobleaching) og FLIM (Fluorescens levetid Imaging mikroskopi) i celler med spontant forekommende DNA skader foci. Vi viser også en ansøgning af FLIM-FRET (Fluorescens resonans energi Transfer) i eksperimentelle undersøgelser af protein-protein interaktioner.

Ved hjælp af avancerede Konfokal mikroskopi, observeret vi en ophobning af mCherry-mærket 53BP1 og mCherry-PCNA proteiner på DNA læsioner. Analyser blev udført af lokale microirradiation af levende celler. For at genkende de nukleare spredningsmønstre for DNA-reparation-relaterede proteiner i individuelle cellecyklus faser, vi brugte Fucci cellular system, hvorved det er muligt at bestemme G1, tidlig S, og G2 faser af cellen cyklus (figur 1). Den biolog...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions at JoVE.com

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Laser microirradiation er et nyttigt værktøj for studier af DNA reparation i levende celler. En metodisk tilgang til brug af UVA lasere til at fremkalde forskellige DNA læsioner er vist. Vi har optimeret en metode for lokale microirradiation, der opretholder den normale cellecyklus; således fortsætte bestrålede celler gennem mitosen.

Avanceret Konfokal mikroskopi-teknikker til at undersøge Protein-protein interaktioner og kinetik ved DNA læsioner

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Fluorescens-baserede Måling af Store betjente Calcium indtastning i levende celler: fra kulturperler kræftcellen til at Skeletmuskel Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Den MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform på EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

Flow cytometri af bimolekylær Fluorescens Complementation: En High Throughput Kvantitativ metode til at studere protein-protein interaktion

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Analyserer kraniofacial Morfogenese i zebrafisk Brug 4D konfokal mikroskopi

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Undersøgelse af protein-protein interaktioner i levende celler Brug Bioluminescens Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

Ved at kombinere Single-molekyle manipulation og Imaging for Studiet af protein-DNA interaktioner

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

Probing High-density Functional Protein Microarrays to Detect Protein-protein Interactions

Sondering High-density funktionelt protein Microarrays at Detect protein-protein interaktioner

High-density functional protein microarrays containing ~4,200 recombinant yeast proteins are examined for kinase protein-protein interactions using an ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Undersøgelse af Protein-protein interaktioner i Autophagy forskning

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

FLIM-FRET Measurements of Protein-Protein Interactions in Live Bacteria.

FLIM-FRET Målinger af protein-protein interaktioner i levende bakterier.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control various key processes in cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) combined with F&#246;rster ...