Name: modified terminal restriction fragment analysis for quantifying telomere length using in-gel hybridization
Uploaded: 2017-07-10T10:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Terminal Restriction Fragment Analysis for Quantifying Telomere Length Using In-gel Hybridization at JoVE.com

作者承认匹兹堡大学癌症研究所生物行为肿瘤学共享设施的支持，部分由P30CA047904颁发。

基因组DNA提取<ol><li>根据制造商的说明书，使用商业DNA提取试剂盒，从细胞（这里是细胞系BJ-hTERT）中进行基因组DNA提取。 </li><li>用分光光度计测定DNA浓度。如果DNA浓度小于100μg/ mL，则用乙醇沉淀DNA，并重悬于一定体积的TE缓冲液（10mM Tris-Cl; 0.1mM EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）; pH8.0）中），以确保DNA浓度100-600μg/ mL）。 </li></ol> DNA完整性评估注意：本协议部分概述了?...

<ol>
	<li>Herbert, B. S., Shay, J. W., Wright, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+telomeres+and+telomerase.">Analysis of telomeres and telomerase.</a> Curr Protoc Cell Biol. , 16 (2003).</li><li>Mender, I., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomere+Restriction+Fragment+(TRF)+Analysis.">Telomere Restriction Fragment (TRF) Analysis.</a> Bio Protoc. 5 (22), (2015).</li><li>Blackburn, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres+and+Telomerase:+The+Means+to+the+End+(Nobel+lecture).">Telomeres and Telomerase: The Means to the End (Nobel lecture).</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 49 (41), 7405-7421 (2010).</li><li>Greider, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+Discovery:+The+Excitement+of+Putting+Together+Pieces+of+the+Puzzle+(Nobel+lecture).">Telomerase Discovery: The Excitement of Putting Together Pieces of the Puzzle (Nobel lecture).</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 49 (41), 7422-7439 (2010).</li><li>Szostak, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+Ends:+Just+the+Beginning+(Nobel+lecture).">DNA Ends: Just the Beginning (Nobel lecture).</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 49 (41), 7386-7404 (2010).</li><li>Watson, J. M., Riha, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres,+Aging,+and+Plants:+From+Weeds+to+Methuselah+-+A+Mini-Review.">Telomeres, Aging, and Plants: From Weeds to Methuselah - A Mini-Review.</a> Gerontology. 57 (2), 129-136 (2011).</li><li>Lu, W., Zhang, Y., Liu, D., Songyang, Z., Wan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres-Structure,+Function,+and+Regulation.">Telomeres-Structure, Function, and Regulation.</a> Exp Cell Res. 319 (2), 133-141 (2013).</li><li>MacNeil, D. E., Bensoussan, H. J., Autexier, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+Regulation+from+Beginning+to+the+End.">Telomerase Regulation from Beginning to the End.</a> Genes (Basel). 7 (9), 64 (2016).</li><li>Fouquerel, E., Opresko, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convergence+of+The+Nobel+Fields+of+Telomere+Biology+and+DNA+Repair.">Convergence of The Nobel Fields of Telomere Biology and DNA Repair.</a> Photochem Photobiol. , (2016).</li><li>Bernadotte, A., Mikhelson, V. M., Spivak, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Markers+of+Cellular+Senescence.+Telomere+Shortening+as+a+Marker+of+Cellular+Senescence.">Markers of Cellular Senescence. Telomere Shortening as a Marker of Cellular Senescence.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 8 (1), 3-11 (2016).</li><li>Opresko, P. L., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomere-Associated+Aging+Disorders.">Telomere-Associated Aging Disorders.</a> Ageing Res Rev. , 1568-1637 (2016).</li><li>Chiodi, I., Mondello, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomere+and+Telomerase+Stability+in+Human+Diseases+and+Cancer.">Telomere and Telomerase Stability in Human Diseases and Cancer.</a> Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 1 (21), 203-224 (2016).</li><li>Blackburn, E. H., Epel, E. S., Lin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Telomere+Biology:+A+Contributory+and+Interactive+Factor+in+Aging,+Disease+Risks,+and+Protection.">Human Telomere Biology: A Contributory and Interactive Factor in Aging, Disease Risks, and Protection.</a> Science. 350 (6265), 1193-1198 (2015).</li><li>Lindqvist, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychiatric+Disorders+and+Leukocyte+Telomere+Length:+Underlying+Mechanisms+Linking+Mental+Illness+with+Cellular+Aging.">Psychiatric Disorders and Leukocyte Telomere Length: Underlying Mechanisms Linking Mental Illness with Cellular Aging.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 55, 333-364 (2015).</li><li>Bodelon, C., Savage, S. A., Gadalla, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres+in+Molecular+Epidemiology+Studies.">Telomeres in Molecular Epidemiology Studies.</a> Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 125 (113), (2014).</li><li>Kimura, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+telomere+length+by+the+Southern+blot+analysis+of+terminal+restriction+fragment+lengths.">Measurement of telomere length by the Southern blot analysis of terminal restriction fragment lengths.</a> Nat Protoc. 5 (9), 1596-1607 (2010).</li><li>Haussmann, M. F., Mauck, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TECHNICAL+ADVANCES:+New+strategies+for+telomere-based+age+estimation.">TECHNICAL ADVANCES: New strategies for telomere-based age estimation.</a> Mol Ecol Resour. 8 (2), 264-274 (2008).</li><li>Nussey, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+telomere+length+and+telomere+dynamics+in+evolutionary+biology+and+ecology.">Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology.</a> Methods Ecol Evol. 5 (4), 299-310 (2014).</li><li>Delany, M. E., Krupkin, A. B., Miller, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+telomere+sequences+in+birds:+evidence+for+arrays+of+extreme+length+and+for+in+vivo+shortening.">Organization of telomere sequences in birds: evidence for arrays of extreme length and for in vivo shortening.</a> Cytogenet Cell Genet. 90 (1-2), 139-145 (2000).</li><li>Baerlocher, G. M., Vulto, I., de Jong, G., Lansdorp, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+and+FISH+to+measure+the+average+length+of+telomeres+(flow+FISH).">Flow cytometry and FISH to measure the average length of telomeres (flow FISH).</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (5), 2365-2376 (2006).</li><li>Sanders, J. L., Newman, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomere+length+in+epidemiology:+a+biomarker+of+aging,+age-related+disease,+both,+or+neither.">Telomere length in epidemiology: a biomarker of aging, age-related disease, both, or neither.</a> Epidemiol Rev. 35, 112-131 (2013).</li><li>Parikh, D., Fouquerel, E., Murphy, C. T., Wang, H., Opresko, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres+are+partly+shielded+from+ultraviolet-induced+damage+and+proficient+for+nucleotide+excision+repair+of+photoproducts.">Telomeres are partly shielded from ultraviolet-induced damage and proficient for nucleotide excision repair of photoproducts.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 8214 (2015).</li></ol>

电泳后，基因组DNA涂片高于800 bp。如果限制酶有故障或需要其他酶（如上所述），则可能发生这种情况。第二个可能的解释是蛋白质仍然附着在DNA上。当使用分光光度计测定DNA浓度时，260/280的比值应在1.8左右。如果该比例&lt;1.5，则存在可能干扰限制酶消化的蛋白质污染。 DNA样本需要重新分离，否则蛋白质需要用蛋白酶K消化和苯酚：氯仿提取，然后乙醇沉淀除去。商业DNA分离试剂盒的使用常规地...

位于染色体末端的端粒是在保护细胞遗传信息3,4,5中起关键作用的序列TTAGGG（在人染色体上）的核苷酸重复序列。端粒长度为数千个碱基对，用于在DNA复制过程中保护染色体其余部分的完整性。染色体的复制并不完美，导致染色体的末端未完全复制。这种复制的低效率被称为“终端复制问题”，并导致在每一轮复制6,7期间部分端粒重复的丧失。通过端粒酶细胞分裂后可以恢复端粒长度，端粒酶替代丢失的端粒序列8,9 。然而，端粒酶不是在大多数人体细胞中活化，因此随着时间的流逝，端粒会缩短，最终导致细胞衰老10 。由于端粒缩短，端粒被认为是年龄相关疾病的老化和风险的生物标志物11,12 。此外，端粒长度可能受到遗传，环境和生活方式因素和其他刺激物如氧化应激的影响，表明端粒长度可以作为毒理学，流行病学和行为研究中的生物标志物发挥作用13,14,15 。 本文介绍了使用改性末端限制性片段（TRF）分析法，从Mender和Shay 2以及Kimura 等人测定端粒长度的技术。 16 ，类似于赫伯特，谢伊和里格ht 1和Haussmann和Mauck 17 。传统上，TRF分析涉及Southern印迹法。南方印迹被认为是研究端粒长度的“金标准”，并积极用于检查流行病学研究中的白细胞端粒长度。这种TRF分析使用消化的基因组DNA，留下端粒重复。然后通过凝胶电泳分离DNA片段，变性并转移到硝酸纤维素膜上。端粒序列与端粒寡核苷酸探针杂交。不是将分离的端粒转移到膜上，其他TRF技术使用在DNA变性和不变性的凝胶内杂交技术。当考虑到间质端粒的检测时，包含变性是重要的，这已经在一些物种中报道了19 。缺乏变性步骤的程序只能检测到e末端端单链DNA突出端并不会与间质端粒序列结合18 。 除了TRF分析外，还有其他几种测量端粒长度的技术，每种技术都有自己的优点和缺点。 Flow-FISH技术可以使用流式细胞术16,20测量不同细胞类型的个体细胞的平均端粒长度。虽然它可以用高度特异性的探针精确地标记端粒，并通过自动化来减少人为的错误，但Flow-FISH价格昂贵，效率较低，需要新鲜样品和高技能的技术人员，限制了流行病学研究的能力。此外，该方法不考虑细胞群体染色体数量的潜在变化。 qPCR的另一种技术被广泛接受为测量流行病学研究的端粒长度的手段21 。 TRF程序有其自身的缺陷，限制了其对某些研究的使用。与其他方法（每个样品2至3μg）相比，TRF技术需要大量的DNA。这限制了该技术的应用，以检查可以收集足够的基因组DNA的临床样品的端粒长度，并且不能用于降解的DNA样品。此外，TRF分析费用高昂且劳动密集，需要4-5天才能产生结果。然而，TRF产生低的方差系数授予其重复性。虽然该方案与传统的Southern印迹（利用原位凝胶杂交）不同，但两种技术基本相同。 这里提出的技术是Southern印迹和凝胶内杂交的组合;将Southern印迹的DNA变性步骤与凝胶内杂交结合。与Southern印迹相比，这种组合具有改进的探针信号强度的附加优点，并且在我们的实验室内一直产生可量化的结果。此外，使用放射性探针而不是化学发光探针产生更高的信号强度，并允许使用磷光显像仪进行可视化和定量，从而使TRF用户友好的分析。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Biologics</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Rsa1, restriction enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">New England Biolabs, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0167S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10,000 U/mL, DNA digestion.&#160; Comes with Cutsmart Buffer (digestion buffer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Hinf1, restriction enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">New England Biolabs, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R0155S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10,000 U/mL, DNA digestion.&#160; Comes with Cutsmart Buffer (digestion buffer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Seakem GTG Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50071</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">electrophoresis grade agarose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Optikinase&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">78334X 500 UN</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">SYBR Green Nucleic Acid Stain I</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7567</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Syber Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">exactGene DNA Ladder 24- kB</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP2580100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C-Strand Probe (3&#39;-(G3AT2)4-&#39;5)</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Custom ordered DNA oligonucleotide</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gamma-ATP-P32</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLU502Z</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Radioisotope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qiagen Blood and Cell Culture DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">13323</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">DNA extraction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GE Illustra Microspin G-25 column</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27-5325-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For purification of readioactive oligo probe</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ficoll 400</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">non-ionic synthetic polymer</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:116px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Owl A5 Gel electrophoresis system (20 cm x 25 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Horizon 11.4 Gel electrophoresis system (11 cm x 14 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Corel Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11068020</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nylon mesh, 50, 12&#34; x 12&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Ted Pellam, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">41-12105</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GE Storage Phosphor Screens</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28-9564-75</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphor Screen Exposure Cassette</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">63-0035-44</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isotemp Hybridzation Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-247-20Q</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cylindrical hybridization tubes</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-247-300</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">The Belly Dancer orbital shaker</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z768499-1EA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Orbital shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Typhoon 9400</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">ABI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For imaging of gels and phosphor screens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GraphPad Prism 6</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">GraphPad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 6.05</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Graphing Program</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Office 365</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spreadsheet program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nanodrp 2000</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified terminal restriction fragment analysis for quantifying telomere length using in-gel hybridization

测量端粒长度有几种不同的技术，每种技术都有自己的优点和缺点。传统方法，端粒限制片段（TRF）分析利用DNA杂交技术，其中基因组DNA样品用限制酶消化，留下端粒DNA重复序列和一些亚端粒DNA。将其通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离，转移至滤膜并与标记有化学发光或放射性的寡核苷酸探针杂交以观察端粒限制性片段。这种方法虽然需要比其他技术如PCR更大量的DNA，但可以测量细胞群的端粒长度分布，并允许以绝对千碱基表示的测量。该手稿展示了用于确定端粒长度的修饰DNA杂交程序。基因组DNA首先用限制酶消化（不切割）端粒），并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离。然后将凝胶干燥并将DNA变性并原位杂交到放射性标记的寡核苷酸探针。这种原位杂交避免了端粒DNA的损失，并提高信号强度。杂交后，使用荧光屏成像凝胶，并使用图形程序对端粒长度进行定量。该程序由Drs实验室开发。德克萨斯大学西南部1号林德林·赖特和杰瑞·谢伊。在这里，我们将对此过程进行详细说明，并进行一些修改。

分析从细胞系BJ-hTERT（端粒酶永生化人包皮成纤维细胞） 22和人外周血单核细胞（PBMC）分离的三种浓度的DNA（1,2和3μg）端粒长度。 表1显示了每个DNA样品的泳道分配。 图1显示了凝胶的核酸荧光染色。分子量标准清晰可见。确定从凝胶顶部到每个分子量标准的距离（ 图2 ）。 图3</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Terminal Restriction Fragment Analysis for Quantifying Telomere Length Using In-gel Hybridization at JoVE.com

Modified Terminal Restriction Fragment Analysis for Quantifying Telomere Length Using In-gel Hybridization

在本文中，讨论了使用修饰的末端限制性片段分析量化端粒长度的详细方案，其提供了端粒长度的快速和有效的直接测量。该技术可以应用于DNA的各种细胞来源以量化端粒长度。

使用凝胶内杂交来定量端粒长度的修饰末端限制片段分析

There are several different techniques for measuring telomere length, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. The traditional approach, Telomere ...

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