Name: using an adapted microfluidic olfactory chip for the imaging of neuronal activity in response to pheromones in male c. elegans head neurons
Uploaded: 2017-09-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons at JoVE.com

Vi vil gerne takke Manuel Zimmer for at forsyne os med de oprindelige design-fil, der blev tilpasset til brug med hanner; Frank Schroeder til syntese og levering af tilskrive #3; Ross Lagoy for indsigt og bistand med billedbehandling og analyse; og Laura Aurilio for den master fabrikation og der, sammen med Christopher Chute, bidrog til gennemgangen af dette manuskript. Finansiering af dette arbejde blev fastsat under National Institutes of Health grant 1R01DC016058-01 (js), National Science Foundation grant CBET 1605679 (D.R.A.) og Burroughs Wellcome karriere Award på den videnskabelige Interface (D.R.A.).

1. enhed fabrikation NOTE: Se reference 1.
 Bemærk: silicium master forme var opdigtet benytter standard photolithographic teknikker til mønster SU-8 photoresist på en silicium master 1 , 7. Komponeneter for wafer mønstre blev trykt på 25.000 dpi. De mandlige-tilpasset enhedsfunktioner en Chronis olfaktoriske Chip design 19 med en ændring i ormen last...

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N., Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structure+of+the+Nervous+System+of+the+Nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Phil Trans of the Royal Soc of Lon. 314 (1165), 1 (1986).</li><li>White, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sensory+circuitry+for+sexual+attraction+in+C.+elegans+males.">The sensory circuitry for sexual attraction in C. elegans males.</a> Curr Biol. 17 (21), 1847-1857 (2007).</li><li>Chronis, N., Zimmer, M., Bargmann, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+for+in+vivo+imaging+of+neuronal+and+behavioral+activity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Microfluidics for in vivo imaging of neuronal and behavioral activity in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nat Meth. 4 (9), 727-731 (2007).</li><li>Chute, C. D., Srinivasan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+mating+cues+in+C.+elegans.">Chemical mating cues in C. elegans.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 33, 18-24 (2014).</li><li>Izrayelit, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+metabolomics+reveals+a+male+pheromone+and+sex-specific+ascaroside+biosynthesis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Targeted metabolomics reveals a male pheromone and sex-specific ascaroside biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 7 (8), 1321-1325 (2012).</li><li>Ludewig, A. H., Schroeder, F. 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A., Lu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laterally+Orienting+C.+elegans+Using+Geometry+at+Microscale+for+High-Throughput+Visual+Screens+in+Neurodegeneration+and+Neuronal+Development+Studies.">Laterally Orienting C. elegans Using Geometry at Microscale for High-Throughput Visual Screens in Neurodegeneration and Neuronal Development Studies.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (4), e35037 (2012).</li><li>Schrodel, T., Prevedel, R., Aumayr, K., Zimmer, M., Vaziri, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-wide+3D+imaging+of+neuronal+activity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+with+sculpted+light.">Brain-wide 3D imaging of neuronal activity in Caenorhabditis elegans with sculpted light.</a> Nat Methods. 10 (10), 1013-1020 (2013).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, L. R., Portman, D. 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Den mandlige-tilpasset olfaktoriske chip indarbejder en tur i en smallere lastning port, som giver mulighed for mere kontrol af orientering og for den effektive diffusering af mandlige C. elegans. Dette giver mulighed for visualisering af både venstre og højre medlemmerne af neuronal bilaterale par, uden behov for z-stabling. Denne kurve fører til en orientering fra lodrette 100% af tiden i worms, hvor kun én bilaterale par henvender sig med et fluorescerende markør, såsom aske (figur ...

Mikrofluid enheder give øget adgang til netop kontrollerede miljøer, hvori dyr, såsom nematode C. elegans, kan være eksperimentelt manipulerede1. Disse undersøgelser omfatter adfærdsmæssige assays, calcium billeddiagnostiske undersøgelser eller endda screeninger for specifikke fænotyper, hvilket resulterer i mere nøjagtige målinger af eksperimentelle resultater1,2,3,4, 5,6. Mikrofluidik giver mindre flydende betingelser hvorigennem detaljerede eksperimenter kan køres, mens du udnytter minimale mængder af reagenser. Der er en konstant produktion af nye mikrofluid enhed designs, og brugen af hver varierer fra arenaer, der giver mulighed for den naturlige sinusformet bevægelse af C. elegans i adfærdsmæssige assays og neurale imaging studier, at fælde enheder, der bruges i neurale billedbehandling og olfaktoriske undersøgelser, at enheder, som giver mulighed for høj overførselshastighed fænotypiske analyser i genetiske skærme4,5,6,7. Efter fabrikation af en master skimmel, mikrofluid enheder er billige at konstruere — givet genbrugelighed af master- og nem at bruge, giver mulighed for hurtige data generation via høj overførselshastighed undersøgelser. Fabrikation af enheder ved hjælp af polymerer såsom Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) giver mulighed for oprettelsen af nye enheder inden for timer.
Calcium imaging studier bruge genetisk kodet calcium indikatorer (GECIs) udtrykt i target-cellerne til at måle den neurale dynamikken i disse celler i realtid8,9,10,11. Den gennemsigtige karakter af C. elegans giver mulighed for optagelse af de fluorescerende forvaltningsniveauer disse proteiner i levende dyr. Traditionelt, GECIs stole på de grønne fluorescerende proteiner (NGL)-baseret sensor normal god landbrugspraksis-Calmodulin-M13 peptid (GCaMP), men nyere undersøgelser har tilpasset disse sensorer til at give mulighed for bedre signal-støj-forhold og rød-forskudt excitation profiler. Efter udviklingen af GCaMP3 proteiner med disse specifikationer har varieret, herunder sensorer som GCaMP6s og GCaMP6f (langsom og hurtig fluorescens off-priser, henholdsvis), samt RFP-Calmodulin-M13 peptid (ColbyBruce), som har en rød-forskudt aktivering profil. Kombinationen af disse GECIs med C. elegans celle-specifikke promotor gensekvenser kan målrette celler af interesse, især sensoriske neuroner12,13,14,15 , 16.
Mens C. elegans brugervenlighed i mikrofluid undersøgelser fremgår, har næsten alle undersøgelser fokuseret på hermafroditter. Trods mænd kun tegner sig for 0,01-0,02% af befolkningens vildtype, uvurderlig resultater kan opstå fra deres karakterisering. Mens den fysiske connectome af hermafrodit nervesystemet er blevet fuldt kortlagt for årtier17, stadig den mandlige connectome ufuldstændige, især i regionen hoved i den animalske18. Brugen af calcium imaging i hanner vil bidrage til at skabe en forståelse af det mandlige nervesystemet og de forskelle, der opstår mellem de to køn. Den mindre størrelse af C. elegans voksne hanner forhindrer effektiv og pålidelig diffusering i traditionelle olfaktoriske enheder beregnet til større hermafroditter lastning havne. For at løse dette, en modificeret version af Chronis olfaktoriske Chip19 blev udviklet med en smallere lastning port, en lavere kanal højde, og vender i den orm lastning port (som rotere dyret), giver mulighed for visualisering af bilaterale venstre/højre neuronal par. Dette design tillader: (1) effektive diffusering af unge voksne mænd, (2) en mere pålidelig orientering af dyr for visualisering af begge medlemmer af bilaterale parrede neuroner, og (3) den præcise billeddannelse af neurale aktivitet i mandlige neuroner.
I stigende grad viser undersøgelser, at C. elegans mænd reagere anderledes end hermafroditter til en række ascarosides (tilskrive) eller nematode feromoner20,21,22,23 ,24. Derfor er udvikle en forståelse af neurale dynamik og erklæringer inden for den mandlige connectome blevet endnu mere relevant. Mandlige C. elegans indeholder 87 sex-specifikke neuroner findes ikke i hermafrodit25,26, at ændre connectome i som-endnu ubestemt måder. At være i stand til at afbilde disse unikke neurale dynamik vil give os mulighed for bedre at forstå sex-specifikke svar og neurale repræsentationer.
Denne protokol beskriver brugen af en mand-tilpasset olfaktoriske chip til den neurale billeddannelse af mandlige C. elegans chemosensation. Nociceptive neuron aske reagerer pålideligt på 1 M glycerol hos mænd, i overensstemmelse med tidligere tvekønnede undersøgelser27. Eksponering for ascarosides kan fremkalde reaktioner, der er variabel fra dyr til dyr, der kræver et større antal dyr, der skal testes. Svar af mand-specifikke CEM neuroner har tidligere vist, gennem både Elektrofysiologi og calcium billeddiagnostiske undersøgelser, at reagere trinløst ascaroside #323.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">30 mL syringes</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>302832</td>
			<td>Used as buffer reservoirs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer</td>
			<td>Component Supply Company</td>
			<td>NE-231PL-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Stopcocks with Luer connections; 3-way; male lock; 5 flow pattern; non-sterile</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30600-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Fisherfinest Premium Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Mercator Control System LF-5 Plasma System</td>
			<td>Mercator</td>
			<td>LF-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Scotch Tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>BSN43575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Series 20 Chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>P-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Vacuum Desicator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">420250000</td>
			<td>24 cm inner diameter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Weigh Boats</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">EW-01017-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Classic Plus Balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">PB1501-S/FACT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">EW-25554-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">30-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Oven</td>
			<td>Sheldon Manufacturing Inc</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">9120993</td>
			<td>Model Number: 1500E.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">60 mm, non-vented, sharp edge Petri dishes</td>
			<td>TriTech Research</td>
			<td>T3308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Zeiss Axio Observer.A1</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Hammamatsu Orca Flash 4.0 Digital CMOS</td>
			<td>Hammamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">C11440-22CU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Blue Fluorescent Light</td>
			<td>Lumencor</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">SOLA SM6-LCR-SA</td>
			<td>24-30V/7.9A DC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Illumination Adaptor</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">423302-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Series 1 and 2 Miniature Inert PTFE Isolation Valve</td>
			<td>Parker</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">001-0017-900</td>
			<td>3-way valve for controlling flow.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ValveLink8.2&#174;</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">01-18</td>
			<td>Flow Switch Controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Micro Manager</td>
			<td>Micro-Manager</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Free software, can be downloaded at: https://www.micro-manager.org/wiki/Download_Micro-Manager_Latest_Release</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Free software, can be downloaded at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Agar, Bacteriological Grade</td>
			<td>Apex</td>
			<td>9012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Apex</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH0224-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A11470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270741-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Tetramisole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">L9756-10(G)</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Fluorescein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">FD2000S-250mg</td>
			<td>Light Sensitive. Store in photoprotective vials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">G6279-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Ascaroside #3</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Synthesized in the Schroeder Lab (Cornell University).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">18-215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH9268.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">K2HPO4</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>3252-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ASH GCaMP3 line</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>CX10979 (KyEx2865 [psra-6::GCAMP3 @ 100 ng/uL]). Developed in Bargmann lab. Provided from Albrecht Lab library.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">CEM GCaMP6 line</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>JSR49 (FkEx98[ppkd-2::GCaMP::SL2::dsRED + pBX-1]; pha-1(e2123ts); him-5(e1490); lite-1(ce314)). Developed by Robyn Lints. Provided from Srinivasan Lab library.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">E. coli (OP50)</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">&#34;Reservoir&#34;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:1260px;">To create a Reservoir: A &#34;30 mL syringe&#34;, is connected to a &#34;Stopcock with Luer connections; 3-way; male lock; 5 flow pattern; non-sterile&#34;, which is connected to a &#34;3 mL syringe&#34; and a &#34;Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer&#34;. The &#34;Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer&#34; is then inserted into &#34;Soft Tubing&#34; approximately 1/3 of the way down the needle.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an adapted microfluidic olfactory chip for the imaging of neuronal activity in response to pheromones in male c. elegans head neurons

Brugen af calcium indikatorer har styrket vores forståelse af neurale dynamics og regulering. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, med sin helt kortlagt nervesystemet og gennemsigtig anatomi, præsenterer en ideel model for forståelse real-time neurale dynamics ved hjælp af calcium indikatorer. I kombination med mikrofluid teknologier og eksperimentelle design, er calcium-imaging studier ved hjælp af disse indikatorer udført i både fri bevægelse og fangne dyr. Men de fleste tidligere undersøgelser udnytte fældefangst enheder, såsom den olfaktoriske chip beskrevet i Chronis et al., har enheder, beregnet til brug i den mere almindelige hermafrodit, som den mindre fælles mand er både morfologisk og strukturelt ulige. En tilpasset olfaktoriske chip var designet og fremstillet til øget effektivitet i mandlige neuronal imaging med hjælp af unge voksne dyr. En tur blev indarbejdet i ormen lastning port til at rotere dyrene og give mulighed for adskillelse af de enkelte neuroner i en bilateral par i 2D billedbehandling. Orme er udsat for en kontrolleret strøm af lugtstof inden for mikrofluid enheden, som beskrevet i tidligere hermafrodit undersøgelser. Calcium transienter er derefter analyseret ved hjælp af open source-software ImageJ. Proceduren beskrevet heri bør give mulighed for en øget mængde af mand-baserede C. elegans calcium billeddiagnostiske undersøgelser, uddybe vores forståelse af mekanismerne i sex-specifikke neuronal signalering.

Et eksempel på den overordnede enhed setup kan ses i figur 1A-B. Figur 1A skildrer ordentlig reservoir konstruktion og installation. Figur 1B viser forbindelser af reservoirer til mikrofluid enhed. Figur 1 c skildrer en mikrofluid enhed med individuelle porte mærket for klarhed.
Udformningen ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons at JoVE.com

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

Ved hjælp af en tilpasset mikrofluid olfaktoriske Chip til billeddannelse af Neuronal aktivitet som reaktion på feromoner i mandlige C. Elegans hoved neuroner

Brugen af en tilpasset "olfaktoriske chip" for effektiv calcium billeddannelse af C. elegans mænd er beskrevet her. Undersøgelser af mandlige eksponering til glycerol og en pheromone er også vist.

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

En Molekylær Udlæsning af Langsigtet olfaktorisk Adaptation in<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Optagelse metoder til karakterisering af neurale aktivitet i Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Lugtesansen Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging i C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Transplantation af olfaktoriske Ensheathing Cells at evaluere Funktionel Recovery efter perifer nerveskade

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Hurtig Mikro-iontophoresis af glutamat og GABA: et nyttigt redskab til Undersøge Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

In vivo billeddannelse af Dauer-specifik neuronal Remodeling i C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Olfaktoriske Neuroner opnået ved nasal biopsi Kombineret med Laser-Capture mikrodissektion: En Potentiel tilgang til Uddannelse behandlingsrespons i Mental Disorders

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

Udnytte Kombineret Metoder til Definer rolle plasmamembranen Delivery Under Axon Forgrening og neuronal Morfogenese

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Optagelse Temperatur-induceret neuronal aktivitet gennem Overvågning Calcium Ændringer i det olfaktoriske pære af<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...