Name: using an adapted microfluidic olfactory chip for the imaging of neuronal activity in response to pheromones in male c. elegans head neurons
Uploaded: 2017-09-07T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons at JoVE.com

Gostaríamos de agradecer a Manuel Zimmer nos fornecendo o arquivo de projeto inicial que foi adaptado para uso com machos; Frank Schroeder para a síntese e o fornecimento da ascr #3; Ross Lagoy para o insight e assistência de imagem e análise; e Laura Aurilio para a fabricação de mestre e que, ao lado de Christopher Chute, contribuiu para a revisão deste manuscrito. Financiamento para este trabalho foi fornecido sob concessão do National Institutes of Health 1R01DC016058-01 (J.S.), a concessão do National Science Foundation CBET 1605679 (D.R.A.) e o prémio de carreira Burroughs Wellcome em Interface científica (D.R.A.).

1. fabricação de dispositivo Nota: ver referência 1.
 Nota: mestre moldes de silicone foram fabricados usando técnicas padrão fotolitográfica para padronização fotorresiste SU-8 em um silício mestre 1 , 7. Máscaras de patrocínio de bolacha foram impressos em 25.000 dpi. Os recursos do dispositivo de homem-adaptado um Chip Olfactory Chronis desenha 19</...

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N., Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structure+of+the+Nervous+System+of+the+Nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Phil Trans of the Royal Soc of Lon. 314 (1165), 1 (1986).</li><li>White, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sensory+circuitry+for+sexual+attraction+in+C.+elegans+males.">The sensory circuitry for sexual attraction in C. elegans males.</a> Curr Biol. 17 (21), 1847-1857 (2007).</li><li>Chronis, N., Zimmer, M., Bargmann, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+for+in+vivo+imaging+of+neuronal+and+behavioral+activity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Microfluidics for in vivo imaging of neuronal and behavioral activity in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nat Meth. 4 (9), 727-731 (2007).</li><li>Chute, C. D., Srinivasan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+mating+cues+in+C.+elegans.">Chemical mating cues in C. elegans.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 33, 18-24 (2014).</li><li>Izrayelit, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+metabolomics+reveals+a+male+pheromone+and+sex-specific+ascaroside+biosynthesis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Targeted metabolomics reveals a male pheromone and sex-specific ascaroside biosynthesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 7 (8), 1321-1325 (2012).</li><li>Ludewig, A. H., Schroeder, F. 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E., Albertson, D. G., Thomson, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+male:+postembryonic+development+of+nongonadal+structures.">The Caenorhabditis elegans male: postembryonic development of nongonadal structures.</a> Dev Biol. 78 (2), 542-576 (1980).</li><li>Hilliard, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+C.+elegans+ASH+neurons:+cellular+response+and+adaptation+to+chemical+repellents.">In vivo imaging of C. elegans ASH neurons: cellular response and adaptation to chemical repellents.</a> The EMBO Journal. 24 (1), 63-72 (2005).</li><li>Evans, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+and+microinjection.">Transformation and microinjection.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li><li>C&#225;ceres, I. d. C., Valmas, N., Hilliard, M. A., Lu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laterally+Orienting+C.+elegans+Using+Geometry+at+Microscale+for+High-Throughput+Visual+Screens+in+Neurodegeneration+and+Neuronal+Development+Studies.">Laterally Orienting C. elegans Using Geometry at Microscale for High-Throughput Visual Screens in Neurodegeneration and Neuronal Development Studies.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (4), e35037 (2012).</li><li>Schrodel, T., Prevedel, R., Aumayr, K., Zimmer, M., Vaziri, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-wide+3D+imaging+of+neuronal+activity+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+with+sculpted+light.">Brain-wide 3D imaging of neuronal activity in Caenorhabditis elegans with sculpted light.</a> Nat Methods. 10 (10), 1013-1020 (2013).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, L. R., Portman, D. 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O chip olfativo macho-adaptado incorpora uma vez em um porto de carregamento mais estreito, o que permite maior controle da orientação e para a captura eficiente de masculino c. elegans. Isto permite a visualização de ambos os membros direito e esquerdos da neuronais pares bilaterais, sem a necessidade de empilhamento z. Esta curva leva a uma orientação longe vertical 100% do tempo em worms, onde destina-se apenas um par bilateral com um marcador fluorescente, como o ASH (Figura 2D</st...

Dispositivos microfluídicos fornecem maior acesso a precisamente ambientes controlados, onde animais, tais como o nemátodo c. elegans, pode ser manipulado experimentalmente1. Estes estudos incluem ensaios comportamentais, estudos de imagiologia de cálcio ou mesmo sessões de fenótipos específicos, resultando em medidas mais exatas de resultados experimentais1,2,3,4, 5,6. Microfluídica proporcionar condições líquidas em pequena escala, através do qual as experiências detalhadas podem ser executadas utilizando quantidades mínimas de reagentes. Há uma produção constante de novos designs de dispositivo microfluidic, e o uso de cada um varia, de arenas que permitem o movimento natural sinusoidal de c. elegans em ensaios comportamentais e estudos de imagiologia neurais, capturar dispositivos utilizados em imagiologia neural e estudos olfativos, dispositivos que permitem alta produtividade análise fenotípica em genética telas4,5,6,7. Após a fabricação de um molde mestre, dispositivos microfluídicos são baratos construir — dada a capacidade de reutilização do mestre — e fácil de usar, permitindo a geração de dados rápida, através de estudos de alto rendimento. Fabricação de dispositivos usando polímeros tais como polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) permite a criação de novos dispositivos dentro de horas.
Estudos de imagiologia de cálcio usam indicadores de cálcio geneticamente codificado (GECIs) expressados em células-alvo para medir a dinâmica neural essas células em tempo real8,9,10,11. A natureza transparente da c. elegans permite a gravação dos níveis fluorescentes destas proteínas em animais vivos. Tradicionalmente, GECIs dependem da proteína verde fluorescente (GFP)-baseado sensor peptídeo GFP-calmodulina-M13 (GCaMP), embora estudos mais recentes adaptaram estes sensores para permitir melhor relação sinal-ruído e perfis de excitação avermelhado. Após o desenvolvimento de GCaMP3, proteínas com estas especificações têm variado, incluindo sensores tais como GCaMP6s e GCaMP6f (lento e rápido fluorescência fora-taxas, respectivamente), bem como de peptídeo de RFP-calmodulina-M13 (RCaMP), que tem um avermelhado Perfil de ativação. A combinação destes GECIs com sequências de promotor de genes célula específica de c. elegans pode atingir células de interesse, neurônios sensoriais particularmente12,13,14,15 , 16.
Enquanto a facilidade de uso de c. elegans em estudos microfluídicos é aparente, quase todos os estudos têm incidido sobre hermafroditas. Apesar dos machos apenas contabilização de 0,01-0,02% da população de tipo selvagem, inestimáveis conclusões podem surgir de sua caracterização. Enquanto a conectoma física do sistema nervoso hermafrodita foi totalmente mapeada por décadas17, a conectoma masculina permanece incompleta, especialmente na região da cabeça do animal18. O uso de imagens de cálcio em machos vai ajudar a gerar uma compreensão do sistema nervoso masculino e as diferenças que surgem entre os dois sexos. O menor tamanho de c. elegans machos adultos evita armadilhas eficaz e confiável nos portos de carregamento dos tradicionais dispositivos olfativos projetados para maiores hermafroditas. Para resolver isso, uma versão modificada do Chip Olfactory Chronis19 foi desenvolvida com um porto de carregamento mais estreito, uma altura inferior do canal e se transforma no worm Porto de carregamento (que giram o animal), permitindo a visualização de esquerda/direita bilateral neuronais pares. Este projeto permite: (1) a captura efetiva de jovens adultos do sexo masculino, (2) uma orientação mais confiável do animal para a visualização de ambos os membros de neurônios emparelhados bilaterais e (3) a imagem precisa de atividade neural em neurônios masculinos.
Cada vez mais, estudos mostram que os machos de c. elegans respondem de forma diferente do que hermafroditas para uma variedade de ascarosides (ascr), ou o nematódeo pheromones20,21,22,23 ,24. Portanto, desenvolver uma compreensão da dinâmica neural e representações dentro a conectoma masculina tornou-se ainda mais pertinente. Masculino c. elegans contêm 87 neurônios específicos do sexo não está presentes no hermafrodita25,26, alterando a conectoma em como-maneiras ainda indeterminados. Sendo capaz de imagem essas dinâmicas neurais exclusivas nos permitirá compreender melhor respostas específicas do sexo e representações neurais.
Este protocolo descreve o uso de um chip olfativo macho-adaptado para a imagem neural de masculino c. elegans chemosensation. O neurônio nociceptivo que Ash responde confiantemente ao glicerol 1m em machos, consistentes com as anteriores hermafrodita estuda27. Exposição de ascarosides pode eliciar respostas que são variável de animal para animal, que requerem um maior número de animais a ser testado. A resposta dos neurônios CEM macho-específico anteriormente mostrou, através de eletrofisiologia e cálcio de imagem estudos, reagir variàvel ascaroside #323.

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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">30 mL syringes</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>302832</td>
			<td>Used as buffer reservoirs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer</td>
			<td>Component Supply Company</td>
			<td>NE-231PL-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Stopcocks with Luer connections; 3-way; male lock; 5 flow pattern; non-sterile</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td>EW-30600-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Fisherfinest Premium Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Mercator Control System LF-5 Plasma System</td>
			<td>Mercator</td>
			<td>LF-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Scotch Tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>BSN43575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Series 20 Chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>P-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Vacuum Desicator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">420250000</td>
			<td>24 cm inner diameter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Weigh Boats</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">EW-01017-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Classic Plus Balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">PB1501-S/FACT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>Cole-Palmer</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">EW-25554-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">30-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Oven</td>
			<td>Sheldon Manufacturing Inc</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">9120993</td>
			<td>Model Number: 1500E.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">60 mm, non-vented, sharp edge Petri dishes</td>
			<td>TriTech Research</td>
			<td>T3308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Zeiss Axio Observer.A1</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Hammamatsu Orca Flash 4.0 Digital CMOS</td>
			<td>Hammamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">C11440-22CU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Blue Fluorescent Light</td>
			<td>Lumencor</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">SOLA SM6-LCR-SA</td>
			<td>24-30V/7.9A DC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Illumination Adaptor</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">423302-0000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Series 1 and 2 Miniature Inert PTFE Isolation Valve</td>
			<td>Parker</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">001-0017-900</td>
			<td>3-way valve for controlling flow.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ValveLink8.2&#174;</td>
			<td>AutoMate Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">01-18</td>
			<td>Flow Switch Controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Micro Manager</td>
			<td>Micro-Manager</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Free software, can be downloaded at: https://www.micro-manager.org/wiki/Download_Micro-Manager_Latest_Release</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Free software, can be downloaded at: https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Agar, Bacteriological Grade</td>
			<td>Apex</td>
			<td>9012-36-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Apex</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH0224-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A11470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270741-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Tetramisole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">L9756-10(G)</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Fluorescein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">FD2000S-250mg</td>
			<td>Light Sensitive. Store in photoprotective vials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">G6279-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">Ascaroside #3</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>Synthesized in the Schroeder Lab (Cornell University).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">18-215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH9268.25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:527px;height:25px;">K2HPO4</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>3252-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">ASH GCaMP3 line</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>CX10979 (KyEx2865 [psra-6::GCAMP3 @ 100 ng/uL]). Developed in Bargmann lab. Provided from Albrecht Lab library.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">CEM GCaMP6 line</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">-</td>
			<td>JSR49 (FkEx98[ppkd-2::GCaMP::SL2::dsRED + pBX-1]; pha-1(e2123ts); him-5(e1490); lite-1(ce314)). Developed by Robyn Lints. Provided from Srinivasan Lab library.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">E. coli (OP50)</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:527px;height:21px;">&#34;Reservoir&#34;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td style="width:1260px;">To create a Reservoir: A &#34;30 mL syringe&#34;, is connected to a &#34;Stopcock with Luer connections; 3-way; male lock; 5 flow pattern; non-sterile&#34;, which is connected to a &#34;3 mL syringe&#34; and a &#34;Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer&#34;. The &#34;Stainless Steel Blunt Needle 23 Gauge, Polyprolylene Luer&#34; is then inserted into &#34;Soft Tubing&#34; approximately 1/3 of the way down the needle.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an adapted microfluidic olfactory chip for the imaging of neuronal activity in response to pheromones in male c. elegans head neurons

A utilização de indicadores de cálcio tem bastante reforçada a nossa compreensão da dinâmica neural e regulamento. O nemátodo Caenorhabditis elegans, com sua anatomia transparente e completamente mapeado sistema nervoso apresenta um modelo ideal para a compreensão dinâmica neural em tempo real, usando indicadores de cálcio. Em combinação com tecnologias microfluídicos e projetos experimentais, estudos de geração de imagens de cálcio usando estes indicadores são realizados em animais em movimento livre e presos. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos anteriores utilizando dispositivos de captura, como o chip olfativo descrito no Chronis et al., têm dispositivos projetados para uso no hermafrodita mais comuns, como o macho menos comum é que ambos morfologicamente e estruturalmente dissimilares. Um chip adaptado olfativo foi projetado e fabricado para aumentar a eficiência no masculina imagem neuronal com o uso de animais jovens e adultos. Uma vez foi incorporada a minhoca porto para girar os animais e para permitir a separação dos neurônios individuais dentro de um par bilateral em 2D imagem de carregamento. Vermes são expostos a um fluxo controlado de odorante dentro do dispositivo microfluidic, conforme descrito em estudos anteriores de hermafrodita. Transientes de cálcio são então analisados utilizando o software open-source ImageJ. O procedimento descrito neste documento deverá permitir uma maior quantidade de macho com base em c. elegans cálcio estudos, aprofundar a nossa compreensão dos mecanismos de sinalização neuronal do sexo-específico de imagem.

Um exemplo de configuração do dispositivo global pode ser visto na figura 1A-B. Figura 1A mostra a construção do reservatório apropriado e instalação. A figura 1B mostra as conexões dos reservatórios para o dispositivo microfluidic. Figura 1 mostra um dispositivo microfluidic com portas individuais para maior clareza.
<p class="jove_content"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons at JoVE.com

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

Usando um Chip olfativo Microfluidic adaptado para a imagem da atividade Neuronal em resposta aos Pheromones em neurônios de cabeça masculino C. Elegans

O uso de um chip adaptado"olfativo" para a imagem de cálcio eficiente de machos de c. elegans é descrito aqui. Estudos de exposição masculino glicerol e um pheromone também são mostrados.

The use of calcium indicators has greatly enhanced our understanding of neural dynamics and regulation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with its ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using an Adapted Microfluidic Olfactory Chip for the Imaging of Neuronal Activity in Response to Pheromones in Male C. Elegans Head Neurons

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

In vivo Laser axotomia em C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

Neurociência

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

A Leitura Molecular de adaptação a longo prazo olfativa em<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unidade Métodos de gravação para caracterizar a atividade neural no Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Circuitos olfatórias

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

Na imagem cálcio vivo Neuronal em C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Transplante de células olfativas Ensheathing para avaliar a recuperação funcional após a lesão do nervo periférico

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Rápido Micro-iontoforese de glutamato e GABA: uma ferramenta útil para investigar Integração Synaptic

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

In vivo de imagens de Dauer específica Neuronal Remodelação em C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Neurônios olfativos obtida através Nasal Biópsia Combinada com Laser-Capture Microdissection: Uma Abordagem Potencial para tratamento estudo Response em Transtornos Mentais

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

Utilizando metodologias combinadas para definir o papel do Plasma Membrane entrega durante Axon Ramificação e Neuronal morfogênese

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Gravação induzida pela temperatura actividade neuronal através de monitoramento das alterações de cálcio no bulbo olfativo de<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...