Name: continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds
Uploaded: 2017-09-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

这项研究之所以有可能, 是因为来自保护效果评估项目 (CEAP) 的资助。我们特别感谢来自生产者的准入许可, 美国农业部-ARS-三角洲水管理研究部门成员的研究援助, 以及阿肯色州立大学毒研究机构的工作人员进行的样本分析。这项研究的一部分得到了由美国能源部和农业部之间的跨部门协议, 由橡树岭科学与教育研究所 (ORISE) 管理的 "ARS 参与计划" 的任命。ORISE 由 ORAU 根据 DOE 合同编号 DE-AC05-06OR23100 管理。本文所表达的所有观点都是作者的, 并不一定反映美国农业部、ARS、能源部或 ORAU/ORISE 的政策和观点。

1. 站点选择 <ol> <li> 分水岭选择 <ol> <li> 选择分水岭 (s) 基于污染问题的严重性、分水岭的优先级、与研究设施的接近度、访问站点和数据目标. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 流取样位置 <ol> <li> 根据研究目的选择流取样位置. 
		注意: 最佳取样位置在横截面内混合, 安全且易于访问, geophysically 稳定 ( 即 恒定横截面和支持仪表站外壳的银行), 以及具有代表性的 <sup class="...

<ol>
	<li>Pellerin, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+Tools+for+Continuous+Nutrient+Monitoring+Networks:+Sensors+Advancing+Science+and+Water+Resources+Protection.">Emerging Tools for Continuous Nutrient Monitoring Networks: Sensors Advancing Science and Water Resources Protection.</a> J Am Water Resour Assoc. 52 (4), 993-1008 (2016).</li><li>Rozemeijer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+and+Evaluation+of+a+New+Passive+Sampler+for+Measuring+Average+Solute+Concentrations+in+a+Catchment+Scale+Water+Quality+Monitoring+Study.">Application and Evaluation of a New Passive Sampler for Measuring Average Solute Concentrations in a Catchment Scale Water Quality Monitoring Study.</a> Environ Sci Tech. 44 (4), 1353-1359 (2010).</li><li>Cassidy, R., Jordan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limitations+of+instantaneous+water+quality+sampling+in+surface-water+catchments:+Comparison+with+near-continuous+phosphorus+time-series+data.">Limitations of instantaneous water quality sampling in surface-water catchments: Comparison with near-continuous phosphorus time-series data.</a> J. Hydrol. 405 (1-2), 182-193 (2011).</li><li>Facchi, A., Gandolfi, C., Whelan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+river+water+quality+sampling+methodologies+under+highly+variable+load+conditions.">A comparison of river water quality sampling methodologies under highly variable load conditions.</a> Chemosphere. 66 (4), 746-756 (2007).</li><li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Global hydrological monitoring industry trends. , (2012).</li><li>Aryal, N., Reba, M. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+statewide+network+for+monitoring+agricultural+water+quality+and+water+quantity+in+Arkansas.">A statewide network for monitoring agricultural water quality and water quantity in Arkansas.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 68 (2), 45a-49a (2013).</li><li>Duncan, D., Harvey, F., Walker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Australian Water Quality Centre. , (2007).</li><li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The 5 essential elements of a hydrological monitoring program. , (2012).</li><li>Wagner, R. J., Boulger, R. W., Oblinger, C. J., Smith, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (2006).</li><li>World Metorological Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual on Stream Gauging Volume I-Fieldwork. , (2010).</li><li>American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, &amp; Water Environment Federation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard methods for the examination of water &amp; wastewater. , (2005).</li><li>ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) D3977-97. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard test methods for determining sediment concentration in water samples. , (1997).</li><li>O'Connor, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+temporal+and+spatial+distribution+of+dissolved+oxygen+in+streams.">The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams.</a> Water Resour Res. 3 (1), 65-79 (1967).</li><li>Dabney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cover+crop+impacts+on+watershed+hydrology.">Cover crop impacts on watershed hydrology.</a> J Soil Water Conserv. 53 (3), 207-213 (1998).</li><li>Udawatta, R. P., Motavalli, P. P., Garrett, H. E., Krstansky, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrogen+losses+in+runoff+from+three+adjacent+agricultural+watersheds+with+claypan+soils.">Nitrogen losses in runoff from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 117 (1), 39-48 (2006).</li></ol>

总体上, 对养分和沉积物的连续监测在利用抓取取样法进行监测时有几个优点。水文和水质过程在很短的时间内受到降雨的影响。用户可以获得高分辨率的养分和沉积物的时间分辨数据来研究复杂的问题。其他水质参数, 如电导率, pH 值, 温度和做, 可以同时获得, 并与监测硝酸盐, 铵和浊度的成本相同。此外, 还有来自制造商的其他传感器, 可以测量更多的水质参数, 如叶绿素、盐度和 oxidation-reduction...

水质监测提供有关污染物在不同空间尺度上的浓度的信息, 这取决于贡献面积的大小, 这可以从地块或农田到分水岭。这种监视在一段时间内发生, 例如单个事件、一天、一个季节或一年。监测水质的信息, 主要涉及营养物质 (例如,氮和磷) 和沉积物, 可用于: 1) 了解水文过程和河流中污染物的运输和转化,如农业排水沟;2) 评估应用于流域的管理实践的效率, 以减少养分和泥沙负荷, 提高水质;3) 评估向下游水域输送泥沙和养分的情况;4) 改进养分和沉积物的建模, 以了解水文和水质过程, 确定污染物在时间和空间尺度范围内的迁移和动态。
这些信息对水生生态系统恢复、可持续规划和水资源管理至关重要1。
在流域的养分和泥沙监测最常用的方法是抓取取样。抓取采样准确表示采样2时的快照集中。在频繁取样的情况下, 还可以描述污染物浓度随时间的变化。然而, 频繁的采样是时间密集型和昂贵的, 常常使它不切实际的2。此外, 抓取取样可能或高估实际污染物在取样时间外的浓度2,3,4。因此, 使用这种浓度计算的载荷可能不准确。
另外, 连续监测在预定的时间间隔, 如一分钟、一小时或一天, 提供准确和及时的水质信息。用户可以根据需要选择适当的时间间隔。连续监测使研究人员、规划者和管理人员能够优化样本收集;开发和监控 time-integrated 指标, 如总最大日负荷 (TMDLs);评估水体的娱乐性使用;评估基线流条件;并在空间和世俗上评估污染物的变化, 以确定因果关系, 并制定一个管理计划5,6。由于计算和传感器技术的进步、存储设备容量的提高以及研究更复杂过程所需的日益增加的数据要求, 对营养物质和沉积物的持续监测最近得到越来越多的关注1,5,7. 在对超过700水专业人士进行的全球调查中, 多参数 sondes 的使用从2002年的26% 增加到 61%, 到 2012, 预计将在 2022年66%之前达到5。在同一调查中, 72% 的受访者表示需要扩展其监测网络以满足其数据需要5。在 2012年, 监测网络中的监测站数目和每个监测站监测的变数数目预计将分别增加53% 和 64%, 到 2022年5。
然而, 农业流域持续的水质和水量监测具有挑战性。大型降雨事件冲走泥沙和植物, 造成高泥沙负荷和碎片堆积在传感器和 sondes。过量氮磷径流在农田中的应用为微观和宏观生物的生长和河道传感器和 sondes 的污染创造了理想的条件, 特别是在夏季。污垢和沉积物堆积会导致传感器失效、漂移和产生不可靠的数据。尽管有这些挑战, 但为了研究径流过程和非点源污染, 需要更精细的时间分辨率 (低至每分钟) 数据, 因为它们受分水岭特性 (例如,大小、土壤、坡度、等) 的影响.) 以及降雨的时间和强度7。仔细的现场观察, 频繁的校准, 适当的清洁和维护, 可以确保来自传感器和 sondes 的高质量数据, 即使在更精细的时间分辨率下。
在这里, 我们讨论了使用多参数水质 sondes、面积速度和压力传感器传感器和 autosamplers 对两个农业分水岭进行连续监测的方法; 其标定和现场维护;和数据处理。该议定书展示了一种可持续水质监测的方法。该议定书一般适用于任何类型或规模的流域的连续水质和数量监测。
该议定书是在阿肯色州东北部的小河流沟盆地 (HUC 080202040803, 53.4 公里2区) 和下 St. 弗朗西斯盆地 (HUC 080202030801, 23.4 公里2地区) 进行的。这两条分水岭流入密西西比河的支流。密西西比河下游保护委员会和墨西哥湾低氧工作队确定了监测密西西比支流的需要, 以制定流域管理计划并记录管理活动的进展情况8,9. 此外, 这些分水岭被美国农业部-自然资源保护局 (USDA-NRCS) 作为重点分水岭, 其基础是减少营养和沉积物污染的潜力, 并改善水质10。Edge-of-field 监测正在这些流域进行, 作为全州密西西比河流域健康流域倡议 (MRBI) 网络11的一部分。在 Aryal 和蕾 (2017)6中提供了更多的流域细节 (即站点位置、分水岭特征、等)。总之, 小河流沟盆地主要是淤泥质壤土, 棉花和大豆是主要的农作物, 而下 St. 河流域则主要是夏基粘土, 而水稻和大豆是主要的农作物。在每个分水岭,原位连续水量和质量监测 (即,排放温度、pH 值、干度、浊度、电导率、硝酸盐和铵) 在主流使用本议定书的三站进行了解污染物负荷和水文过程的时空变异性。另外, 对悬浮泥沙 co 进行了每周水样的收集和分析ncentration

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="812">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Multiparameter sonde</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach Hydrolab</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DS5X</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Area velocity flow module and sensor</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">2150</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures average stream velocity and flow depth, and calculates flow rate and total flow based on provided cross-section area of the ditch. Stored data can be downloaded directly to computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Automatic portable water sampler</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ISCO 6712</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">automatically samples water in the set interval or in conjunction with flow module and sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">In-situ</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Rugged Troll 100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures presure, level and temperature in the water. Stored data can be directly downloaded to the computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Portable flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Flo-mate (Hach)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Marsh-McBirney 2000</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For manual discharge measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">UPG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">UB 1270</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To power sonde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Interstate Batteries</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SRM 27</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Lead acid battery to power autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Solar panel</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Alt E</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ALT20-12P</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To recharge battery at the site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">C-8 batteries</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach or Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">mulitple</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Standards of pH (4,7,10), conductivity (1412 uS/cm), nitrate (5 and 50 mg/L), ammonium (5 and 50 mg/L), and turbidity (50,100,200 NTU)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013810HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013800HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002588HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002587HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819050-500G</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>88-061-6</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">100 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819200500 C</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">200 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride salt pellets</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">005376HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">to maintain electrolyte for pH electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5890-16</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">1412 us/cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 4</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB99-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 7</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB108-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 10</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB116-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Silicon sealant</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">00298HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For sealing sensor battery cover water tight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">All purpose cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sunshine Makers Inc</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Simple green</td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">L-bracket</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Telsbar post</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Unistrut Service Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Secure sensors and sondes in the stream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Steel wire</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Carabiner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Allen wrench</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Copper wire mesh</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bird B Gone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Rodent and bird control copper mesh roll</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Agri Drain Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Tile tape, works in wet and cold weather</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds

流域的污染物浓度和负荷随时间和空间的不同而变化较大。准确和及时地了解水资源中污染物的大小, 是理解污染物负荷的驱动因素和作出明达的水资源管理决定的先决条件。常用的 "抓取取样" 方法在取样时提供污染物浓度 (即,一个快照浓度), 并可或 overpredict 污染物的浓度和负荷。由于在计算、传感技术和存储设备方面的进步, 对营养物质和沉积物的连续监测最近受到越来越多的关注。此协议演示了传感器、sondes 和仪器的使用, 以连续监视原位硝酸盐、铵、浊度、pH、电导率、温度和溶解氧 (做), 并计算两个流 (沟渠) 中的负载两个农业分水岭。通过对传感器和 sondes 进行适当的校准、维护和操作, 可以通过克服诸如污垢和碎片堆积等具有挑战性的条件来获得良好的水质数据。该方法还可用于各种规模的流域, 并以农业、森林和/或城市土地为特征。

在 Aryal 和蕾 (2017) 出版物中, 利用该议定书研究了两个小农业流域的养分和沉积物的迁移和转化情况6。下面介绍该协议的其他结果。
降雨径流水质关系:
连续监测的强度是, 使用15分钟的数据 (图 2A), 用户可以选择一个精细的时间分辨率来研究?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

随着技术的进步和 end-user 期望的提高, 对较高的时间分辨率数据进行污染物负荷估计的需求和使用增加了。本协议描述了一种连续的原位水质监测方法, 以获得更高的时间分辨率数据, 以用于明智的水资源管理决策。

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Environment

Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

植物与放射性示踪剂测量矿质营养和毒物的通量

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

科研

环境科学

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

沉积物核心切片和孔隙水萃取缺氧条件下

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Ø的底栖交易所<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;，N<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;和营养盐使用小的核心孵化

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

夏威夷咖啡莓科学监测协议: 全球咖啡农田模型

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

利用岩体和 n 2o 微传感器估计沉积物脱氮率

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

一种优化的 Rhizobox 协议, 用于可视化根系生长和对局部营养素的响应

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...