Name: protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid
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Vi takker Mississippi Department of Wildlife, fiskeri og parker (MDWFP) for finansielle støtte ved hjælp af midler fra den føderale støtte i Wildlife restaurering Act (W-48-61). Vi takker MDWFP biologer W. McKinley, A. Blaylock, A. Gary og L. Wilf for deres omfattende deltagelse i dataindsamling. Vi takker også S. Tucker som facilitet koordinator og flere studerende og teknikere for deres hjælp til indsamling af data. Dette manuskript er bidrag WFA427 af Mississippi State University skov og dyreliv Research Center.

Ethics Statement: The Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all capture, handling, and marking techniques under protocols 04-068, 07-036, 10-033 and 13-034.
1. Establish Capture Sites, Immobilize and Transport wild White-tailed Deer
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	<li>Identify public and private properties that are enrolled in the Deer Management Assistance Program22 and establish &#8805;29 capture sites throughout three source regions in Mississippi, USA.</stron...

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B., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Wang, G., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+nutrition+cues+switch+from+efficiency+to+luxury+phenotypes+for+a+long-lived+ungulate.">Improved nutrition cues switch from efficiency to luxury phenotypes for a long-lived ungulate.</a> Ecol Evol. 6 (20), 7276-7285 (2016).</li><li>Miller, B. F., Muller, L. I., Doherty, T., Osborn, D. A., Miller, K. V., Warren, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+antagonists+for+tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine+immobilization+in+female+white-tailed+deer.">Effectiveness of antagonists for tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine immobilization in female white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Dis. 40 (3), 533-537 (2004).</li><li>Nesbitt, W. H., Wright, P. L., Buckner, E. L., Byers, C. 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Der er flere trin forbundet med vores protokol; men der er fire vigtige skridt, der skal træffes for at sikre succes med denne protokol. Først under indfangning af vilde hjorte, skal der være flere steder på fange hele en enkelt kilde region (trin 1.1.1). At have flere fange steder sikrer, at enhver genetisk variation tilknyttet kilderegionen vil være repræsenteret blandt hjorte. For det andet skal rådyr opbevares adskilt af kilderegionen under yngletiden (trin 1.4.9 og 5.2.1). At sikre, at dyr er adskilt af kilde...

Miljømæssige faktorer en mor oplevelser under drægtighed og laktation kan påvirke hendes afkom fænotype, uafhængig af genotype1,2,3. Mødre, der bebor høj kvalitet miljøer sandsynligvis vil producere afkom, der udviser en luksus fænotype (stort gevir og krop størrelse4), der henviser til, at mødre, der bebor en lav kvalitet miljø kan producere afkom, der udviser en effektivitet fænotype (lille gevir og krop størrelse4). Derfor kan fremturer i et miljø med høj kvalitet tillade en mor at producere mandlige afkom med store fænotypiske egenskaber, der kan direkte påvirke den afkom reproduktive muligheder5,6,7,8 og indirekte påvirke moderens inclusive fitness.
Selv om ernæring direkte påvirker fænotypiske egenskaber på tværs af taxa (Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos9; Liasis fuscusI 10; Larus michahellis 11), flere faktorer kan påvirke hvide - tailed hjorte fænotyper i Mississippi, USA. Gevir og kroppen størrelse er omkring en tredjedel større for nogle populationer i forhold til andre12. Denne variation er stærkt korreleret med foder kvalitet13,14; de største hanner findes i områder med den største kvalitet af foder. Men historiske bevaringsforsøg af hvide - tailed hjorte i Mississippi kan have ført til genetisk flaskehalse og/eller grundlægger virkninger15,16, hvilket også delvis kan forklare nogle af de observerede regional variation i hvide - tailed hjorte fænotype.
Vi leverer den protokol, vi plejede at styre ernæringsmæssige kvalitet af indfanget hvide - tailed hjorte, der tillod os at vurdere, om mandlige fænotype er begrænset af befolkningen niveau genetik. Denne protokol også tilladt os at vurdere, hvorvidt halter maternel effekter var til stede i vores befolkninger. Vores kontrollerede design er privilegerede at undersøgelser udført på gratis spænder populationer, som er begrænset til at bruge miljøvariabler som en proxy for ernæringsmæssige begrænsning3,17. Vores kontrollerede design giver også andre variabler såsom potentiale kronisk stress relateret til sociale interaktioner skal holdes konstant, som alle individer er udsat for lignende boliger og landbrugspraksis. Derudover fordi ernæring direkte påvirker andre livshistorie aspekter giver lige fra reproduktion til overlevelse18,19, kontrollerende ernæring for efterforskerne at vurdere andre variabler, der påvirker pattedyr livshistorie aspekter. Lignende protokoller er blevet beskrevet til at vurdere spørgsmål relateret til livshistorie aspekter for andre hovdyr på tværs af Nordamerika (fx, 20,21).

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			<td height="20" style="width:416px;height:20px;">Shelled Corn</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Elevated Stand</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Safety Harness</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ground Blind</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Model 196 Projector</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3cc Radio-Telemetry Darts</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Various Sized Darts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Teletamine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Telazol, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(West Texas Rx Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yhoimbine HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tolazoline HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Military Style Gurney</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rectal Thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shade Cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20% Crude Protein Deer Pellets&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Purina AntlerMax Professional High Energy Breeder 59UB, Purina, Missouri, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trough Style Feeders</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Clover&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Durana Clover, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Fescue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Max-Q Fescue, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blankets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ice Packs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Broadleaf Weed Control (2, 4-DB Herbacide, Butyrac 200)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Grass Control&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Poast Herbacide, BASF Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pelleted Wormer</td>
			<td>Safeguard Co.,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:227px;">active ingredient fenbendazole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parasite Pour-on Treatment&#160;</td>
			<td>(Ivomec, Merial Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insecticide</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Riptide, McLaughlin Gormley King Co.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Medium and Large Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Remote site that assigned parentage</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">DNA Solutions Animal Solutions Manager (DNA Solutions, Oklahoma, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Digital Hanging Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Moultrie, EBSCO Industries, Inc.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tape Measure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Toxoid Essential 3&#160;</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Antitoxin Equine Origin</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin in propylene glycol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antibiotic</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Nuflor, Schuering-Plough Animal Health Corp., New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Norbrook Labratories, LTD., Down, Northern Ireland, UK)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostidrial vaccine</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Vision 7 with SPUR, Ivesco LLC, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leptospirosis vaccine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Leptoferm-5, Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trailer for transport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Reciprocating saw&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(DEWALT, Maryland, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scientific Digital Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Global Industrail, Global Equipment Company Inc)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antler Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fogger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tagger</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid

Cervid Fænotypen kan placeres i en af to kategorier: effektivitet, som fremmer overlevelse over ekstravagante morfometrisk vækst og luksus, som fremmer væksten af store våben og krop størrelse. De samme arter vise hver fænotype afhængigt af miljøforhold. Selvom gevir og krop størrelse af mandlige hvide - tailed hjorte (Odocoileus virginianus) varierer med fysiografiske region i Mississippi, USA og er stærkt korreleret med regional variation i ernæringsmæssige kvalitet, ikke kan virkningerne af befolkningen niveau genetik fra native bestande og tidligere re EIFAC indsats ses bort. Denne protokol beskriver hvordan vi udviklet en kontrolleret studie, hvor andre faktorer, der påvirker fænotype, såsom alder og ernæring, kontrolleres. Vi bragte indfanget gravide hunner og seks-måned-forhenværende kryberi fra tre forskellige fysiografiske regioner i Mississippi, USA til Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial hjorte enhed. Hjorte fra samme region blev opdrættet til at producere en anden generation af afkom, gør det muligt at vurdere generationsskifte svar og maternel effekter. Alle hjorte spiste den samme høj kvalitet (20% råprotein hjorte pellet) kost ad libitum. Vi entydigt mærket hver nyfødte og indspillede body mass, Bagben fod og samlede kropslængde. Hver efterfølgende fald vi bedøvet personer via remote injektion og stikprøven den samme morphometrics plus gevirer af voksne. Vi fandt, at alle morphometrics steget i størrelse fra første til anden generation, med fuld kompensation af hjortetak størrelse (regional variation længere er til stede) og delvis udligning af body mass (nogle beviser for regional variation) tydeligt i anden generation. Anden generation af mænd, der stammer fra vores fattigste kvalitet jord region vises om en forhøjelse af hjortetak størrelse på 40% og en 25% stigning i body mass sammenlignet med deres vilde høstede modparter. Vores resultater tyder på fænotypisk variation af vilde mandlige hvide - tailed hjorte i Mississippi er mere relateret til forskelle i ernæringsmæssige kvalitet end befolkningen niveau genetik.

Enkelte alder, ernæringsmæssige kvalitet og Genetik påvirke mandlige hvide - tailed hjorte fænotype. Vores undersøgelse design gav os mulighed for at kontrollere kvaliteten af ernæring Hjort var tidskrævende og tillod os at identificere en alder af hver rådyr for gyldige sammenligninger inden for år klasser. Ved at kontrollere ernæring og alder med vores undersøgelse design, var vi bedre kan forstå, om befolkningen niveau genetik blev begrænser Fænotypen af mænd fra to unde...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid at JoVE.com

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Protokol for at vurdere de Relative virkninger af miljø og Genetik på gevir og krop vækst for en langlivede Cervid

Fænotypiske forskelle blandt cervid populationer kan være relateret til befolkningen niveau genetik eller ernæring; kræsne, hvilket er svært i naturen. Denne protokol beskriver hvordan vi udviklet en kontrolleret studie hvor ernæringsmæssige variation blev elimineret. Vi fandt, at fænotypisk variation af mandlige hvide - tailed hjorte mere var begrænset af ernæring end genetik.

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which ...

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