Name: protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid
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Vi takker Mississippi Department of Wildlife, fiske og parker (MDWFP) for økonomisk støtte bruker ressurser fra føderal hjelp i dyreliv restaurering Act (W-48-61). Vi takker MDWFP biologer W. McKinley, A. Blaylock, A. Gary og L. Wilf for sin involvering i datainnsamlingen. Vi takker også S. Tucker som anlegget koordinator og flere hovedfagsstudenter og teknikere for deres hjelp datainnsamlingen. Dette manuskriptet er bidrag WFA427 av Mississippi State University Forest og Wildlife Research Center.

Ethics Statement: The Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all capture, handling, and marking techniques under protocols 04-068, 07-036, 10-033 and 13-034.
1. Establish Capture Sites, Immobilize and Transport wild White-tailed Deer
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	<li>Identify public and private properties that are enrolled in the Deer Management Assistance Program22 and establish &#8805;29 capture sites throughout three source regions in Mississippi, USA.</stron...

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B., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Wang, G., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+nutrition+cues+switch+from+efficiency+to+luxury+phenotypes+for+a+long-lived+ungulate.">Improved nutrition cues switch from efficiency to luxury phenotypes for a long-lived ungulate.</a> Ecol Evol. 6 (20), 7276-7285 (2016).</li><li>Miller, B. F., Muller, L. I., Doherty, T., Osborn, D. A., Miller, K. V., Warren, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+antagonists+for+tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine+immobilization+in+female+white-tailed+deer.">Effectiveness of antagonists for tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine immobilization in female white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Dis. 40 (3), 533-537 (2004).</li><li>Nesbitt, W. H., Wright, P. L., Buckner, E. L., Byers, C. R., Reneau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measuring and scoring North American big game trophies. 3rd edn. , (2009).</li><li>Michel, E. S., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Smith, T., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antler+characteristics+are+highly+heritable+but+influenced+by+maternal+factors.">Antler characteristics are highly heritable but influenced by maternal factors.</a> J Wildl Manage. 80 (8), 1420-1426 (2016).</li><li>Severinghaus, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tooth+development+and+wear+as+criteria+of+age+in+white-tailed+deer.">Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 13 (2), 195-216 (1949).</li><li>Gee, K. L., Webb, S. L., Holman, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+implications+of+visually+estimating+age+of+male+white-tailed+deer+using+physical+characteristics+from+photographs.">Accuracy and implications of visually estimating age of male white-tailed deer using physical characteristics from photographs.</a> Wild Soc Bull. 38, 96-102 (2014).</li><li>Storm, D. J., Samuel, M. D., Rolley, R. E., Beissel, T., Richards, B. J., Van Deelen, T. 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Det finnes flere tiltak knyttet til våre protokoller men er det fire avgjørende skritt som må tas for å sikre suksess med denne protokollen. Først under fangst av villrein og elg, må det være flere fange steder i en enkelt kilde område (trinn 1.1.1). Å ha flere fange steder sikrer at alle genetisk variasjon tilknyttet kildeområdet vil være representert blant hjort. Andre må hjort holdes atskilt av kildeområdet under avl sesongen (trinn 1.4.9 og 5.2.1 Oppgi). Sikre dyr er atskilt av kilden regionen under avl ...

Miljøfaktorer mor opplevelser under svangerskapet og amming kan påvirke hennes avkom fenotype, uavhengig av genotype1,2,3. Mødre som bor i høy kvalitet miljøer sannsynlig vil produsere avkom som viser en luksus fenotypen (stort gevir og kropp størrelse4), mens mødre som bor i en lav kvalitet miljø kan produsere avkom som viser en effektivitet fenotypen (liten gevir og kropp størrelse4). Derfor kan vedvarende i et miljø med høy kvalitet en mor å produsere mannlig avkom med store fenotypiske egenskaper, som kan direkte påvirke avkoms reproduktiv muligheter5,6,7,8 og indirekte påvirke mors inkluderende fitness.
Selv om ernæring direkte påvirker fenotypiske egenskaper over taxa (Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos9; Liasis fuscusI 10; Larus michahellis 11), flere faktorer kan påvirke Hvithalehjort fenotyper i Mississippi, USA. Gevir og kroppen er omtrent en tredjedel større for enkelte bestander i forhold til andre12. Denne varianten er sterkt korrelert med grovfôr kvalitet13,14; største menn er funnet i områder med størst kvaliteten på grovfôr. Men kan historiske restaurering innsats av Hvithalehjort i Mississippi ha ført til genetisk flaskehalser og/eller grunnlegger effekter15,16, som kan også delvis forklarer noen av de observerte regionale variasjon i Hvithalehjort fenotypen.
Vi gir protokollen vi brukes til å kontrollere ernæringsmessige kvaliteten på villfanget Hvithalehjort, som tillot oss å vurdere om mannlige fenotypen begrenses av populasjon-nivå genetikk. Denne protokollen også tillatt oss å vurdere om henger mors effekter var til stede i våre befolkninger. Vår kontrollert design er fortrinnsrett til studier utført på gratis spenner populasjoner som er begrenset til å bruke miljøvariabler som en proxy for kosttilskudd restriksjon3,17. Våre kontrollert design også gir andre variabler som potensielle kronisk stress knyttet til sosiale interaksjoner holdes konstant som alle individer er utsatt for lignende bolig og røkting praksis. I tillegg fordi ernæring direkte påvirker andre livshistorie aspekter gir mellom reproduksjon overlevelse18,19, kontrollere ernæring etterforskerne å vurdere andre variabler som påvirker pattedyr livshistorie aspekter. Like protokoller har blitt beskrevet for å vurdere spørsmål knyttet til livshistorie aspektene for andre hjortevilt i Nord-Amerika (f.eks, 20,21).

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			<td height="20" style="width:416px;height:20px;">Shelled Corn</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Elevated Stand</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Safety Harness</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ground Blind</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Model 196 Projector</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3cc Radio-Telemetry Darts</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Various Sized Darts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Teletamine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Telazol, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA)</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(West Texas Rx Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, USA)</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yhoimbine HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tolazoline HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Military Style Gurney</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rectal Thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shade Cloth</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20% Crude Protein Deer Pellets&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trough Style Feeders</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Clover&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Durana Clover, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Fescue&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blankets</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tape Measure</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Antitoxin Equine Origin</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin in propylene glycol</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antibiotic</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Nuflor, Schuering-Plough Animal Health Corp., New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Norbrook Labratories, LTD., Down, Northern Ireland, UK)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostidrial vaccine</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Vision 7 with SPUR, Ivesco LLC, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leptospirosis vaccine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Leptoferm-5, Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trailer for transport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Reciprocating saw&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(DEWALT, Maryland, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scientific Digital Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Global Industrail, Global Equipment Company Inc)</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antler Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fogger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tagger</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid

Cervid fenotypen kan plasseres i en av to kategorier: effektivitet, som fremmer overlevelse ekstravagante morphometric vekst og luksus, som fremmer veksten av store våpen og kropp størrelse. Bestander av samme art viser hver fenotypen avhengig av miljøforhold. Selv om gevir og kroppen størrelsen på mannlige Hvithalehjort (Odocoileus virginianus) varierer fra fysiografiske regionen i Mississippi, USA, og er sterkt korrelert med regionale forskjeller i ernæringsmessige kvalitet, kan ikke effekten av populasjon-nivå genetikk fra innfødte aksjer og tidligere re strømpe innsats bli oversett. Denne protokollen beskriver hvordan vi utviklet en kontrollert studie, hvor andre faktorer som påvirker fenotype, som alder og ernæring, kontrolleres. Vi brakte villfanget gravide kvinner og seks-måneden-gamle krypende fra tre forskjellige fysiografiske områder i Mississippi, USA til Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial hjort enhet. Hjort fra samme område var bred for å produsere en ny generasjon av avkom, slik at vi kan vurdere generasjonsskifte svar og mors effekter. Alle hjort spiste den samme høy kvalitet (20% råprotein hjort pellet) kosthold ad libitum. Vi unikt merket hver neonate og registrert kroppen masse, bakben fot, og totale Kroppslengden. Hver etterfølgende høst, vi bedøvet enkeltpersoner via ekstern injeksjon og samplet den samme morphometrics pluss gevir voksne. Vi fant at alle morphometrics økt i størrelse fra første til andre generasjon, med full kompensasjon av gevir størrelse (regionale forskjeller finnes ikke lenger) og delvis erstatning av kroppsmasseindeks (noen bevis av regionale forskjeller) tydelig i andre generasjon. Andre generasjon som stammer fra vår fattigste kvalitet jord regionen vises om en 40% økning i gevir størrelse og en 25% økning i kroppsmasseindeks sammenlignet med sine vill høstet kolleger. Våre resultater tyder fenotypiske variant av vill mannlige Hvithalehjort i Mississippi er mer relatert til forskjeller i ernæringsmessige kvaliteten enn populasjon-nivå genetikk.

Individuelle alder, ernæringsmessige kvaliteten og genetikk påvirke mannlige Hvithalehjort fenotypen. Vår studie design tillatt oss å kontrollere kvaliteten på ernæring hjort forbruker og tillatt oss å identifisere en alder av hver hjort for gyldig sammenligninger i årsklasser. Ved å kontrollere ernæring og alder med vår studie design, kunne vi bedre forstå om populasjon-nivå genetikk var begrense fenotypen av menn fra to studie populasjoner. Forbedret nutrition hadde en posi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid at JoVE.com

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Protokollen for å vurdere relativ effekten av miljø og genetikk på gevir og kroppens vekst for en lang levetid Cervid

Fenotypiske forskjeller cervid bestander kan være relatert til populasjon-nivå genetikk eller ernæring; kresne som er vanskelig i naturen. Denne protokollen beskriver hvordan vi utviklet en kontrollert studie der ernæringsmessige variasjon ble eliminert. Vi fant at fenotypiske variant av mannlige Hvithalehjort var mer begrenset av ernæring enn genetikk.

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which ...

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