Name: protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid
Uploaded: 2017-08-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid at JoVE.com

Agradecemos o Mississippi departamento de vida selvagem, pesca e parques (MDWFP) pelo apoio financeiro, usando recursos da ajuda Federal no ato de restauração de vida selvagem (W-48-61). Agradecemos os biólogos MDWFP W. McKinley, r. Blaylock, Gary r. e L. Wilf pelo extenso envolvimento na recolha de dados. Agradecemos também S. Tucker como coordenador de instalações e vários estudantes de pós-graduação e técnicos para sua ajuda na recolha de dados. Este manuscrito é contribuição WFA427 da floresta de Universidade de estado de Mississippi e centro de pesquisa de vida selvagem.

Ethics Statement: The Mississippi State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all capture, handling, and marking techniques under protocols 04-068, 07-036, 10-033 and 13-034.
1. Establish Capture Sites, Immobilize and Transport wild White-tailed Deer
<ol>
	<li>Identify public and private properties that are enrolled in the Deer Management Assistance Program22 and establish &#8805;29 capture sites throughout three source regions in Mississippi, USA.</stron...

<ol>
	<li>Bernardo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+effects+in+animal+ecology.">Maternal effects in animal ecology.</a> Amer Zool. 36 (2), 83-105 (1996).</li><li>Forchhammer, M. C., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Lindstrom, J., Albon, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Climate+andpopulation+density+induce+long-term+cohort+variation+in+a+northern+ungulate.">Climate andpopulation density induce long-term cohort variation in a northern ungulate.</a> J Anim Ecol. 70 (5), 721-729 (2001).</li><li>Freeman, E. D., Larsen, R. T., Clegg, K., McMillan, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+effects+of+maternal+condition+in+free-ranging+cervids.">Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (3), 5873 (2013).</li><li>Geist, V., Burton, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmentally+guided+phenotype+plasticity+in+mammals+and+some+of+its+consequences+to+theoretical+and+applied+biology.">Environmentally guided phenotype plasticity in mammals and some of its consequences to theoretical and applied biology.</a> Alternative life-history styles of animals. , 153-176 (1989).</li><li>Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E., Albon, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproductive+success+in+stags.">Reproductive success in stags.</a> Red Deer: Behavior and ecology of two sexes. , 151-152 (1982).</li><li>Coltman, D. W., Festa-Bianchet, M., Jorgenson, J. T., Strobeck, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+sexual+selection+in+bighorn+rams.">Age-dependent sexual selection in bighorn rams.</a> Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 269 (1487), 165-172 (2002).</li><li>Festa-Bianchet, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cost+of+trying:+Weak+interspecific+correlations+among+life-history+components+in+male+ungulates.">The cost of trying: Weak interspecific correlations among life-history components in male ungulates.</a> Can J Zool. 90 (9), 1072-1085 (2012).</li><li>Kie, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproduction+in+North+American+elk+Cervus+elaphus.:+Paternity+of+calves+sired+by+males+of+mixed+age+classes.">Reproduction in North American elk Cervus elaphus.: Paternity of calves sired by males of mixed age classes.</a> Wildlife Biol. 19 (3), 302-310 (2013).</li><li>Welch, C. A., Keay, J., Kendall, K. C., Robbins, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constraints+on+frugivory+by+bears.">Constraints on frugivory by bears.</a> Ecology. 78 (4), 1105-1119 (1997).</li><li>Madsen, T., Shine, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silver+spoons+and+snake+body+sizes:+Prey+availability+early+in+life+influences+long-term+growth+rates+of+free-ranging+pythons.">Silver spoons and snake body sizes: Prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free-ranging pythons.</a> J Anim Ecol. 69 (6), 952-958 (2000).</li><li>Saino, N., Romano, M., Rubolini, D., Caprioli, M., Ambrosini, R., Fasola, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+supplementation+affects+egg+albumen+content+and+body+size+asymmetry+among+yellow-legged+gull+siblings.">Food supplementation affects egg albumen content and body size asymmetry among yellow-legged gull siblings.</a> Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 64 (11), 1813-1821 (2010).</li><li>Strickland, B. K., Demarais, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+and+regional+differences+in+antlers+and+mass+of+white-tailed+deer.">Age and regional differences in antlers and mass of white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 64 (4), 903-911 (2000).</li><li>Jones, P. D., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Edwards, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+region+effects+on+white-tailed+deer+forage+protein+content.">Soil region effects on white-tailed deer forage protein content.</a> Southeast Nat. 7 (4), 595-606 (2008).</li><li>Strickland, B. K., Demarais, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+landscape+composition+and+structure+on+antler+size+of+white-tailed+deer.">Influence of landscape composition and structure on antler size of white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 72 (5), 1101-1108 (2008).</li><li>DeYoung, R. W., Demarais, S., Honeycutt, R. L., Rooney, A. P., Gonzales, R. A., Gee, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+consequences+of+white-tailed+deer+(Odocoileus+virginianus)+restoration+in+Mississippi.">Genetic consequences of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) restoration in Mississippi.</a> Mol Ecol. 12 (12), 3237-3252 (2003).</li><li>Sumners, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+breeding+dates+among+populations+of+white-tailed+deer+in+the+southern+United+States:+The+legacy+of+restocking.">Variable breeding dates among populations of white-tailed deer in the southern United States: The legacy of restocking.</a> J Wildl Manage. 79 (8), 1213-1225 (2015).</li><li>Mech, D. L., Nelson, M. E., McRoberts, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+maternal+and+grandmaternal+nutrition+on+deer+mass+and+vulnerability+to+wolf+predation.">Effects of maternal and grandmaternal nutrition on deer mass and vulnerability to wolf predation.</a> J Mammal. 72 (1), 146-151 (1991).</li><li>Therrien, J. F., C&#242;t&#234;, S., Festa-Bianchet, D. M., Ouellet, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+care+in+white-tailed+deer:+trade-off+between+maintenance+and+reproduction+under+food+restriction.">Maternal care in white-tailed deer: trade-off between maintenance and reproduction under food restriction.</a> Anim Behav. 75 (1), 235-243 (2008).</li><li>Parker, K. L., Barboza, P. S., Gillingham, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrition+integrates+environmental+responses+of+ungulates.">Nutrition integrates environmental responses of ungulates.</a> Funct Ecol. 23 (1), 57-69 (2009).</li><li>Monteith, K. L., Schmitz, L. E., Jenks, J. A., Delger, J. A., Bowyer, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+of+male+white-tailed+deer:+consequences+of+maternal+effects.">Growth of male white-tailed deer: consequences of maternal effects.</a> J Mammal. 90 (3), 651-660 (2009).</li><li>Tollefson, T. N., Shipley, L. A., Myers, W. L., Keisler, D. H., Nairanjana, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+summer+and+autumn+nutrition+on+body+condition+and+reproduction+in+lactating+mule+deer.">Influence of summer and autumn nutrition on body condition and reproduction in lactating mule deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 74 (5), 974-986 (2010).</li><li>Guynn, D. C., Mott, S. P., Cotton, W. D., Jacobson, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperative+management+of+white-tailed+deer+on+private+lands+in+Mississippi.">Cooperative management of white-tailed deer on private lands in Mississippi.</a> Wildl Soc Bull. 11 (3), 211-214 (1983).</li><li>Pettry, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+resource+areas+of+Mississippi.">Soil resource areas of Mississippi.</a> Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. , (1977).</li><li>Snipes, C. E., Nichols, S. P., Poston, D. H., Walker, T. W., Evans, L. P., Robinson, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+agricultural+practices+of+the+Mississippi+Delta.">Current agricultural practices of the Mississippi Delta.</a> Office of Agricultural Communications. , (2005).</li><li>Baker, R. H., Halls, L. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin,+classification,+and+distribution+of+the+white-tailed+deer.">Origin, classification, and distribution of the white-tailed deer.</a> White-tailed deer: ecology and management. , 1-18 (1984).</li><li>Barbour, T., Allen, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+white-tailed+deer+of+eastern+United+States).">The white-tailed deer of eastern United States).</a> J Mammal. 3 (2), 65-80 (1922).</li><li>Rouleau, I., Cr&#234;te, M., Ouellet, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+the+summer+ecology+of+white-taileddeer+inhabiting+a+forested+and+an+agricultural+landscape.">Contrasting the summer ecology of white-taileddeer inhabiting a forested and an agricultural landscape.</a> Ecoscience. 9 (4), 459-469 (2002).</li><li>Kreeger, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization. , (1996).</li><li>Pound, J. M., Miller, J. A., Oethler, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depletion+rates+of+injected+and+ingested+Ivermectin+from+blood+serum+of+penned+white-tailed+deer,+Odocoileus+virginianus+(Zimmermann)+(Artiodactyla:+Cervidae).">Depletion rates of injected and ingested Ivermectin from blood serum of penned white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae).</a> J Medl Entomol. 41 (1), 65-68 (2004).</li><li>Jones, P. D., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., DeYoung, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inconsistent+relation+of+male+body+mass+with+breeding+success+in+captive+white-tailed+deer.">Inconsistent relation of male body mass with breeding success in captive white-tailed deer.</a> J Mammal. 92 (3), 527-533 (2011).</li><li>Michel, E. S., Flinn, E. B., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Wang, G., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+nutrition+cues+switch+from+efficiency+to+luxury+phenotypes+for+a+long-lived+ungulate.">Improved nutrition cues switch from efficiency to luxury phenotypes for a long-lived ungulate.</a> Ecol Evol. 6 (20), 7276-7285 (2016).</li><li>Miller, B. F., Muller, L. I., Doherty, T., Osborn, D. A., Miller, K. V., Warren, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+antagonists+for+tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine+immobilization+in+female+white-tailed+deer.">Effectiveness of antagonists for tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine immobilization in female white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Dis. 40 (3), 533-537 (2004).</li><li>Nesbitt, W. H., Wright, P. L., Buckner, E. L., Byers, C. R., Reneau, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Measuring and scoring North American big game trophies. 3rd edn. , (2009).</li><li>Michel, E. S., Demarais, S., Strickland, B. K., Smith, T., Dacus, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antler+characteristics+are+highly+heritable+but+influenced+by+maternal+factors.">Antler characteristics are highly heritable but influenced by maternal factors.</a> J Wildl Manage. 80 (8), 1420-1426 (2016).</li><li>Severinghaus, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tooth+development+and+wear+as+criteria+of+age+in+white-tailed+deer.">Tooth development and wear as criteria of age in white-tailed deer.</a> J Wildl Manage. 13 (2), 195-216 (1949).</li><li>Gee, K. L., Webb, S. L., Holman, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+and+implications+of+visually+estimating+age+of+male+white-tailed+deer+using+physical+characteristics+from+photographs.">Accuracy and implications of visually estimating age of male white-tailed deer using physical characteristics from photographs.</a> Wild Soc Bull. 38, 96-102 (2014).</li><li>Storm, D. J., Samuel, M. D., Rolley, R. E., Beissel, T., Richards, B. J., Van Deelen, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+ages+of+white-tailed+deer:+Age+and+sex+patterns+of+error+using+tooth+wear-and-replacement+and+consistency+of+cementum+annuli.">Estimating ages of white-tailed deer: Age and sex patterns of error using tooth wear-and-replacement and consistency of cementum annuli.</a> Wild Soc Bull. 38 (1), 849-865 (2014).</li><li>Montero, D., Izquierdo, M. S., Tort, L., Robaina, L., Vergara, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+stocking+density+produces+crowding+stress+altering+some+physiological+and+biochemical+parameters+in+gilthead+seabream,+Sparus+aurata.,+juveniles.">High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata., juveniles.</a> Fish Physiol Biochem. 20 (1), 53-60 (1999).</li><li>Charbonnel, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+demographic+decline:+a+potential+effect+mediated+by+impairment+of+reproduction+and+immune+function+in+cyclic+vole+populations.">Stress demographic decline: a potential effect mediated by impairment of reproduction and immune function in cyclic vole populations.</a> Physiol Biochem Zool. 81 (1), 63-73 (2008).</li><li>Crews, D., Gillette, R., Scarpino, S. V., Manikkam, M., Savenkova, M. I., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+transgenerational+inheritance+of+altered+stress+responses.">Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of altered stress responses.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109 (23), 9143-9148 (2012).</li><li>Maher, J. M., Werner, E. E., Denver, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+hormones+mediate+predator-induced+phenotypic+plasticity+in+amphibian+tadpoles.">Stress hormones mediate predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in amphibian tadpoles.</a> Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 280 (1758), 20123075 (2013).</li></ol>

Existem várias etapas associadas com nosso protocolo; no entanto, existem quatro etapas essenciais que devem ser tomadas para garantir o sucesso com este protocolo. Primeiro, durante a captura de veados selvagens, deve haver vários locais de captura ao longo de uma região única fonte (etapa 1.1.1). Ter vários locais de captura garante que qualquer variabilidade genética associada com a região de origem será representada entre veados. Em segundo lugar, veado deve ser mantido separado por região de origem durante ...

Fatores ambientais, que experiências de uma mãe durante a gestação e lactação podem influenciar o fenótipo de sua prole, independente do genótipo1,2,3. As mães que habitam ambientes de alta qualidade provavelmente produzirá descendentes que exibem um fenótipo de luxo (grande chifre e corpo tamanho4), Considerando que as mães que habitam um ambiente de baixa qualidade podem produzir descendentes que exibem um fenótipo de eficiência (pequeno chifre e corpo tamanho4). Portanto, persistindo em um ambiente de alta qualidade pode permitir que uma mãe produzir a prole masculina com grandes características fenotípicas, que podem influenciar diretamente oportunidades reprodutivas5,6,7,8 a prole e indiretamente influenciam a aptidão inclusiva da mãe.
Embora a nutrição influencia directamente as características fenotípicas entre táxons (Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos9; Liasis fuscusI 10; Larus michahellis 11), vários fatores podem afetar o cariacu fenótipos no Mississippi, Estados Unidos da América. Tamanho do antler e corpo são cerca de um terço maior para algumas populações, em comparação com outros12. Esta variação é fortemente correlacionada com forragem qualidade13,14; os machos maiores são encontrados em áreas com a maior qualidade da forragem. No entanto, os esforços de restauração histórica de cariacu em Mississippi podem ter levado para gargalos genéticos e/ou fundador efeitos15,16, que também parcialmente pode explicar alguns da variação regional observada na cariacu fenótipo.
Nós fornecemos o protocolo que usamos para controlar a qualidade nutricional dos selvagens capturados cariacu, que nos permitiu avaliar se o fenótipo masculino é restrito por nível de população genética. Este protocolo também nos permitiu avaliar se atraso efeitos maternos estiveram presentes em nossa população. Nosso projeto controlado é preferencial de estudos realizados em populações variando gratuito que limitam-se ao uso de variáveis ambientais como um proxy para restrição nutricional3,17. Nosso projeto controlado permite também outras variáveis tais como potencial crônica estresse interações relacionadas ao social, para ser mantida constante, como todos os indivíduos estão sujeitos à moradia semelhante e práticas de produção animal. Além disso, como nutrição influencia diretamente a outros aspectos da história de vida desde a reprodução até sobrevivência18,19, controlando a nutrição permite investigadores avaliar outras variáveis que afetam os aspectos da história de vida dos mamíferos. Protocolos semelhantes foram descritos para avaliar questões relacionadas a aspectos da história de vida para outros ungulados da América do Norte (por exemplo, 20,,21).

<table width="796">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:416px;height:20px;">Shelled Corn</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Elevated Stand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Safety Harness</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ground Blind</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Model 196 Projector</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3cc Radio-Telemetry Darts</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Various Sized Darts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Pneu-Dart, Pennsylvania, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Teletamine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Telazol, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xylazine HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(West Texas Rx Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yhoimbine HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tolazoline HCl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Military Style Gurney</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rectal Thermometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shade Cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">20% Crude Protein Deer Pellets&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Purina AntlerMax Professional High Energy Breeder 59UB, Purina, Missouri, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trough Style Feeders</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Clover&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Durana Clover, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Commercial Fescue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Max-Q Fescue, Pennington Seed Co., Georgia, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blankets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ice Packs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Broadleaf Weed Control (2, 4-DB Herbacide, Butyrac 200)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Grass Control&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Poast Herbacide, BASF Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pelleted Wormer</td>
			<td>Safeguard Co.,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:227px;">active ingredient fenbendazole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parasite Pour-on Treatment&#160;</td>
			<td>(Ivomec, Merial Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insecticide</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">Riptide, McLaughlin Gormley King Co.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Medium and Large Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Remote site that assigned parentage</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">DNA Solutions Animal Solutions Manager (DNA Solutions, Oklahoma, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Digital Hanging Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Moultrie, EBSCO Industries, Inc.)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tape Measure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Toxoid Essential 3&#160;</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostridium Perfringens Types C and D Antitoxin Equine Origin</td>
			<td>(Colorado Serum Co.)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin in propylene glycol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antibiotic</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Nuflor, Schuering-Plough Animal Health Corp., New Jersey, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ivermectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">(Norbrook Labratories, LTD., Down, Northern Ireland, UK)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clostidrial vaccine</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Vision 7 with SPUR, Ivesco LLC, Iowa, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Leptospirosis vaccine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Leptoferm-5, Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trailer for transport</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Reciprocating saw&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(DEWALT, Maryland, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scientific Digital Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">(Global Industrail, Global Equipment Company Inc)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antler Measuring Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fogger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tags&#160;</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Ear Tagger</td>
			<td>(Allflex, Texas, USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocol for assessing the relative effects of environment and genetics on antler and body growth for a long-lived cervid

Cervídeos provenientes fenótipo pode ser colocado em uma das duas categorias: eficiência, que promove a sobrevivência sobre crescimento morfométricos extravagante e luxo, que promove o crescimento de grande porte de armas e o corpo. Populações da mesma espécie exibem cada fenótipo dependendo das condições ambientais. Embora o tamanho do antler e corpo de macho cariacu (Odocoileus virginianus) varia conforme a região Fisiográfica no Mississippi, Estados Unidos da América e é fortemente correlacionado com variação regional na qualidade nutricional, os efeitos do nível populacional de genética de populações nativas e repovoamento de esforços anteriores não podem ser desconsiderados. Este protocolo descreve como nós projetamos um estudo controlado, onde outros fatores que influenciam o fenótipo, como idade e nutrição, são controlados. Trouxemos as fêmeas grávidas selvagens capturados e filhotes de seis meses de três regiões fisiográficas distintas no Mississippi, EUA para a unidade de veado de Memorial de Dawkins Mississippi estado Universidade Rusty. Veado da mesma região foram criados para produzir uma segunda geração de prole, permitindo-nos avaliar respostas geracionais e efeitos maternos. Todos os veados comeram a mesma alta qualidade (pellet de veado de proteína bruta de 20%) dieta ad libitum. Nós exclusivamente marcado cada neonato e gravou pé de massa, traseiras do corpo e o comprimento total do corpo. Cada queda subsequente, nós sedado indivíduos através da injeção remota e amostrados a morfometria, mesmo mais chifres dos adultos. Nós achamos que todos morfometria aumentada em tamanho de primeira para a segunda geração, com compensação integral do tamanho do antler (variação regional não está mais presente) e a compensação parcial de massa corporal (alguma evidência de variação regional) evidente na segunda geração. Segunda geração os machos que se originou da nossa região de solo mais pobre qualidade exibida sobre um aumento de 40% no tamanho do antler e um aumento de 25% da massa corporal quando comparados a suas contrapartes selvagens colhidos. Nossos resultados sugerem que a variação fenotípica de espelho cariacu macho selvagem em Mississippi estão mais relacionadas às diferenças na qualidade nutricional do que o nível de população genética.

Individual idade, qualidade nutricional e genética influencia o fenótipo masculino cariacu. Nosso projeto de estudo permitiu-nos para controlar a qualidade dos cervos de nutrição estavam consumindo e nos permitiu identificar a idade de cada veado para comparações válidas dentro de classes do ano. Controlando a nutrição e idade com nosso projeto de estudo, melhor fomos capazes de entender se nível populacional genética foram restringindo o fenótipo dos machos do estudo de duas ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid at JoVE.com

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Protocolo para avaliar os efeitos relativos do ambiente e da genética na galhada e no crescimento corporal de um cervídeo de vida longa

Diferenças fenotípicas entre as populações de cervídeos provenientes podem estar relacionadas ao nível de população genética ou nutrição; discernir o que é difícil na natureza. Este protocolo descreve como nós projetamos um estudo controlado, onde a variação nutricional foi eliminada. Nós achamos que variação fenotípica de masculino cariacu foi mais limitada pela nutrição do que genética.

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which ...

Education

Research

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Molecular Biology

Biology

Environment

Evolution

Unit 2

Population Genetics

Mendelian Genetics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Um método rápido e eficiente para avaliar a patogenicidade dos maydis ustilago nas linhas de milho e teosinte

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

Ambiente

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Optimizado coloração negativa: um protocolo de alta capacidade para Examinando pequeno e assimétrico Estrutura de proteínas por microscopia eletrônica

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

A CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Facility Concentração Gradiente para Teste CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Enriquecimento do solo e efeitos sobre a função da pastagem de Ecossistemas

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Um Protocolo de Coleta e Construindo lisímetros amostra de solo

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

Um Sistema de Exposição Fluxo através de sedimentação de Efeitos Avaliando suspensos sobre a vida aquática

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Protocolo para Microplásticos Amostragem na superfície do mar e análise de amostras

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Coleta e extração de ar ocupacional amostras para análise de DNA fúngico

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

O protocolo de Havaí para acompanhamento científico da broca do café: um modelo para agroecossistemas de café no mundo

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Avaliar as habilidades de remoção de partículas de árvore folhas

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...