Name: measuring and mapping patterns of soil erosion and deposition related to soil carbonate concentrations under agricultural management
Uploaded: 2017-09-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management at JoVE.com

现场研究的地点是由大卫德雷克管理的农场, 我们感谢他在这项长期研究中的合作。我们也感谢麦克墨菲多年来的实地工作, 在这个项目和罗宾 Montenieri 她的帮助与图形使用的本文。

1. 地面高程数据收集 <ol> <li> 站点的 gps 校准 <ol> <li> 在调查站点的安全位置定位或设置稳定的基准, 以用作 RTKGPS 数据收集的基站 gps. </li>
		<li> 使用基站位置的最佳坐标 ( 即 、WAAS 校正的 GPS 位置), 在本地基准设置 RTKGPS 数据收集的基站. </li>
		<li> 使用漫游 GPS, 在 RTKGPS (大约10公里半径) 和记录位置的无线电通信限制中至少访问三水平和垂直控制点基准. 
		注: 国家大地测量测量所描述?...

<ol>
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高程中的映射变化 (图 5) 说明了农业领域的大量侵蚀和沉积, 以及在多个尺度上指示多个控制因素的空间模式。从与风相关的场尺度模式, 到由水流产生的细小的树突状模式, 与此研究相关的过程是可辨识的。重复 RTKGPS 地面测量提供的高程变化检测的水平似乎是最佳的。根据 TLS 提供的更精细的检测级别可能会通过引入 microtopographic 特征 (如裁剪脊和犁沟) 而使结果复杂化, 而...

水土流失威胁着农业土地的可持续性。作物管理, 如传统耕作的冬小麦休耕轮作, 可以加速侵蚀和沉积过程, 因为裸露的土壤在休耕期间更容易受到风力和水的影响1,2,3,4,5 (图 1)。虽然这些过程可能是显而易见的, 但它们可能难以量化。
本研究的目的首先是利用全球定位系统 (GPS) 技术和地理信息系统 (GIS) 制图工具, 提供一种有效的方法来量化和描述在野外尺度上侵蚀和沉积的空间模式。一个简单的概念模型, 有关这些模式的近表层土壤碳酸盐 (中亚3) 也提出和测试的规定领域和实验室方法。这些关系提供了间接的侵蚀和沉积的措施, 同时验证了 GPS 方法的结果。本文着重介绍了谢罗德et al中使用的方法。因此, 它们可以在部分或全部中重复, 用于其他位置的类似研究6。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig1.jpg"> 
图1。(a) 侵蚀的照片和 (b) 在暴雨事件发生后的研究地点的沉积.在照片右下角的拖拉机轮胎轨道 (b) 表明在小麦/休耕带边界的沉积深度。
Stroosnijder7对土壤侵蚀的各种直接测量方法进行了综述。建议的方法随测量目的和可用资源的不同而有所不同, 但建议在山坡上采用 "表面高程变化" 方法, 并提供测量侵蚀和沉积的优点。应用此方法的一种方法是在土壤中安装针脚, 并监视相对于 pin7顶部的土壤的高度变化。然而, 随着土地测量技术的进步, 这种 labor-intensive 方法可以被其他技术所取代, 如地面激光扫描 (TLS)8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 机载激光扫描 (ALS)17,18,192021, GPS6,22, 高级摄影测量23 、24或这些技术的组合252627。激光扫描, 通常被称为激光雷达 (光探测和测距), 提供了密集的表面高程数据集的最快速的承购, 必须改正去除站立的对象, 例如植被。使用毫米级垂直精度, TLS 可以检测最小的仰角变化, 但 Perroy et al。推荐的 ALS 超过 TLS 的沟侵蚀估计, 由于更大的扫描足迹和更好的仪器定位 (较少地形阴影) 扫描到深切割沟28。本研究采用实时运动 GPS (RTKGPS), 提供厘米级精度, 无需数据后处理。RTKGPS 采集数据的空间分辨率和精度是检测农田或其他具有大量地面覆盖环境的主要侵蚀和沉积特征的最佳方法。
用压力 calcimeter 法定量土壤中亚3依赖于封闭系统中的土壤对酸的反应, 导致 CO 2 的释放.在恒定温度下, 反应釜内压力的增加与土壤中亚329的数量呈线性相关。对传统的压力-calcimeter 方法的修改, 由谢罗德et al描述, 包括将反应容器更改为血清瓶, 并使用连接到数字电压表的压力传感器来检测压力变化30. 这些修改允许更低的检测限制和更高的容量为每日土壤样品奔跑。土壤中亚的重量或简单滴定法3测量产生的误差和检测限制比此修改的压力-calcimeter 方法30大。
概念模型
当直接措施的侵蚀和沉积是不可行的, 这些过程的间接指标可以使用。谢罗德et al。假设在半干旱气候下土壤表层中亚3浓度与地表高程的变化 (与侵蚀呈正相关, 与沉积负相关)6呈反比关系。这一假说应广泛适用, 但具体的关系将取决于场地条件 (土壤、植被、管理和气候)。土壤在测试站点 (表 1) 通常包含一个独特的钙质层15-20 厘米以下的土壤表面。从概念上讲, 侵蚀将去除相对较低的中亚3浓度的表层, 从而使高中亚3的钙质层离土壤表面更近。低中亚的3土壤然后被运到沉积区, 导致钙质层深埋在土壤表层之下 (图 2)。根据这个模型, 可以通过中亚3浓度来推断这些土壤在适当的深度间隔时间内的取样, 无论是侵蚀还是沉积 (或者两者都不)。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>土壤系列</td>
			<td>边坡</td>
			<td>分类学分类</td>
			<td>深度</td>
			<td>ph</td>
			<td>欧共体</td>
			<td>总计 N</td>
			<td>soc</td>
			<td>中亚3</td></tr></tbody></table>
		
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>%</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>厘米</td>
			<td>1:2</td>
			<td>dS m-1</td>
			<td>g kg-1</td>
			<td>g kg-1</td>
			<td>g kg-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>科尔比沃土</td>
			<td>5-9</td>
			<td>细粉, 混合, superactive, 钙质, 梅西奇 Aridic Ustorthent</td>
			<td>0-15</td>
			<td>8。2</td>
			<td>0.24</td>
			<td>0。7</td>
			<td>6。1</td>
			<td>69。8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15-30</td>
			<td>8。3</td>
			<td>0.24</td>
			<td>0。5</td>
			<td>4。0</td>
			<td>84。3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>金砂壤土</td>
			<td>2-5</td>
			<td>细-壤土, 混合, 活性, 钙质, 梅西奇 Ustic Torriorthent</td>
			<td>0-15</td>
			<td>7。8</td>
			<td>0.26</td>
			<td>0。8</td>
			<td>7。0</td>
			<td>29。8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15-30</td>
			<td>8。0</td>
			<td>0.27</td>
			<td>0。6</td>
			<td>5。0</td>
			<td>51。5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>5-9</td>
			<td>细-壤土, 混合, 活性, 钙质, 梅西奇 Ustic Torriorthent</td>
			<td>0-15</td>
			<td>8。1</td>
			<td>0.22</td>
			<td>0。6</td>
			<td>5。4</td>
			<td>26。7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15-30</td>
			<td>8。1</td>
			<td>0.19</td>
			<td>0。5</td>
			<td>4。1</td>
			<td>25。8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wagonwheel 沃土</td>
			<td>0-2</td>
			<td>粗粉, 混合, superactive, 梅西奇 Aridic Calciustept</td>
			<td>0-15</td>
			<td>8。2</td>
			<td>0.23</td>
			<td>0。7</td>
			<td>5。9</td>
			<td>66。2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15-30</td>
			<td>8。2</td>
			<td>0.23</td>
			<td>0。6</td>
			<td>3。7</td>
			<td>98。1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>2-5</td>
			<td>粗粉, 混合, superactive, 梅西奇 Aridic Calciustept</td>
			<td>0-15</td>
			<td>8。3</td>
			<td>0.23</td>
			<td>0。8</td>
			<td>6。6</td>
			<td>52。0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15-30</td>
			<td>8。4</td>
			<td>0.26</td>
			<td>0。7</td>
			<td>5。4</td>
			<td>118。3</td>
		</tr>
	

表1。试验场的土壤.土壤制图单位和分类学分类, 以平均土壤 pH 值, 电导率 (EC), 总 N, 土壤有机 C (SOC) 和中亚3集中在 0-到 15-和 15-到 30 cm 深度增量为斯科特领域在 2012年 (从谢罗德etal.)6。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig2.jpg"> 
图2。概念土壤剖面.(a)的概念性土壤剖面图: 具有中亚3的静态土壤矩阵从表层浸出并沉淀在更深的层中, (b)表面层的适度侵蚀, 和(c)适度沉积材料上表面层的上方。深度间隔 (左) 是基于站点数据 (来自谢罗德et al) 的近似值。6.<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
网站描述和历史记录
109公顷斯科特领域是德雷克农场的一部分在东北部科罗拉多 (40.61oN, 104.84oW,图 3) 和被监视从2001年到2012为这项研究。在这个半干旱的气候中, 年平均降水量和蒸散量分别是大约350和1200毫米, 在夏季, 短时间和高强度的对流雨是普遍的。海拔范围从1559年到 1588 m 在这起伏的地形与独特的风景位置: 山顶, 边坡北部面对 (边 NF), 边坡南面对 (边 SF) 和 toeslope (图 4b)。交替带 (〜120米宽) 通常管理在这个旱作冬小麦休耕轮作, 使每一个其他地带休耕约14月的每24月轮换周期。浅耕作 (约7厘米), 典型的 v 型叶片扫, 发生4至6次, 通过休耕期杂草控制。土壤在站点被分类了有土壤损失容忍或T价值, 11 毫克 ha-1年-1, 那里侵蚀率在这个T价值之下被认为可接受为连续的农业生产4.
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig3.jpg"> 
图3。网站的位置显示在地形地貌图像 (1011 到4401米) 的科罗拉多州, 美国的状态.平均海拔的网站是 1577 m。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig4.jpg"> 
图4。土壤地图和地面海拔斯科特领域.(a)斯科特领域的土壤地图显示点土壤样品地点和庄稼管理小条。土壤单位简称是: 1 = Wagonwheel 沃土0-2% 倾斜, 2 = Wagonwheel 沃土2-5% 倾斜, 3 = 科尔比沃土 5-9% 倾斜, 4 = 金细沙子沃土 2-5% 倾斜, 5 = 金细砂壤土5-9% 倾斜;和(b)基于 2001 5 m 网格数字高程模型 (DEM) 的地面海拔, 用土地分类显示的土壤样本位置 (从谢罗德et al)。6。
RTKGPS 在2001年收集了第一个地面高程测量数据, 为该场地制作了数字高程模型 (DEM)。与 McCutcheon et al一起, 在2001年也执行了一个密集型土壤样本 (图 4a), 其中地表土壤中亚3被修改过的压力-calcimeter 方法30,31.在随后的十年中, 由于风, 主要是从西北部, 和降雨径流事件发生的视觉上明显的侵蚀和沉积, 促使第二次 RTKGPS 海拔调查在 2009年 (部分的领域完成在 2010年)。新 dem 与原始 2001 dem 的差分图的对比研究32确认了显著的侵蚀和沉积, 显示了这些过程的多个控制因素的模式 (图 5)。考虑到土地的大量地表土壤再分配和历史土壤中亚3数据, 在2012年重复了2001土壤样本, 以测试 hydropedological 进程的概念模型6, 如上一节所述。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig5.jpg"> 
图5。地图的变化 (2001-2009 *) 在陆地表面高程 (Δz) 的5米网格内的斯科特领域在科罗拉多州东北部。作物条数在交替的冬小麦休耕种植系统上标记,a 节 a-显示 (在图 11中给出的详细信息)。* 2、4、6、8条在2010年接受调查, 以完成 2009 DEM (来自谢罗德et al)。6.<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56064/56064fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

<table width="1330">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Real-time kinematic GPS system</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Trimble</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 5800</td>
			<td style="width:759px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">GPS field data collector</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Trimble</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model TSC2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">GPS field software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Trimble</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Trimble Access (Trimble Survey Controller used in 2001 for site calibration but this software is no longer supported)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Hydraulic soil coring machine</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Giddings Machine Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Utility vehicle</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">John Deere</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Gator 6x4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">GIS software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">ESRI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>ArcGIS for Desktop with Spatial Analyst and Geostatistical Analyst Extensions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">SAS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>SAS Institute Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Pressure transducer 0-105 kPa</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Serta</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 280E</td>
			<td>Setra Systems, In., Boxborough, MA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Volt meter</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">WaveTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5XL</td>
			<td>Digital meter set to read volts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Serum Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">223747</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Serum Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">223762</td>
			<td>20 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Sealing Cap 20 mm Aluminum</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">224183-01</td>
			<td>Case of 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">20 mm gray butyl stopper (2-prong)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">224100-192</td>
			<td>Septum; Case of 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Hand crimper</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W225303</td>
			<td>20 mm size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Hand Decapper</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W225353</td>
			<td>20 mm size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Acid vials</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">224881</td>
			<td>0.50 dram size (2-ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="width:252px;height:23px;">Power supply</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">SR Components</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DDU240060</td>
			<td>Class 2 Transformer AC adaptor; Input 120VAC , Output 24VDC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:252px;height:21px;">Calcium carbonate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">471-34-1</td>
			<td>500 g of 100% w/w CaCO3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring and mapping patterns of soil erosion and deposition related to soil carbonate concentrations under agricultural management

土壤侵蚀和沉积的空间模式可以从在适当时间增量映射的地面高程的差异中推断出来。这种海拔变化与近地表土壤碳酸盐 (中亚3) 剖面的变化有关。目的是描述一个简单的概念模型和详细的协议, 可重复的领域和实验室测量这些数量。这里, 用地面差分全球定位系统 (GPS) 测量精确高程;其他的数据采集方法也可以应用于相同的基本方法。土壤样品是从规定的深度间隔收集和分析在实验室中使用的有效和精确的修改压力 calcimeter 方法定量分析无机碳浓度。将标准统计方法应用到点数据中, 具有代表性的结果表明, 土壤表层中亚的变化与概念模型的变化有显著的相关性 (3 );中亚3在沉积区普遍减少, 在侵蚀地区增加。地图是从海拔和土壤的点测量中亚3获得的, 以帮助分析。一张侵蚀和沉积模式的地图在研究地点, 一个降雨哺养的冬天麦田在交替的麦子休闲的小条被裁剪, 显示水和风蚀的相互作用影响受管理和地形。本文讨论了替代取样方法和深度间隔, 并建议今后有关土壤侵蚀和沉积的工作中亚3。

映射 DEM 的差异, 从2001年和2009揭示了侵蚀 (红色) 和沉积 (绿色) 在这8年期间, 与分米波级的变化海拔超过大多数地区 (图 5)。在场尺度上, 侵蚀在西部和西南地区占主导地位, 而沉积则沿西北向东南对角带, 在该场的东侧出现。侵蚀和沉积交替带在管理范围被看见, 经常以突然的变动在管理条边界。与土壤类型相关的模式 (图 4a) 较...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management at JoVE.com

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

土壤侵蚀和沉积的空间模式可以从在适当时间增量映射的地面高程的差异中推断出来。这种海拔变化与近地表土壤碳酸盐的变化有关。本文描述了这些数量和数据分析方法的现场和实验室测量的可重复方法。

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Assessment of Labile Organic Carbon in Soil Using Sequential Fumigation Incubation Procedures

活性有机碳评估土壤中连续熏蒸孵化程序

Management practices and environmental changes can alter soil nutrient and carbon cycling. Soil labile organic carbon, a readily decomposable C pool, is ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

利用光谱减法改进土壤有机质的红外光谱表征

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

利用主成分扩展地形模型绘制土壤再分配和土壤有机碳

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it ...

Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine ...