Name: determination of the glycogen content in cyanobacteria
Uploaded: 2017-07-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria at JoVE.com

Forfatterne anerkender Nordisk Energiforskning (AquaFEED, projekt nr. 24), Innovationfonden Danmark (Pant Power, projekt nr. 12-131844) og Villum Fonden (projekt nr. 13363)

1. Fremstilling <ol><li> Cyanobakterielle kulturer <ol><li> Grow Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 ved 30 ° C i flydende BG11 medium 8 , med konstant tilførsel af luft suppleret med 1% (vol / vol) CO 2 . Belyse kulturer kontinuerligt med lys ved en fotosyntetisk fotonfluxtæthed på 50 pmol foton / m2 / s. </li><li> Grow Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 i flydende A + medium 23 (BG11 medium kan også bruges), med konstant til...

<ol>
	<li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Entner-Doudoroff+pathway+is+an+overlooked+glycolytic+route+in+cyanobacteria+and+plants.">The Entner-Doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113 (19), 5441-5446 (2016).</li><li>Yang, C., Hua, Q., Shimizu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+flux+analysis+in+Synechocystis+using+isotope+distribution+from+C-13-labeled+glucose.">Metabolic flux analysis in Synechocystis using isotope distribution from C-13-labeled glucose.</a> Metab Eng. 4 (3), 202-216 (2002).</li><li>Pelroy, R. A., Levine, G. A., Bassham, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+light-dark+CO2+fixation+and+glucose+assimilation+by+Aphanocapsa+6714.">Kinetics of light-dark CO2 fixation and glucose assimilation by Aphanocapsa 6714.</a> J Bacteriol. 128, 633-643 (1976).</li><li>You, L., Berla, B., He, L., Pakrasi, H. B., Tang, Y. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=13C-MFA+delineates+the+photomixotrophic+metabolism+of+Synechocystis.+sp.+PCC+6803+under+light-+and+carbon-sufficient+conditions.">13C-MFA delineates the photomixotrophic metabolism of Synechocystis. sp. PCC 6803 under light- and carbon-sufficient conditions.</a> Biotechnol J. 9, 684-692 (2014).</li><li>Jacobsen, J. H., Frigaard, N. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+photosynthetic+mannitol+biosynthesis+from+CO2+in+a+cyanobacterium.">Engineering of photosynthetic mannitol biosynthesis from CO2 in a cyanobacterium.</a> Metab Eng. 21, 60-70 (2014).</li><li>M&#246;llers, K. B., Cannella, D., J&#248;rgensen, H., Frigaard, N. -. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyanobacterial+biomass+as+carbohydrate+and+nutrient+feedstock+for+bioethanol+production+by+yeast+fermentation.">Cyanobacterial biomass as carbohydrate and nutrient feedstock for bioethanol production by yeast fermentation.</a> Biotechnol Biofuels. 7, 64 (2014).</li><li>Angermayr, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culturing+Synechocystis.+sp.+strain+PCC+6803+with+N2+and+CO+2+in+a+diel+regime+reveals+multiphase+glycogen+dynamics+with+low+maintenance+costs.">Culturing Synechocystis. sp. strain PCC 6803 with N2 and CO 2 in a diel regime reveals multiphase glycogen dynamics with low maintenance costs.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 82, 4180-4189 (2016).</li><li>de Porcellinis, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Non-coding+RNA+Ncr0700/PmgR1+is+required+for+photomixotrophic+growth+and+the+regulation+of+glycogen+accumulation+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803.">The Non-coding RNA Ncr0700/PmgR1 is required for photomixotrophic growth and the regulation of glycogen accumulation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 57 (10), 2091-2103 (2016).</li><li>Sakuragi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=alpha-Tocopherol+plays+a+role+in+photosynthesis+and+macronutrient+homeostasis+of+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803+that+is+independent+of+its+antioxidant+function.">alpha-Tocopherol plays a role in photosynthesis and macronutrient homeostasis of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that is independent of its antioxidant function.</a> Plant Physiol. 141, 508-521 (2006).</li><li>Osanai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+regulation+of+sugar+catabolic+pathways+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis.+sp.+PCC+6803+by+the+group+2+sigma+factor+sigE.">Positive regulation of sugar catabolic pathways in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. sp. PCC 6803 by the group 2 sigma factor sigE.</a> J Biol Chem. 280, 30653-30659 (2005).</li><li>Yamauchi, Y., Kaniya, Y., Kaneko, Y., Hihara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+roles+of+the+cyAbrB+transcriptional+regulator+pair+Sll0822+and+Sll0359+in+Synechocystis+sp.+strain+PCC+6803.">Physiological roles of the cyAbrB transcriptional regulator pair Sll0822 and Sll0359 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.</a> J Bacteriol. 193, 3702-3709 (2011).</li><li>Dubois, M., Gilles, K., Hamilton, J., Rebers, P., Smith, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colorimetric+method+for+determination+of+sugars+and+related+substances.">Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.</a> Anal Chem. 28, 350-356 (1956).</li><li>Osanai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+engineering+of+group+2+{sigma}+factor+SigE+widely+activates+expressions+of+sugar+catabolic+genes+in+Synechocystis+species+PCC+6803.">Genetic engineering of group 2 {sigma} factor SigE widely activates expressions of sugar catabolic genes in Synechocystis species PCC 6803.</a> J Biol Chem. 286, 30962-30971 (2011).</li><li>Miao, X., Wu, Q., Wu, G., Zhao, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sucrose+accumulation+in+salt-stressed+cells+of+agp+gene+deletion-mutant+in+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803.">Sucrose accumulation in salt-stressed cells of agp gene deletion-mutant in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.</a> FEMS Microbiol Letters. 218, 71-77 (2003).</li><li>Hagemann, M., Erdmann, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+and+pathway+of+glucosylglycerol+synthesis+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803.">Activation and pathway of glucosylglycerol synthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.</a> Microbiology. 140, 1427-1431 (1994).</li><li>Nobles, D. R., Romanovicz, D. K., Brown, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulose+in+cyanobacteria.+Origin+of+vascular+plant+cellulose+synthase.">Cellulose in cyanobacteria. Origin of vascular plant cellulose synthase.</a> Plant Physiol. 127, 529-542 (2001).</li><li>Zhao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-yield+production+of+extracellular+type-I+cellulose+by+the+cyanobacterium+Synechococcus+sp.+PCC+7002.">High-yield production of extracellular type-I cellulose by the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</a> Cell Discovery. 1, 15004 (2015).</li><li>Kawano, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulose+accumulation+and+a+cellulose+synthase+gene+are+responsible+for+cell+aggregation+in+the+cyanobacterium+Thermosynechococcus+vulcanus+RKN.">Cellulose accumulation and a cellulose synthase gene are responsible for cell aggregation in the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus RKN.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 52, 957-966 (2011).</li><li>Angermayr, S. A., Gorchs Rovira, A., Hellingwerf, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+engineering+of+cyanobacteria+for+the+synthesis+of+commodity+products.">Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for the synthesis of commodity products.</a> Trends Biotechnol. 33, 352-361 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, B., Dhital, S., Gidley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+and+antagonistic+effects+of+&#945;-amylase+and+amyloglucosidase+on+starch+digestion.">Synergistic and antagonistic effects of &#945;-amylase and amyloglucosidase on starch digestion.</a> Biomacromolecules. 14, 1945-1954 (2013).</li><li>Harholt, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARABINAN+DEFICIENT+1+is+a+putative+arabinosyltransferase+involved+in+biosynthesis+of+pectic+arabinan+in+Arabidopsis.">ARABINAN DEFICIENT 1 is a putative arabinosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of pectic arabinan in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Physiol. 140, 49-58 (2006).</li><li>Fernando, C. D., Soysa, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+enzymatic+colorimetric+assay+for+determination+of+hydrogen+peroxide+(H2O2)+scavenging+activity+of+plant+extracts.">Optimized enzymatic colorimetric assay for determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity of plant extracts.</a> MethodsX. 2, 283-291 (2015).</li><li>Jacobsen, J. H., Rosgaard, L., Sakuragi, Y., Frigaard, N. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+plasmid+construction+for+generation+of+knock-out+mutants+in+cyanobacteria:+studies+of+glycogen+metabolism+in+Synechococcus+sp+PCC+7002.">One-step plasmid construction for generation of knock-out mutants in cyanobacteria: studies of glycogen metabolism in Synechococcus sp PCC 7002.</a> Photosynth Res. 107 (2), 215-221 (2011).</li><li>Lichtenthaler, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorophylls+and+carotenoids:+Pigments+of+photosynthetic+biomembranes.">Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes.</a> Methods Enzymol. 148, 350-382 (1987).</li><li>L&#243;pez, C. V. G., del Carmen Cer&#243;n Garc&#237;a, M., Fern&#225;ndez, F. G. A., Bustos, C. S., Chisti, Y., Sevilla, J. M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+measurements+of+microalgal+and+cyanobacterial+biomass.">Protein measurements of microalgal and cyanobacterial biomass.</a> Bioresource Technol. 101, 7587-7591 (2010).</li><li>Hasunuma, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+metabolic+profiling+of+cyanobacterial+glycogen+biosynthesis+under+conditions+of+nitrate+depletion.">Dynamic metabolic profiling of cyanobacterial glycogen biosynthesis under conditions of nitrate depletion.</a> J Exp Bot. 64, 2943-2954 (2013).</li><li>D&#237;az-Troya, S., L&#243;pez-Maury, L., S&#225;nchez-Riego, A. M., Rold&#225;n, M., Florencio, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+regulation+of+glycogen+biosynthesis+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechocystis+sp.+PCC+6803:+Analysis+of+the+AGP+and+glycogen+synthases.">Redox regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Analysis of the AGP and glycogen synthases.</a> Molecular Plant. 7, 87-100 (2014).</li><li>Parrott, L. M., Slater, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DNA,+RNA+and+protein+composition+of+the+cyanobacterium+Anacystis+nidulans+grown+in+light-+and+carbon+dioxide-limited+chemostats.">The DNA, RNA and protein composition of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans grown in light- and carbon dioxide-limited chemostats.</a> Arch Microbiol. 127, 53-58 (1980).</li><li>Hihara, Y., Kamei, A., Kanehisa, M., Kaplan, A., Ikeuchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+microarray+analysis+of+cyanobacterial+gene+expression+during+acclimation+to+high+light.">DNA microarray analysis of cyanobacterial gene expression during acclimation to high light.</a> Plant Cell. 13, 793-806 (2001).</li></ol>

Kritiske trin i protokollen er glykogenudfældning og resuspension. Efter centrifugering efter ethanoludfældning danner glycogen en gennemskinnelig pellet, som løst klæber til væggene i mikrocentrifugerørene. Når der fjernes supernatanten, skal der derfor gives særlig opmærksomhed for ikke at fjerne pelleten. Glykogenpelleten er klæbrig, og opløsning kan være svært, hvis den tørrer ud. Bemærk, at den fuldstændige opløsning af glycogenpelleten er vigtig, fordi ufuldstændig opløseliggørelse vil føre ti...

Cyanobakterier akkumulerer glykogen som den største kulhydratlager af kulstof fra CO 2 fastgjort i lys gennem fotosyntese. Glycogen er en glycan bestående af lineær a-1,4-koblet glucan med grene skabt af a-1,6-koblede glucosylbindinger. Glykogenbiosyntese i cyanobakterier starter med omdannelsen af ​​glucose-6-phosphat til ADP-glucose gennem den sekventielle virkning af phosphoglucomutase og ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase. Glucosegruppen i ADP-glucose overføres til den ikke-reducerende ende af a-1,4-glucan-rygradet af glycogen med en eller flere glycogensyntaser (GlgA). Efterfølgende introducerer et forgreningsenzymer den a-1,6-bundne glucosylbinding, som yderligere udvides til at frembringe glycogenpartiklen. I mørket brydes glycogen ned af glycogenphosphorylase, glykogenforgreningsenzymer, a-glucanotransferase og maltodextrinphosphorylase i phosphoryleret glucose og fri glucose. Disse foder intO kataboliske veje, herunder oxidative pentosephosphatvejen, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas-vejen (glycolyse) og Entner-Doudoroff-vejen 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Glykogenmetabolisme i cyanobakterier har skabt stigende interesse i de senere år på grund af muligheden for, at cyanobakterier udvikler sig til mikrobielle cellefabrikker drevet af sollys til fremstilling af kemikalier og brændstoffer. Glykogenmetabolisme kunne modificeres for at øge udbyttet af produkterne, fordi glykogen er den største fleksible carbonpool i disse bakterier. Et eksempel er cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, som er blevet genetisk manipuleret til at producere mannitol; Den genetiske forstyrrelse af glycogensyntese øger mannitoludbyttet 3 gange 5 . Et andet eksempel er produktionen af ​​bioethanol fra glycogenbelastet vildtYpe Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 6 . Vildtypecelleglycogenindholdet kan være op til 60% af den tørre vægt af cellen under kvælstofsultation 6 . Vores forståelse af glykogen metabolisme og regulering har også udvidet de seneste år. Mens glykogen er kendt for at akkumulere i lyset og at blive kataboliseret i mørket, blev detaljeret kinetik af glykogenmetabolisme under dielcyklussen først afsløret i Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 7 . Derudover er der blevet identificeret adskillige gener, som påvirker akkumuleringen af ​​glycogen. Et bemærkelsesværdigt eksempel er opdagelsen af, at den formodede histidinkinase PmgA og det ikke-kodende RNA PmgR1 danner en regulerende kaskade og styrer akkumuleringen af ​​glycogen. Interessant nok akkumulerer pmgA og pmgR1 deletionsmutanterne dobbelt så meget glycogen som vildtypestammen af Synechocystis sp. PCC 68038 , 9 . Andre regulatoriske elementer er også kendt for at påvirke akkumuleringen af ​​glycogen, herunder den alternative sigma faktor E og transkriptionsfaktoren CyAbrB2 10 , 11 . Da interessen for glykogenregulering og metabolisme vokser, er en detaljeret protokol, der beskriver bestemmelsen af ​​glycogenindholdet, berettiget. Flere metoder anvendes i litteraturen. Syrehydrolyse efterfulgt af bestemmelsen af ​​monosaccharidindholdet ved hjælp af højtryksanionbytningsvæskekromatografi koblet med en pulseret amperometrisk detektor eller spektrometrisk bestemmelse efter behandling med syre og phenol er almindeligt anvendte metoder til at approximere glycogenindholdet 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 . Imidlertid en højtryksanionbytningsvæskekromatografiC-instrumentet er meget dyrt og diskriminerer ikke glucose afledt af glykogen fra det, som er afledt af andre glucoseholdige glycoconjugater, såsom saccharose 14 , glucosylglycerol 15 og cellulose 16 , 17 , 18 , som er kendt for at akkumulere i nogle cyanobakterielle arter. Syrephenolmetoden kan udføres ved anvendelse af standard laboratorieudstyr. Det anvender imidlertid meget giftige reagenser og skelner ikke glukose afledt fra forskellige glycokonjugater, og det skelner heller ikke glukose fra andre monosaccharider, der udgør cellulære materialer, såsom glycolipider, lipopolysaccharider og ekstracellulære matricer 12 . Især anvendes det varme sur-phenol-assay ofte til bestemmelse af det samlede carbohydratindhold i stedet for til den specifikke bestemmelse af glucoseindholdet 12 . Enzymatisk hyDrolyse af glycogen til glucose ved a-amyloglucosidase efterfulgt af påvisning af glucose gennem et enzymkoblet assay frembringer en kolorimetrisk aflæsning, som er yderst følsom og specifik for glucose afledt af glycogen. Specificiteten kan forbedres yderligere med præferenceudfældningen af ​​glycogen fra cellelysater ved ethanol 5 , 8 , 19 . Her beskriver vi en detaljeret protokol for et enzymbaseret assay af glycogenindholdet i to af de mest undersøgte cyanobakterielle arter, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 og Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, i vildtype- og mutantstammerne. For at sikre effektiv hydrolyse anvendes en cocktail af a-amylase og a-amyloglucosidase 8 . Den endo-virkende a-amylase hydrolyserer a-1,4-bindingerne i forskellige glucaner til dextriner, der yderligere hydrolyseres tO glucose ved exo-virkende a-amyloglucosidase 20 . De synergistiske virkninger af disse enzymer er velkendte, og disse enzymer anvendes rutinemæssigt til selektiv hydrolyse af stivelse, hvilket er et a-koblet glucan-lignende glycogen uden at påvirke andre glycokonjuganter, såsom cellulose, i plantebiomassen 21 . Den frigivne glucose er kvantitativt detekteret efter et enzymkoblet assay bestående af glucoseoxidase, som katalyserer reduktionen af ​​oxygen til hydrogenperoxid og oxidationen af ​​glucose til en lacton- og peroxidase, der frembringer et pink-farvet kinoniminfarvestof fra hydrogenperoxid, En phenolforbindelse og 4-aminoantipyrin 22 .

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="784">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">QSonica Sonicators Q700</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Qsonica, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">QSonica</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SpectraMax 190 Microplate Reader&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Eliza plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bullet Blender Storm</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Next Advance</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BBY24M-CE</td>
			<td>Beads beater</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrospec 3100 pro UV/Visible Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T1503</td>
			<td>Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-00317</td>
			<td>pH adjutment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32319</td>
			<td>Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amyloglycosidase (Rhizopus sp.)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Megazyme</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E-AMGPU</td>
			<td>Enzyme for glycogen depolymerization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-Amylase, thermostable (Bacillus licheniformis)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3176</td>
			<td>Enzyme for glycogen depolymerization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Merch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8337</td>
			<td>Standard for the glucose assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pierce BCA Protein assay kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23225</td>
			<td>For determination of protein concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Aluminum drying trays, disposable</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">611-1362</td>
			<td>For determination of cell dry weights</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">D-Glucose assay kit (GODPOD format)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Megazyme</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K-GLUC</td>
			<td>For determination of glucose concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">Zirconium oxide breads, 0.15 mm</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Next Advance</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ZrOB015</td>
			<td>Beads for cell lysis in a Bullet Blendar Storm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:280px;">RINO tubes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Next Advance</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Tubes for cell lysis in a Bullet Blendar Storm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of the glycogen content in cyanobacteria

Cyanobakterier akkumulerer glycogen som en vigtig intracellulær kulstof- og energilagring under fotosyntese. Nylige udviklinger i forskning har fremhævet komplekse mekanismer for glykogenmetabolisme, herunder dielcyklusen af ​​biosyntese og katabolisme, redoxregulering og involvering af ikke-kodende RNA. Samtidig gøres der forsøg på at omdirigere kulstof fra glykogen til ønskelige produkter i genetisk manipulerede cyanobakterier for at forbedre produktudbyttet. Flere metoder anvendes til at bestemme indholdet af glycogen i cyanobakterier med variable nøjagtigheder og tekniske kompleksiteter. Her giver vi en detaljeret protokol til pålidelig bestemmelse af glycogenindholdet i cyanobakterier, der kan udføres i et standard life science laboratorium. Protokollen medfører selektiv udfældning af glycogen fra cellelysatet og den enzymatiske depolymerisering af glycogen til dannelse af glucosemonomerer, som detekteres af en glucoseoxIdase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) enzymkoblet assay. Metoden er blevet anvendt til Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 og Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, to model cyanobakterielle arter, der er meget udbredt i metabolisk teknik. Endvidere viste fremgangsmåden med succes forskelle i glycogenindholdet mellem vildtypen og mutanterne, der var defekte i regulatoriske elementer eller glykogenbiosyntetiske gener.

10 ml vildtype Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 blev dyrket under fotototrofiske betingelser indtil OD 730nm- værdien nåede ca. 0,8. Cellerne blev høstet og resuspenderet i 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8. OD 730nm- værdien blev justeret til 2-3. Glycogenindholdet blev analyseret efter den ovenfor beskrevne protokol. Glycogenindholdet pr. OD 730 nm var 13 ± 1,8 μg / ml / OD 730 nm ( N = 12). Glycogenindholdet i forhold til pro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria at JoVE.com

Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria

Her præsenterer vi et pålideligt og let assay til at måle glycogenindholdet i cyanobakterielle celler. Fremgangsmåden indebærer udfældning, selekterbar depolymerisering og påvisning af glucoserester. Denne metode er velegnet til både vildtype og genetisk manipulerede stammer og kan lette metabolisme af cyanobakterier.

Bestemmelse af glycogenindholdet i cyanobakterier

Cyanobacteria accumulate glycogen as a major intracellular carbon and energy storage&#160;during photosynthesis. Recent developments in research have ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Automated Acoustic Dispensing for the Serial Dilution of Peptide Agonists in Potency Determination Assays

Automatiseret Akustisk Udlevering til seriel fortynding af peptid agonister i Potens Bestemmelse assays

As with small molecule drug discovery, screening for peptide agonists requires the serial dilution of peptides to produce concentration-response curves. ...

Determination of High-affinity Antibody-antigen Binding Kinetics Using Four Biosensor Platforms

Bestemmelse af høj-affinitet antistof-antigen Bindende Kinetics Brug Fire Biosensor Platforme

Label-free optical biosensors are powerful tools in drug discovery for the characterization of biomolecular interactions. In this study, we describe the ...

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis (QDB)

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis QDB

Høj overførselshastighed, absolut bestemmelse af indholdet af en markeret Protein i væv niveauer ved hjælp af kvantitative Dot duppes analyse (QDB)

Lacking a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method for absolute determination of the content of a specific protein at cellular and ...

Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis

Lipid Index Determination by Liquid Fluorescence Recovery in the Fungal Pathogen Ustilago Maydis

Lipid indeks bestemmelse af flydende fluorescens opsving i svampe patogen Ustilago Maydis

The article shows how to implement the LD index assay, which is a sensitive microplate assay to determine the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in ...

A Colorimetric Method for Measuring Iron Content in Plants

En kolorimetriske metode til måling af jernindhold i planter

Iron, one of the most important micronutrients in living organisms, is involved in basic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis. Iron content ...

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phycobiliprotein Content in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phycobiliprotein Content in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis

Spektrofotometrisk bestemmelse af Phycobiliprotein indhold i Cyanobacterium Synechocystis

This is a simple protocol for the quantitative determination of phycobiliprotein content in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Phycobiliproteins are ...

Using High Content Imaging to Quantify Target Engagement in Adherent Cells

Ved hjælp af højt indhold Imaging for at kvantificere mål Engagement i vedhængende celler

Quantitating the interaction of small molecules with their intended protein target is critical for drug development, target validation and chemical probe ...

Enrichment of Native Lipoprotein Particles with microRNA and Subsequent Determination of Their Absolute/Relative microRNA Content and Their Cellular Transfer Rate

Berigelse af Native lipoprotein partikler med microRNA og efterfølgende bestemmelse af deres absolutte/relative microRNA indhold og deres cellulære overførselshastighed

Lipoprotein particles are predominately transporters of lipids and cholesterol in the bloodstream. Furthermore, they contain small amounts of strands of ...

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

Produktion, krystallisering og struktur bestemmelse af IKK-bindings domænet NEMO

NEMO is a scaffolding protein which plays an essential role in the NF-&#954;B pathway by assembling the IKK-complex with the kinases IKK&#945; and ...

Enabling Real-Time Compensation in Fast Photochemical Oxidations of Proteins for the Determination of Protein Topography Changes

Aktivering af real-time kompensation i hurtige fotokemiske oxidationer af proteiner til bestemmelse af Protein Topografi Ændringer

Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a mass spectrometry-based structural biology technique that probes the solvent-accessible surface area ...