Name: nanosponge tunability in size and crosslinking density
Uploaded: 2017-08-04T11:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density at JoVE.com

LK er taknemmelige for finansiering fra National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1445197) og Vanderbilt University kemi Institut. LK og EH gerne takke finansiering for Osiris TEM instrument (NSF EPS-1004083).

1. Synthesis and Characterization of AVL
<ol>
	<li>Place a magnetic stir bar inside a 2 neck 500 mL round bottom flask (Flask 1) and seal with an appropriate sized rubber septum and steel wire. Flame dry the flask to remove moisture by purging with nitrogen gas connected through an inlet needle and open outlet needle in the septum, while using a butane flame torch to gently heat the outside of the flask by moving the flame along the surface.
	<ol>
		<li>Continue heating the entire flask by running the ...

<ol>
	<li>van der Ende, A. E., Sathiyakumar, V., Diaz, R., Hallahan, D. E., Harth, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+release+nanoparticle+devices+for+advanced+targeted+cancer+therapies+with+increased+efficacy.">Linear release nanoparticle devices for advanced targeted cancer therapies with increased efficacy.</a> Polym Chem. 1 (1), 93 (2010).</li><li>Sharma, S., Parmar, A., Kori, S., Sandhir, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLGA-based+nanoparticles:+A+new+paradigm+in+biomedical+applications.">PLGA-based nanoparticles: A new paradigm in biomedical applications.</a> Trends Anal Chem. 80, 30-40 (2016).</li><li>Cao, L. B., Zeng, S., Zhao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Stable+PEGylated+Poly(lactic-co-glycolic+acid)+(PLGA)+Nanoparticles+for+the+Effective+Delivery+of+Docetaxel+in+Prostate+Cancers.">Highly Stable PEGylated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles for the Effective Delivery of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancers.</a> Nanoscale Res Lett. 11 (1), 305 (2016).</li><li>Chelopo, M. P., Kalombo, L., Wesley-Smith, J., Grobler, A., Hayeshi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fabrication+and+characterization+of+a+PLGA+nanoparticle-Pheroid&#174;+combined+drug+delivery+system.">The fabrication and characterization of a PLGA nanoparticle-Pheroid&#174; combined drug delivery system.</a> J Mater Sci. 52 (6), 3133-3145 (2016).</li><li>Guan, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation,+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation+of+mPEG-PLGA+nanoparticles+co-loaded+with+syringopicroside+and+hydroxytyrosol.">Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with syringopicroside and hydroxytyrosol.</a> J Mater Sci Mater Med. 27 (2), 24 (2016).</li><li>Cannava, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanospheres+based+on+PLGA/amphiphilic+cyclodextrin+assemblies+as+potential+enhancers+of+Methylene+Blue+neuroprotective+effect.">Nanospheres based on PLGA/amphiphilic cyclodextrin assemblies as potential enhancers of Methylene Blue neuroprotective effect.</a> RSC Adv. 6, 16720-16729 (2016).</li><li>Locatelli, E., Franchini, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+PLGA-b-PEG+polymeric+nanoparticles:+synthesis,+properties,+and+nanomedical+applications+as+drug+delivery+system.">Biodegradable PLGA-b-PEG polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and nanomedical applications as drug delivery system.</a> J Nanopart Res. 14 (12), (2012).</li><li>van der Ende, A. E., Croce, T., Hamilton, S., Sathiyakumar, V., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailored+polyester+nanoparticles:+post-modification+with+dendritic+transporter+and+targeting+units+via+reductive+amination+and+thiol-ene+chemistry.">Tailored polyester nanoparticles: post-modification with dendritic transporter and targeting units via reductive amination and thiol-ene chemistry.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1417 (2009).</li><li>Lockhart, J. N., Stevens, D. M., Beezer, D. B., Kravitz, A., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+drug+delivery+of+tamoxifen+and+quercetin:+Regulated+metabolism+for+anticancer+treatment+with+nanosponges.">Dual drug delivery of tamoxifen and quercetin: Regulated metabolism for anticancer treatment with nanosponges.</a> J Control Release. 220 (Pt. B), 751-757 (2015).</li><li>Shriner, R. L., Hermann, C. K. F., Morrill, T. C., Curtin, D. Y., Fuson, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds. , (2004).</li><li>Derome, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research. , (1987).</li><li>Williams, D. B., Barry Carter, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. , (2009).</li><li>van der Ende, A. E., Kravitz, E. J., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approach+to+Formation+of+Multifunctional+Polyester+Particles+in+Controlled+Nanoscopic+Dimensions.">Approach to Formation of Multifunctional Polyester Particles in Controlled Nanoscopic Dimensions.</a> J Am Chem. Soc. 130 (27), 8706-8713 (2008).</li><li>Stevens, D. M., Watson, H. A., LeBlanc, M. A., Wang, R. Y., Chou, J., Bauer, W. S., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+polymerization+of+functionalized+lactones+and+carbonates+with+Sn(OTf)2+in+metal+catalysed+ring-+opening+polymerization+methods.">Practical polymerization of functionalized lactones and carbonates with Sn(OTf)2 in metal catalysed ring- opening polymerization methods.</a> Polym Chem. 4, 2470-2474 (2013).</li></ol>

At opnå reproducerbare nanosponge størrelser er afgørende for drug delivery applikationer. Flere parametre i polymerisation og nanosponge syntese påvirker den resulterende partikel størrelse og bitmapgenkendelse massefylde. Tre vigtige parametre blev identificeret i vores analyse: polymer molekylvægt, epoxyharpiks vedhæng funktionalitet og crosslinker ækvivalenter. For at producere en række molekylvægte, inden for og epoxyharpiks funktionaliteter for nanosponge syntese, skal støkiometrisk af VL -co -A...

Netop tuning størrelse og crosslinking tætheden af nanopartikler baseret på intermolekylære crosslinking er af stor betydning for indflydelse og guide drug release profil af disse nanosystemer1. Designing nanosponge tunability, dvs., forberede partikler af forskellige netværk tætheder, er afhængig af vedhæng funktionalitet forløber polymer og ækvivalenter af de hydrofile crosslinker indarbejdet. I denne tilgang er koncentrationen af forløber og crosslinker i opløsningsmidlet vigtig at formen nanopartikler i en diskret størrelse snarere end en bulk gel. Udnytte kvantitative Kernemagnetisk resonans-spektroskopi (NMR) som en karakterisering teknik giver mulighed for præcis bestemmelse af indarbejdet vedhæng funktionalitet og polymer molekylvægt. Når nanopartikler er dannet, kan de være koncentreret og oploeses i organics uden at have karakter af en nanogel.
Seneste arbejde i nanopartikel medicinafgivelse har fokuseret på brugen af poly (mælkesyre-co-glykolsyre) (PLGA) selv samlet nanopartikler2,3,4,5,6. PLGA har nedbrydeligt ester forbindelser, hvilket gør det velegnet til drug delivery applikationer og er ofte kombineret med poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) på grund af dens stealth egenskaber7. Men på grund af PLGA partikel dannelse selvsamlede karakter partikler kan ikke være oploeses i organics for yderligere functionalization. I modsætning til PLGA nanopartikler giver den foreslåede metode kovalente crosslinking danner en nanopartikel med definerede størrelser og morfologi, der er stabile i organics og nedbrydes i vandige opløsninger1. Fordelene ved denne fremgangsmåde er evnen til at yderligere kemisk functionalize overfladen af nanosponge8, og dens stabilitet i organiske opløsningsmidler kan bruges til efter lastning af partikler med lægemiddelsammensætninger1,9. Med denne metode, kan indkapsling af hydrofobe små molekyler opnås ved nedbør i vandige medier. Hydrophobicity af polyester rygraden sammen med den hydrofile kort crosslinker giver disse partikler en amorf karakter ved kropstemperatur. Derudover efter narkotika lastning, kan partikel danne fine suspensioner i vandige medier til at være let injiceres in vivo. Det er vores mål i dette arbejde til at vurdere parametre for syntesen af disse polyester nanosponges og bestemme dem, som er af vital betydning for design og kontrol med størrelse og morfologi.

<table width="649">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">2,2&#39;-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">385506-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">3-methyl-1-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>309435-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124-4L</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Allyl bromide</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A29585-5G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A661-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">saturated solution in DI water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Cell culture water</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W3500-500ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Filtered through 0.45 &#956;m syringe filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270997-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%, contains 40-150 ppm amylene as stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Ethyl Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E145SK-4</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">EZFlow 0.2 &#956;m Syringe Filter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Foxx Life Sciences</td>
			<td>386-2116-OEM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Hydrophillic PTFE, 13 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">EZFlow 0.45 &#956;m Syringe Filter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Foxx Life Sciences</td>
			<td>386-3126-OEM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Hydrophillic PTFE, 25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Test Tubes with Plain End</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-961-31</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Fisherbrand Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-666-318</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Hamilton Microliter Syringe, 100 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hamilton Company</td>
			<td>80600</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Model 710 N SYR, Cemented NDL, 22s ga, 2 in, point style 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Hexamethylphosphoramide</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H11602-100G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%, contains &#8804;1000 ppm propylene oxide as stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Hexanes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H292-4</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Magnesium sulfate anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>273031-100G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Purified to &#8805;99% by buffer wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>322415-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">N-butyllithium solution</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230707-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">2.5 M in hexanes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">N,N-diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>550043-500ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Parafilm M</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7793-1EA</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">PELCO Pro Reverse (Self-Closing) Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>5375-NM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Phosphotungstic acid hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>40116</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Q55 Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Qsonica</td>
			<td>Q55-110</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">55 Watts, 20 kHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">SiliaMetS Cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Silicycle</td>
			<td>R80530B-10g</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Clips</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>68011</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing, 10K MWCO</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>68100</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5233-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">saturated solution in DI water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td align="left" height="84" style="width:216px;height:84px;">TEM grid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>01822-F</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Ultrathin Carbon Type-A, 400 mesh, Copper, approx. grid hole size: 42&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757-1L</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Anhydrous, &#8805;99.9%, inhibitor-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tin(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>388122-1G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Vortex-Genie 2</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Whatman Filter Paper, Grade 1</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-805H</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Circles, 185 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">&#948;-valerolactone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>389579-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Purified by vacuum distillation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanosponge tunability in size and crosslinking density

Vi beskriver en protokol til syntese af lineære polyestere indeholdende vedhæng epoxyharpiks funktionalitet og deres inkorporering i en nanosponge med kontrolleret dimensioner. Denne tilgang begynder med syntese af en functionalized lacton, som er nøglen til vedhæng functionalization af den resulterende polymer. Valerolactone (VL) og allylisothiocyanat-valerolactone (AVL) er derefter copolymeriseret ved hjælp af ring-åbning polymerisering. Efter polymerisering ændring bruges derefter til at installere en epoxyharpiks gruppe på nogle eller alle vedhæng allylisothiocyanat grupper. Epoxy-Amin kemi er ansat til form nanopartikler i en fortyndet opløsning af både polymer og lille molekyle diamin crosslinker baseret på den ønskede nanosponge størrelse og crosslinking tæthed. Nanosponge størrelser kan være kendetegnet ved transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi (TEM) imaging for at bestemme dimension og distribution. Denne metode giver en vej, hvor meget afstemmelige polyestere kan skabe afstemmelige nanopartikler, som kan bruges til små molekyle drug indkapsling. På grund af karakteren af rygraden er disse partikler hydrolytically og enzymatisk nedbrydeligt for en kontrolleret frigivelse af en bred vifte af hydrofobe små molekyler.

For at vurdere forholdet mellem parametrene syntese af nanosponge og dens resulterende størrelse, er koncentration og vedhæng funktionaliteten af hver polymer forløber vigtigt. I figur 1udføres en successfulsynthetic ordning af nanosponges på refluks betingelser efter indarbejde begge forløber polymer og diamin crosslinker i DCM i 12 timer. Koncentrationen af Epoxider i løsningen er også afgørende for danner diskrete partikler. Når nanosponges blev ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density at JoVE.com

Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density

Denne artikel beskriver en proces for tuning størrelse og crosslinking tætheden af kovalent crosslinked nanopartikler fra lineær polyestere indeholdende vedhæng funktionalitet. Ved at skræddersy syntese parametre (polymer molekylvægt, vedhæng funktionalitet indarbejdelse og crosslinker ækvivalenter), opnås en ønskede nanopartikel størrelse og crosslinking tæthed for drug delivery applikationer.

Nanosponge Tunability i størrelse og Crosslinking tæthed

We describe a protocol for the synthesis of linear polyesters containing pendant epoxide functionality and their incorporation into a nanosponge with ...

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Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Radioaktiv mærkning og kvantificering af cellulære niveauer af phosphoinositider af højtryksvæskekromatografi-koblede Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

Flow-pattern Guided Fabrication of High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Flow-mønster Guidet Fremstilling af High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this ...

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Standarder for Kvantitative Metalloproteomic Analyse Brug Size Udelukkelse ICP-MS

Metals are essential for protein function as cofactors to catalyze chemical reactions. Disruption of metal homeostasis is implicated in a number of ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Sekventering af Plant Wall Heteroxylans Brug Enzymatisk, Chemical (Methylering) og fysiske (massespektrometri Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Teknikker

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Måling af Particle Size Distribution i uklare Solutions af Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA-magnetiske partikel bindende analyse af dynamiske og elektroforese lysspredning

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Optimering af den genetiske indarbejdelse af kemiske sonder ind i GPCRs til foto-crosslinking kortlægning og Bioorthogonal kemi i Live pattedyrceller

The genetic incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via amber stop codon suppression is a powerful technique to install artificial probes and ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Bio-inspirerede Polydopamine overflade ændring af Nanodiamonds og dets begrænsning af sølv nanopartikler

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale prøveudtagning af en heterogene vand/Metal katalysator Interface ved hjælp af tæthed funktionelle teori og kraftfelt Molekylær dynamik

A significant number of heterogeneously-catalyzed chemical processes occur under liquid conditions, but simulating catalyst function under such conditions ...