Name: nanosponge tunability in size and crosslinking density
Uploaded: 2017-08-04T11:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density at JoVE.com

LK er takknemlig for finansiering fra National Science Foundation Graduate forskning Fellowship Program (DGE-1445197) og Vanderbilt University kjemi avdeling. LK og EH gjerne takke midler til Osiris TEM apparatet (NSF EPS 1004083).

1. Synthesis and Characterization of AVL
<ol>
	<li>Place a magnetic stir bar inside a 2 neck 500 mL round bottom flask (Flask 1) and seal with an appropriate sized rubber septum and steel wire. Flame dry the flask to remove moisture by purging with nitrogen gas connected through an inlet needle and open outlet needle in the septum, while using a butane flame torch to gently heat the outside of the flask by moving the flame along the surface.
	<ol>
		<li>Continue heating the entire flask by running the ...

<ol>
	<li>van der Ende, A. E., Sathiyakumar, V., Diaz, R., Hallahan, D. E., Harth, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+release+nanoparticle+devices+for+advanced+targeted+cancer+therapies+with+increased+efficacy.">Linear release nanoparticle devices for advanced targeted cancer therapies with increased efficacy.</a> Polym Chem. 1 (1), 93 (2010).</li><li>Sharma, S., Parmar, A., Kori, S., Sandhir, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLGA-based+nanoparticles:+A+new+paradigm+in+biomedical+applications.">PLGA-based nanoparticles: A new paradigm in biomedical applications.</a> Trends Anal Chem. 80, 30-40 (2016).</li><li>Cao, L. B., Zeng, S., Zhao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Stable+PEGylated+Poly(lactic-co-glycolic+acid)+(PLGA)+Nanoparticles+for+the+Effective+Delivery+of+Docetaxel+in+Prostate+Cancers.">Highly Stable PEGylated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles for the Effective Delivery of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancers.</a> Nanoscale Res Lett. 11 (1), 305 (2016).</li><li>Chelopo, M. P., Kalombo, L., Wesley-Smith, J., Grobler, A., Hayeshi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fabrication+and+characterization+of+a+PLGA+nanoparticle-Pheroid&#174;+combined+drug+delivery+system.">The fabrication and characterization of a PLGA nanoparticle-Pheroid&#174; combined drug delivery system.</a> J Mater Sci. 52 (6), 3133-3145 (2016).</li><li>Guan, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation,+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+evaluation+of+mPEG-PLGA+nanoparticles+co-loaded+with+syringopicroside+and+hydroxytyrosol.">Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with syringopicroside and hydroxytyrosol.</a> J Mater Sci Mater Med. 27 (2), 24 (2016).</li><li>Cannava, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanospheres+based+on+PLGA/amphiphilic+cyclodextrin+assemblies+as+potential+enhancers+of+Methylene+Blue+neuroprotective+effect.">Nanospheres based on PLGA/amphiphilic cyclodextrin assemblies as potential enhancers of Methylene Blue neuroprotective effect.</a> RSC Adv. 6, 16720-16729 (2016).</li><li>Locatelli, E., Franchini, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+PLGA-b-PEG+polymeric+nanoparticles:+synthesis,+properties,+and+nanomedical+applications+as+drug+delivery+system.">Biodegradable PLGA-b-PEG polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and nanomedical applications as drug delivery system.</a> J Nanopart Res. 14 (12), (2012).</li><li>van der Ende, A. E., Croce, T., Hamilton, S., Sathiyakumar, V., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailored+polyester+nanoparticles:+post-modification+with+dendritic+transporter+and+targeting+units+via+reductive+amination+and+thiol-ene+chemistry.">Tailored polyester nanoparticles: post-modification with dendritic transporter and targeting units via reductive amination and thiol-ene chemistry.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1417 (2009).</li><li>Lockhart, J. N., Stevens, D. M., Beezer, D. B., Kravitz, A., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+drug+delivery+of+tamoxifen+and+quercetin:+Regulated+metabolism+for+anticancer+treatment+with+nanosponges.">Dual drug delivery of tamoxifen and quercetin: Regulated metabolism for anticancer treatment with nanosponges.</a> J Control Release. 220 (Pt. B), 751-757 (2015).</li><li>Shriner, R. L., Hermann, C. K. F., Morrill, T. C., Curtin, D. Y., Fuson, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds. , (2004).</li><li>Derome, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern NMR Techniques for Chemistry Research. , (1987).</li><li>Williams, D. B., Barry Carter, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science. , (2009).</li><li>van der Ende, A. E., Kravitz, E. J., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approach+to+Formation+of+Multifunctional+Polyester+Particles+in+Controlled+Nanoscopic+Dimensions.">Approach to Formation of Multifunctional Polyester Particles in Controlled Nanoscopic Dimensions.</a> J Am Chem. Soc. 130 (27), 8706-8713 (2008).</li><li>Stevens, D. M., Watson, H. A., LeBlanc, M. A., Wang, R. Y., Chou, J., Bauer, W. S., Harth, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+polymerization+of+functionalized+lactones+and+carbonates+with+Sn(OTf)2+in+metal+catalysed+ring-+opening+polymerization+methods.">Practical polymerization of functionalized lactones and carbonates with Sn(OTf)2 in metal catalysed ring- opening polymerization methods.</a> Polym Chem. 4, 2470-2474 (2013).</li></ol>

Innhenting av reproduserbar nanosponge størrelser er avgjørende i stoffet levering programmer. Flere parametere i polymerisasjon og nanosponge syntese påvirke størrelse og krysskobling tettheten av resulterende partikkel. Tre viktige parametere ble identifisert i vår analyse: polymer molekylvekt, epoxide anheng funksjonalitet og crosslinker ekvivalenter. For å produsere en rekke molekylvekt og epoxide funksjonaliteten for nanosponge syntese, må støkiometri av den VL -co -AVL copolymer endres. Konsentrasj...

Nøyaktig innstilling størrelse og crosslinking tettheten av nanopartikler basert på intermolekylære crosslinking er av stor betydning for innflytelse og guide narkotika utgivelsen profilen til disse nanosystems1. Designe nanosponge tunability, dvs., forberede partikler av forskjellige tettheter, er basert på funksjonen anheng av forløperen polymer og ekvivalenter av den hydrofile crosslinker innlemmet. I denne er konsentrasjonen av forløperen og crosslinker i løsemiddelet viktig å skjemaet nanopartikler en diskret størrelse i stedet for en bulk gel. Bruk kvantitativ kjernefysiske magnetisk resonans spektroskopi (NRM) som en karakteristikk teknikk gir nøyaktig bestemmelse av innarbeidet anheng funksjonalitet og polymer molekylvekt. Når nanopartikler er dannet, kan være konsentrert og solubilized i organiske uten karakter av en nanogel.
Nyere arbeid i hydrogenion narkotika-leveranser har fokusert på bruk av poly (lactic-co-glykolsyre) (PLGA) selv samlet nanopartikler,2,,3,,4,,5,,6. PLGA har nedbrytbart ester sammenhengene som gjør det egnet for stoffet levering programmer og er ofte kombinert med poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) på grunn av sin stealth egenskaper7. Imidlertid på grunn selv montert PLGA partikkel-formasjonen, kan ikke partikler være solubilized i organiske for ytterligere functionalization. I motsetning til PLGA nanopartikler gir den foreslåtte metoden kovalente crosslinking danner en hydrogenion med definerte størrelser og morfologi, som er stabile i organiske og svekke i vandige løsninger1. Fordelene med denne tilnærmingen er muligheten til å ytterligere kjemisk functionalize overflaten av nanosponge8, og dens stabilitet i organiske løsemidler kan brukes etter lasting av partikler med farmasøytiske stoffer1,9. Med denne metoden kan innkapsling av hydrofobe små molekyler oppnås ved nedbør i vandige media. Hydrophobicity av polyester ryggraden med hydrofile kort crosslinker gir disse partiklene tegnet amorfe kroppstemperatur. Videre stoffet lasting, kan partikkelen danne fine suspensjoner i vandige media å være lett injisert i vivo. Det er vårt mål i dette arbeidet å vurdere parameterne for syntese av disse polyester nanosponges og finne ut de som er avgjørende for design og størrelse og morfologi.

<table width="649">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">2,2&#39;-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">385506-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">3-methyl-1-butanol</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>309435-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124-4L</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Allyl bromide</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A29585-5G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A661-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">saturated solution in DI water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Cell culture water</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W3500-500ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Filtered through 0.45 &#956;m syringe filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270997-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%, contains 40-150 ppm amylene as stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Ethyl Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E145SK-4</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">EZFlow 0.2 &#956;m Syringe Filter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Foxx Life Sciences</td>
			<td>386-2116-OEM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Hydrophillic PTFE, 13 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">EZFlow 0.45 &#956;m Syringe Filter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Foxx Life Sciences</td>
			<td>386-3126-OEM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Hydrophillic PTFE, 25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Test Tubes with Plain End</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-961-31</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Fisherbrand Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-666-318</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Hamilton Microliter Syringe, 100 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hamilton Company</td>
			<td>80600</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Model 710 N SYR, Cemented NDL, 22s ga, 2 in, point style 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td align="left" height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Hexamethylphosphoramide</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H11602-100G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%, contains &#8804;1000 ppm propylene oxide as stabilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Hexanes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H292-4</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Magnesium sulfate anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>273031-100G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Purified to &#8805;99% by buffer wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>322415-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">anhydrous, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">N-butyllithium solution</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230707-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">2.5 M in hexanes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">N,N-diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>550043-500ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Parafilm M</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7793-1EA</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">PELCO Pro Reverse (Self-Closing) Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>5375-NM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Phosphotungstic acid hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>40116</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Q55 Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Qsonica</td>
			<td>Q55-110</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">55 Watts, 20 kHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">SiliaMetS Cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Silicycle</td>
			<td>R80530B-10g</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Clips</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>68011</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing, 10K MWCO</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>68100</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5233-500</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">saturated solution in DI water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td align="left" height="84" style="width:216px;height:84px;">TEM grid</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>01822-F</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Ultrathin Carbon Type-A, 400 mesh, Copper, approx. grid hole size: 42&#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tetrahydrofuran (THF)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757-1L</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Anhydrous, &#8805;99.9%, inhibitor-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tin(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>388122-1G</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Vortex-Genie 2</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Whatman Filter Paper, Grade 1</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-805H</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Circles, 185 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">&#948;-valerolactone</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>389579-100ML</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:187px;">Purified by vacuum distillation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanosponge tunability in size and crosslinking density

Vi beskriver en protokoll for syntese av lineær polyesters som inneholder anheng epoxide funksjonalitet og inn i en nanosponge med kontrollert dimensjoner. Denne tilnærmingen begynner med syntesen av en functionalized lactone som er nøkkelen til anheng functionalization av den resulterende polymer. Valerolactone (VL) og allyl-valerolactone (AVL) er så copolymerized med ring-åpning polymerisasjon. Etter polymerisasjon endring brukes deretter til å installere en epoxide moiety på noen eller alle anheng allyl gruppene. Epoxy-Amin kjemi ansatt til skjemaet nanopartikler i en fortynnet løsning både polymer og små molekyl diamine crosslinker basert på ønsket nanosponge størrelse og crosslinking tetthet. Nanosponge størrelser kan være preget av overføring elektronmikroskop (TEM) imaging for å bestemme dimensjon og distribusjon. Denne metoden gir en sti som svært tunable polyesters kan opprette tunable nanopartikler, som kan brukes for små molekyl narkotika innkapsling. På grunn av ryggraden er disse partiklene hydrolytically og enzymatisk nedbrytbart en kontrollert utgivelsen av en rekke hydrofobe små molekyler.

For å evaluere forholdet mellom parameterne syntese av nanosponge og resulterende størrelsen, er konsentrasjon og anheng funksjonaliteten til hver polymer forløper viktig. I figur 1utføres en successfulsynthetic ordningen av nanosponges under reflux forhold etter å innlemme både forløper polymer og diamine crosslinker i DCM 12 h. Konsentrasjonen av epoksider i løsningen er også kritisk forming diskrete partikler. Når nanosponges ble syntetisert, ble...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density at JoVE.com

Nanosponge Tunability in Size and Crosslinking Density

Denne artikkelen beskriver en prosess for å justere størrelse og crosslinking tettheten av covalently krysskoblet nanopartikler fra lineær polyesters som inneholder anheng funksjonalitet. Ved å skreddersy syntese parametere (polymer molekylvekt, anheng funksjonalitet innlemmelse og crosslinker ekvivalenter), kan en ønsket hydrogenion størrelse og crosslinking tetthet oppnås for stoffet levering programmer.

Nanosponge Tunability i størrelse og Crosslinking tetthet

We describe a protocol for the synthesis of linear polyesters containing pendant epoxide functionality and their incorporation into a nanosponge with ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Chemistry

Unit 1

Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

En enkel metode for størrelsen Kontrollert Syntese av Stabile Oligomere Klynger av gull nanopartikler under omgivelses

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Radiomerking og Kvantifisering av Cellular Nivåer av Phosphoinositides ved HPLC-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

Flow-pattern Guided Fabrication of High-density Barcode Antibody Microarray

Flow-mønster Guidet Fabrikasjon av høy tetthet Barcode Antistoff Microarray

Antibody microarray as a well-developed technology is currently challenged by a few other established or emerging high-throughput technologies. In this ...

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Standarder for Kvantitativ Metalloproteomic analyse ved hjelp Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Metals are essential for protein function as cofactors to catalyze chemical reactions. Disruption of metal homeostasis is implicated in a number of ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Sekvensering av Plant Wall Heteroxylans Bruke enzymic, Chemical (Metylering) og fysiske (massespektrometri Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Teknikker

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Måling av partikkelstørrelsesfordelingen i Grumsete Solutions ved dynamisk lysspredning Mikros

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA-magnetiske partikler bindende analyse av dynamisk og Electrophoretic lysspredning

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells

Optimalisere genetisk inkorporering av kjemiske sonder i GPCRs for foto-crosslinking kartlegging og Bioorthogonal kjemi i Live pattedyrceller

The genetic incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via amber stop codon suppression is a powerful technique to install artificial probes and ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Bio-inspirert Polydopamine overflaten modifikasjon av Nanodiamonds og dens reduksjon av Silver nanopartikler

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Multiscale utvalg av en heterogen vann/Metal katalysator grensesnitt ved hjelp av tetthet funksjonelle teori og Force-feltet molekylære dynamikk

A significant number of heterogeneously-catalyzed chemical processes occur under liquid conditions, but simulating catalyst function under such conditions ...