Name: assessment of dopaminergic homeostasis in mice by use of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and synaptosomal dopamine uptake
Uploaded: 2017-09-21T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato supportato dalla UCPH 2016 programma d'eccellenza (U.G., A.R., K.J.), la Fondazione di Lundbeck (M.R.) la Fondazione Lundbeck Center for biomembrane in nanomedicina (U.G.), l'Istituto nazionale di salute sovvenzioni P01 DA 12408 (U.G.), danese Consiglio per la ricerca indipendente - scienze mediche (U.G.).

le linee guida dell'Ispettorato di sperimentazione animale danese (numero di autorizzazione: 2017-15-0201-01160) è stata seguita e gli esperimenti effettuati in una struttura completamente AAALAC accreditato sotto la supervisione di un locale benessere degli animali Comitato.
 1. sinaptosomiali assorbimento della dopamina (metodo 1) Nota: questo protocollo è per la valutazione parallela dei due cervelli, ma può essere utilizzato con successo per eseguire esperime...

<ol>
	<li>Tritsch, N. X., Sabatini, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+modulation+of+synaptic+transmission+in+cortex+and+striatum.">Dopaminergic modulation of synaptic transmission in cortex and striatum.</a> Neuron. 76, 33-50 (2012).</li><li>Cartier, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biochemical+and+functional+protein+complex+involving+dopamine+synthesis+and+transport+into+synaptic+vesicles.">A biochemical and functional protein complex involving dopamine synthesis and transport into synaptic vesicles.</a> J Biol Chem. 285, 1957-1966 (2010).</li><li>Kristensen, A. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+increases+in+nucleus+accumbens+dopamine+after+systemic+cocaine+administration+are+caused+by+unique+characteristics+of+dopamine+neurotransmission.">Preferential increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine after systemic cocaine administration are caused by unique characteristics of dopamine neurotransmission.</a> J Neurosci. 21, 6338-6347 (2001).</li><li>Schonfuss, D., Reum, T., Olshausen, P., Fischer, T., Morgenstern, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+constant+potential+amperometry+for+investigations+of+dopaminergic+neurotransmission+kinetics+in+vivo.">Modelling constant potential amperometry for investigations of dopaminergic neurotransmission kinetics in vivo.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 112, 163-172 (2001).</li><li>Hoover, B. R., Everett, C. V., Sorkin, A., Zahniser, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+regulation+of+dopamine+transporters+by+tyrosine+kinases+in+rat+neuronal+preparations.">Rapid regulation of dopamine transporters by tyrosine kinases in rat neuronal preparations.</a> J Neurochem. 101, 1258-1271 (2007).</li><li>Hansen, F. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Missense+dopamine+transporter+mutations+associate+with+adult+parkinsonism+and+ADHD.">Missense dopamine transporter mutations associate with adult parkinsonism and ADHD.</a> J Clin Invest. 124, 3107-3120 (2014).</li><li>Damier, P., Hirsch, E. C., Agid, Y., Graybiel, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+substantia+nigra+of+the+human+brain.+II.+Patterns+of+loss+of+dopamine-containing+neurons+in+Parkinson's+disease.">The substantia nigra of the human brain. II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease.</a> Brain. 122 (Pt 8), 1437-1448 (1999).</li><li>Atack, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+determination+of+dopamine+by+a+modification+of+the+dihydroxyindole+fluorimetric+assay.">The determination of dopamine by a modification of the dihydroxyindole fluorimetric assay.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 48, 699-714 (1973).</li><li>Yoshitake, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-sensitive+liquid+chromatographic+method+for+determination+of+neuronal+release+of+serotonin,+noradrenaline+and+dopamine+monitored+by+microdialysis+in+the+rat+prefrontal+cortex.">High-sensitive liquid chromatographic method for determination of neuronal release of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine monitored by microdialysis in the rat prefrontal cortex.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 140, 163-168 (2004).</li><li>Decressac, M., Mattsson, B., Lundblad, M., Weikop, P., Bjorklund, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+neurodegenerative+and+behavioural+changes+induced+by+AAV-mediated+overexpression+of+alpha-synuclein+in+midbrain+dopamine+neurons.">Progressive neurodegenerative and behavioural changes induced by AAV-mediated overexpression of alpha-synuclein in midbrain dopamine neurons.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 45, 939-953 (2012).</li><li>Huot, P., Johnston, T. H., Koprich, J. B., Fox, S. H., Brotchie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-DOPA+pharmacokinetics+in+the+MPTP-lesioned+macaque+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">L-DOPA pharmacokinetics in the MPTP-lesioned macaque model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neuropharmacology. 63, 829-836 (2012).</li><li>Mikkelsen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MPTP-induced+Parkinsonism+in+minipigs:+A+behavioral,+biochemical,+and+histological+study.">MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in minipigs: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study.</a> Neurotoxicol Teratol. 21, 169-175 (1999).</li><li>Salvatore, M. F., Pruett, B. S., Dempsey, C., Fields, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+profiling+of+dopamine+regulation+in+substantia+nigra+and+ventral+tegmental+area.">Comprehensive profiling of dopamine regulation in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Van Dam, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+distribution+of+biogenic+amines,+amino+acids+and+cholinergic+markers+in+the+CNS+of+the+C57BL/6+strain.">Regional distribution of biogenic amines, amino acids and cholinergic markers in the CNS of the C57BL/6 strain.</a> Amino Acids. 28, 377-387 (2005).</li><li>Barth, C., Villringer, A., Sacher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+hormones+affect+neurotransmitters+and+shape+the+adult+female+brain+during+hormonal+transition+periods.">Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods.</a> Front Neurosci. 9 (37), (2015).</li><li>Corthell, J. T., Stathopoulos, A. M., Watson, C. C., Bertram, R., Trombley, P. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+bulb+monoamine+concentrations+vary+with+time+of+day.">Olfactory bulb monoamine concentrations vary with time of day.</a> Neuroscience. 247, 234-241 (2013).</li><li>Zhuang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperactivity+and+impaired+response+habituation+in+hyperdopaminergic+mice.">Hyperactivity and impaired response habituation in hyperdopaminergic mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 1982-1987 (2001).</li><li>Ungerstedt, U., Pycock, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+correlates+of+dopamine+neurotransmission.">Functional correlates of dopamine neurotransmission.</a> Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss. 30, 44-55 (1974).</li><li>Wickham, R. J., Park, J., Nunes, E. J., Addy, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+Rapid+Dopamine+Dynamics+with+Fast+Scan+Cyclic+Voltammetry+During+Intra-oral+Tastant+Administration+in+Awake+Rats.">Examination of Rapid Dopamine Dynamics with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry During Intra-oral Tastant Administration in Awake Rats.</a> J Vis Exp. , e52468 (2015).</li><li>Phillips, P. E., Robinson, D. L., Stuber, G. D., Carelli, R. M., Wightman, R. 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Questo manoscritto descrive i protocolli sperimentali utili per delineare DA omeostasi in qualsiasi modello del mouse di scelta. Forniamo protocolli dettagliati per misura i livelli di DA nel tessuto cerebrale da topi con HPLC e sinaptosomiali DA assorbimento per valutare funzionale DA trasporto attraverso DAT. Saranno elaborati le procedure, protocolli e i limiti per l'esperimento di HPLC e analisi di assorbimento sinaptosomiale DA sotto.
Il protocollo di assorbimento sinaptosomiale in grado ...

Dopamina (DA) è un neurotrasmettitore modulatory critico per il comportamento del motore, la ricompensa e la funzione conoscitiva1,7,8,9. Squilibri nell'omeostasi DA sono implicati in diverse patologie neuropsichiatriche come disordine di iperattività di deficit di attenzione, tossicodipendenza, depressione e morbo di Parkinson1. DA viene rilasciato dal neurone presinaptico nella fessura sinaptica, dove lega a ed attiva i recettori sulla membrana pre- e postsinaptico, trasporto così ulteriormente il segnale. Il livello di DA nella sinapsi dopo il rilascio è controllato da DAT3,10, spazialmente e temporalmente. Il trasportatore sequestra dallo spazio extracellulare e così sostiene la fisiologica DA livelli3,11. Rimozione genetica di DAT nei topi provoca un fenotipo di hyperdopaminergic caratterizzato dai livelli elevati DA sinaptica, deplezione intracellulare DA piscine e profondi cambiamenti nella postsinaptica DAergica segnalazione10,12.
Qui, vengono presentati due protocolli separati, un metodo di misura DA contenuto del tessuto e l'altro per valutare la funzionalità del DAT. combinata con l'analisi di superficie biotinylation descritto da Gabriel et al.13 questi due metodi forniscono informazioni su DA livelli di contenuto e funzionali di DAT per una valutazione approfondita dell'omeostasi DA. Con questi metodi DA omeostasi dei vari modelli di malattia o topi transgenici può essere caratterizzato e descritto. Questi strumenti sono stati implementati e ottimizzati e sono uso standard nei nostri laboratori. Saggi di corrente hanno servito per studiare le conseguenze sull'omeostasi DA alterare il C-terminale di DAT14 o esprimendo la Cre ricombinasi sotto la tirosina idrossilasi (TH) promotore 5.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>COMT inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>RO-41-0960</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>[3H]-Dopamine</td>
			<td>Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA, USA</td>
			<td>NET67-3001MC</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microfiber filters</td>
			<td>GF/C Whatman, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire</td>
			<td>1822-024</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiSafe Scintillation fluid</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>1200-437</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroBeta2</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA</td>
			<td>10043-52-4</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>63065</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>A0278</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pargyline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-8013</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desipramine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D3900</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dopamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>H8502</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cocaine</td>
			<td>Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td>C5776</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain matrix</td>
			<td>ASI instruments</td>
			<td>RBM2000C</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cafano mechanical teflon disrupter</td>
			<td>Buch &#38; Holm</td>
			<td>Discontinued</td>
			<td>For synaptosomal DA uptake protocol (homogenization)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antec Decade (Amperometric detector)</td>
			<td>Antec, Leiden, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>Discontinued: new model DECADE Elite / Lite&#8482; Electrochemical Detector type 175 and 176</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avantec 0.22 &#956;m glass filter</td>
			<td>Frisenette ApS, Denmark</td>
			<td>13CP020AS</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Column: Prodigy 3 &#956; ODS-3 C18</td>
			<td>Phenomenex, YMC Europe, Chermbeck, Germany</td>
			<td>Part Number:00A-3300-E0</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LC solution software</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>LabSolutions Series Workstation</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perchlor acid 0.1M</td>
			<td>Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>35418-500ml</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol (Tissue preparation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E5134-50g</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natriumdihydrogenphosphar</td>
			<td>Bie&#38;Berntsen</td>
			<td>1.06346 1000g</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium 1-octanesulfonate monohydrate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>74885 -10g</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile, isocratic HPLC grade</td>
			<td>Scharlau</td>
			<td>AC03402500</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filtre 0.22um</td>
			<td>Frisenette ApS, Denmark</td>
			<td>Avantec 13CP020AS</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol (Tissue preparation)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ortho-Phosphoric acid 85%</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.00563. 1000ml</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode</td>
			<td>Antec, Leiden, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>AN1161300</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol (see manual online)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detector program on DECADE II electrochemical detector</td>
			<td>Antec, Leiden, The Netherlands</td>
			<td>Lite&#8482; Electrochemical Detector type 175 and 176</td>
			<td>For HPLC protocol</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of dopaminergic homeostasis in mice by use of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and synaptosomal dopamine uptake

Dopamina (DA) è un neurotrasmettitore modulatory controllo attività motoria, i processi di ricompensa e funzione conoscitiva. Danno della neurotrasmissione dopaminergica (DAergic) è fortemente associato con diverse malattie del sistema nervoso centrale-collegata come morbo di Parkinson, disordine di iperattività di deficit di attenzione e farmaco dipendenza1,2 ,3,4. Delineare meccanismi di malattie riguardanti lo squilibrio DA è dipende criticamente su modelli animali di imitare gli aspetti delle malattie, e quindi sono importanti per fornire nuove conoscenze e terapeutiche possibili protocolli che valutano le parti specifiche di omeostasi DA obiettivi per queste malattie.
Qui, vi presentiamo due protocolli sperimentali utili che quando combinati forniscono una lettura funzionale del sistema DAergica in topi. I parametri biochimici e funzionali su DA omeostasi sono ottenuti attraverso la valutazione dei livelli di DA e della dopamina (DAT) trasportatore funzionalità5. Quando si esamina il sistema DA, la capacità di misurare in modo affidabile i livelli endogeni di DA del cervello adulto è essenziale. Pertanto, vi presentiamo come eseguire cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni (HPLC) sul tessuto cerebrale dai topi per determinare i livelli di DA. Eseguiamo l'esperimento sul tessuto da striato dorsale (dStr) e nucleo accumbens (NAc), ma il metodo è adatto per altre aree cerebrali innervati DA anche.
DAT è essenziale per la ricaptazione della DA nel terminale presinaptico, controllando così l'attività temporale e spaziale di DA. rilasciato Nel valutare l'omeostasi DA conoscere i livelli e funzionalità di DAT nello striato è di grande importanza. Qui, forniamo un protocollo che consente contemporaneamente dedurre informazioni sui livelli di superficie e funzione usando un'analisi di assorbimento sinaptosomiale6 DA.
Attuali metodi combinati con protocolli standard immunoblotting forniscono il ricercatore con opportuni strumenti per caratterizzare il sistema DAergica.

Protocollo di corrente DA assorbimento (Figura 1) include tutti i passaggi necessari per valutare la funzionalità del DAT in sinaptosomi dai topi. I nostri dati rappresentativi del metodo DA assorbimento (Figura 2) raffigura una curva di saturazione con dati non rettificati (Figura 2B) e regolato dati (Figura 2A). La curva di saturazione Mostra l'assorbimento da topi wi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake at JoVE.com

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Valutazione dell'omeostasi dopaminergici in topi tramite l'uso di analisi di cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni e assorbimento della dopamina sinaptosomiali

Assorbimento della dopamina sinaptosomiali e strumenti sperimentali rappresentano di analisi di cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni per indagare l'omeostasi della dopamina nei topi valutando la funzione del trasportatore della dopamina e livelli della dopamina in tessuto striatal, rispettivamente. Qui presentiamo i protocolli per misurare il contenuto di tessuto di dopamina e di valutare la funzionalità del trasportatore della dopamina.

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Assessment of Motor Balance and Coordination in Mice using the Balance Beam

Valutazione del bilanciamento del motore e di coordinamento nei topi utilizzando la Balance Beam

Brain injury, genetic manipulations, and pharmacological treatments can result in alterations of motor skills in mice.  Fine motor coordination and ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

T-labirinto alternanza forzata e sinistra-destra Attività discriminazione per la Valutazione di lavoro e la memoria di riferimento nel Mice

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Riproducibile nervo sciatico Crush mouse e successiva valutazione da parte della Rigenerazione intera analisi Muscle Monte

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Valutare fenotipi neurodegenerative<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Neuroni dopaminergici mediante saggi arrampicata e Whole Brain Immunostaining

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the ...

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Un alto dosaggio Imaging contenuti per l&#39;identificazione di neurotossina botulinica inibitori

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Modulazioni ambientali del numero di Mesencefalo dopamina neuroni in topi adulti

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Valutazione della dendritiche arborizzazione nel giro dentato della Regione ippocampale nei topi

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identificazione della dopamina D1-alfa del ricevitore all'interno del roditore Nucleus Accumbens da un innovativo RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice

Indicatori di sinapsi singola di Soldamento Release e Uptake in Acute Brain Slices da Topi Normali e Huntington

Synapses are highly compartmentalized functional units that operate independently on each other. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD) and other ...

Semi-Quantitative Determination of Dopaminergic Neuron Density in the Substantia Nigra of Rodent Models using Automated Image Analysis

Determinazione semi-quantitativa della densità neuronale dopaminergica nella Substantia Nigra dei modelli di roditori utilizzando l'analisi automatizzata delle immagini

Estimation of the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key method in pre-clinical Parkinson's disease research. Currently, unbiased ...