Name: a simple neuronal mechanical injury methodology to study drosophila motor neuron degeneration
Uploaded: 2017-07-19T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration at JoVE.com

我们要感谢奎因皮亚克大学的凯勒和玛吉实验室的所有成员，提供有用的建议。特别是，我们要感谢Barron L. Lincoln II在凯勒实验室内开发这种损伤测定。我们还要感谢Quinnipiac大学艺术与科学学院授予LC Keller的赠款。

1.试剂和设备的制备<ol><li>制备1X夹层缓冲液（70 mM的氯化钠，5mM的KCl，0.02 mM的氯化钙 ，20mM的MgCl 2的，10mM的碳酸氢钠 ，115毫蔗糖，5mM的海藻糖，5mM的HEPES; pH 7.2）中。 </li><li>准备1克磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）。 </li><li>使用含有0.01％Triton X-100的1x PBS制备1x PBT。 </li><li>准备果汁琼脂平板。 14简要地说，在700毫升混合的H 2 O和高压釜30克琼脂。将0.5g对?...

<ol>
	<li>Bier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophilia,+the+golden+bug,+emerges+as+a+tool+for+human+genetics.">Drosophilia, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 6 (1), 9-23 (2005).</li><li>Ugur, B., Chen, K., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+tools+and+assays+for+the+study+of+human+diseases.">Drosophila tools and assays for the study of human diseases.</a> Dis Model Mech. 9 (3), 235-244 (2016).</li><li>McGurk, L., Berson, A., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+an+in+vivo+model+for+human+neurodegenerative+disease.">Drosophila as an in vivo model for human neurodegenerative disease.</a> Genetics. 201 (2), 377-402 (2015).</li><li>Shin, J. E., Cho, Y., Beirowski, B., Milbrandt, J., Cavalli, V., DiAntonio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+leucine+zipper+kinase+is+required+for+retrograde+injury+signaling+and+axonal+regeneration.">Dual leucine zipper kinase is required for retrograde injury signaling and axonal regeneration.</a> Neuron. 74 (6), 1015-1022 (2012).</li><li>Xiong, X., Wang, X., Ewanek, R., Bhat, P., Diantonio, A., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+turnover+of+the+Wallenda/DLK+kinase+regulates+a+retrograde+response+to+axonal+injury.">Protein turnover of the Wallenda/DLK kinase regulates a retrograde response to axonal injury.</a> J Cell Biol. 191 (1), 211-223 (2010).</li><li>Xiong, X., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+conditioning+lesion+protects+axons+from+degeneration+via+the+Wallenda/DLK+MAP+kinase+signaling+cascade.">A conditioning lesion protects axons from degeneration via the Wallenda/DLK MAP kinase signaling cascade.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (2), 610-615 (2012).</li><li>Mishra, B., Ghannad-Rezaie, M., Li, J., Wang, X., Hao, Y., Ye, B., Chronis, N., Collins, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+microfluidics+chips+for+live+imaging+and+study+of+injury+responses+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Using microfluidics chips for live imaging and study of injury responses in Drosophila larvae.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e50998 (2014).</li><li>Eaton, B. A., Fetter, R. D., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynactic+is+necessary+for+synapse+stabilization.">Dynactic is necessary for synapse stabilization.</a> Neuron. 34 (5), 729-741 (2002).</li><li>Eaton, B. A., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LIM+Kinase1+controls+synaptic+stability+downstream+of+the+type+II+BMP+receptor.">LIM Kinase1 controls synaptic stability downstream of the type II BMP receptor.</a> Neuron. 47 (5), 695-708 (2005).</li><li>Pielage, J., Fetter, R. D., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+spectrin+is+essential+for+synapse+stabilization.">Presynaptic spectrin is essential for synapse stabilization.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (10), 918-928 (2005).</li><li>Pielage, J., Cheng, L., Fetter, R. D., Carlton, P. M., Sedat, J. W., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+presynaptic+giant+Ankyrin+stabilizes+the+NMJ+through+regulation+or+presynaptic+microtubules+and+transsynaptic+cell+adhesion.">A presynaptic giant Ankyrin stabilizes the NMJ through regulation or presynaptic microtubules and transsynaptic cell adhesion.</a> Neuron. 58 (2), 195-209 (2008).</li><li>Massaro, C. M., Pielage, J., Davis, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+that+enhance+synapse+stability+despite+persistent+disruption+of+the+spectrin/ankryin/microtubule+cytoskeleton.">Molecular mechanisms that enhance synapse stability despite persistent disruption of the spectrin/ankryin/microtubule cytoskeleton.</a> J Cell Biol. 187 (1), 101-117 (2009).</li><li>Lincoln, B. L., Alabsi, S. H., Frendo, N., Freund, R., Keller, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+neuronal+injury+follows+a+temporal+sequence+of+cellular+events+leading+to+degeneration+at+the+neuromuscular+junction.">Drosophila neuronal injury follows a temporal sequence of cellular events leading to degeneration at the neuromuscular junction.</a> J Exp Neurosci. 9, 1-9 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+apple+juice-agar+plates.">Drosophila apple juice-agar plates.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2011).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+larval+NMJ+immunohistochemistry.">Drosophila larval NMJ immunohistochemistry.</a> J Vis Exp. (25), (2009).</li><li>Smith, R., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+and+imaging+of+active+zones+in+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">Dissection and imaging of active zones in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> J Vis Exp. (50), (2011).</li><li>Jan, L., Jan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+to+horseradish+peroxidase+as+specific+neuronal+markers+in+Drosophila+and+in+grasshopper+embryos.">Antibodies to horseradish peroxidase as specific neuronal markers in Drosophila and in grasshopper embryos.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79 (8), 2700-2704 (1982).</li><li>Lahey, T., Gorczyca, M., Jia, X., Budnik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+tumor+suppressor+gene+dlg+is+required+for+normal+synaptic+bouton+structure.">The Drosophila tumor suppressor gene dlg is required for normal synaptic bouton structure.</a> Neuron. 13 (4), 823-835 (1994).</li></ol>

早先描述的神经元机械损伤可以用于诱导果蝇幼虫节段神经的损伤/应激。 4，5，6，14本实验技术先前已经被用于剖析事件导致神经变性的时间序列，以及检查在运动神经元细胞体的转录变化后的损伤。 5，14此外，该技术已被用在微流控芯片结合，以...

神经元变性发生在正常发育过程中，可由自然衰老过程，损伤，压力或疾病状态引起。 果蝇黑腹果蝇是常见的果蝇，提供了一个简单而强大的模型生物体来研究神经变性，因为促进神经元退化的分子机制有显着的相似之处。这些相似之处突出表明，大约70％的疾病相关人类基因具有果蝇同系物。 1另外，研究人类神经变性疾病的许多测定和技术工具已被开发并在果蝇中使用 。 2，3在果蝇中 ，神经肌肉接头（NMJ）允许细胞和电生理学特性的分析，并已被证明是研究神经肌肉病的重要系统由于可见Ñeuron肌肉连接。 2在本研究中，我们描述了果蝇幼虫体内神经元损伤测定，其允许节段性神经的可重复损伤。这种运动神经元损伤导致细胞事件的时间序列，导致NMJ损伤后24小时的神经变性。导致神经变性的可重复损伤运动神经元的能力具有多种应用，例如鉴定退行性过程所需的特定基因，对神经元损伤的转录反应的解剖以及保护性信号级联的分析。 4，5，6这方法也被结合使用微流体来研究神经元变性和再生在活的动物。 7 我们利用建立的定量测定来检查运动神经元的退化离子在果蝇 NMJ机械损伤后。该测定是基于突触前膜和蛋白质的丢失先于以突触后肌肉膜折叠为特征的亚突触网（SSR）的拆卸。 8，9，10，11，12，13该试验允许在突触前神经元已经失去了连接到相邻的突触后肌肉“突触足迹”的量化。退化过程已被证明是在幼虫发育12中进行的，并且不能通过改变的突触发育或发芽来解释。 8，9，10，11，12中的广告使用机械损伤超过预先存在的突变的优点是它允许解剖导致NMJ神经变性的细胞事件的时间序列。 13

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #3 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11231-30</td>
			<td>Some people prefer size 3, while others prefer size 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-30</td>
			<td>Some people prefer size 3, while others prefer size 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Air Tank</td>
			<td>Tech Air</td>
			<td>UN 1013</td>
			<td>Various tank sizes can be purchased/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Anesthetizing Apparatus</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless-steel pins, size 0.1</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SylGard 184 Silicone Elastomer, Base and Curing Agent</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>To pour dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bouin&#39;s Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HT 10132-1L</td>
			<td>Antibodies should be tested for their efficiency in Bouin&#39;s and PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>FLY-8030-20</td>
			<td>Antibodies should be tested for their efficiency in Bouin&#39;s and PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Stereo MIcroscope</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td>SM-1BZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Source</td>
			<td>AmScope</td>
			<td>HL150-AY-220V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti- nc82 antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>nc82-s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>AF3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor anti-horseradish peroxidase</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>123-545-021; 123-585-021; 123-605-021</td>
			<td>One can you Alexa Fluor&#174; 488, 594 or 647</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flystuff Grape Juice Agar Premix</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>47-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>29-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545-87</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Nalgene Utility Box</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-484C</td>
			<td>Used to create humid chamber for larval recovery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple neuronal mechanical injury methodology to study drosophila motor neuron degeneration

神经元的退化发生在正常发育过程中，并且在损伤，压力和疾病的反应中发生。神经元变性的细胞标志在人类和无脊椎动物中是非常相似的，驱动这些过程的分子机制也是如此。 果蝇，果蝇 ，提供了一个强大但简单的遗传模型生物体来研究神经变性疾病的细胞复杂性。事实上，约70％的疾病相关人类基因具有果蝇同系物，并且已经使用苍蝇描述了大量的工具和测定来研究人类神经变性疾病。更具体地说， 果蝇中的神经肌肉接头（NMJ）已经被证明是研究神经肌肉疾病的有效系统，因为能够分析神经元和肌肉之间的结构连接。在这里，我们报告在果蝇的 体内运动神经元损伤测定再次诱导NMJ神经退行24h。使用这种方法，我们描述了导致运动神经元变性的细胞事件的时间序列。损伤方法具有多种应用，并且还被用于鉴定神经变性所需的特定基因并解剖对神经元损伤的转录反应。

使用这里提出的程序，我们已经证明机械神经元损伤允许神经变性事件的时间解剖。 14，第 18的事件的序列先前已表征和与细胞骨架的立即破坏，随后轴突贩卖缺陷，泛素化蛋白的积累和随后的神经变性24小时后损伤开始。在损伤前，WT NMJs显示突触前活动区标记Brp与整个NMJ的突触后标记物Dlg相一致（ 图1A ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration at JoVE.com

A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration

在这里，我们描述了一种简单且广泛可及的方法来伤害果蝇幼虫的节段性神经，可视化和量化三龄幼虫神经肌肉接头（NMJ）运动神经元的神经变性。

一个简单的神经元机械损伤方法学研究<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;运动神经元变性

The degeneration of neurons occurs during normal development and in response to injury, stress, and disease. The cellular hallmarks of neuronal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

激光捕获显微切割技术的果蝇外周神经元

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

科研

神经科学

Production of RNA for Transcriptomic Analysis from Mouse Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Cell Bodies by Laser Capture Microdissection

通过激光捕获微分路，从小鼠脊髓运动神经细胞体中生成RNA进行转录分析

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or ...

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

鼠标后脑<em&gt;前体内</em&gt;企业文化来研究面部Branchiomotor神经元迁移

Embryonic neurons are born in the ventricular zone of the brain, but subsequently migrate to new destinations to reach appropriate targets. Deciphering ...

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

一个<em&gt;离体</em&gt;激光诱导脊髓损伤模型，以评估轴索变性的机制在实时

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

神经肌肉接头处：测量突触大小，碎片和改变突触蛋白密度利用共聚焦荧光显微镜

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤<em&gt;果蝇</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

为什么量化事项：表型的表征在<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫神经肌肉接头

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

一个简单的方法来衡量在改建悬赏寻求行为使用<em&gt;果蝇</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

测定在运动神经元样NSC-34细胞中实时测量核细胞质运输

Nucleocytoplasmic transport refers to the import and export of large molecules from the cell nucleus. Recently, a number of studies have shown a ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

小鼠小脑颗粒神经元神经元死亡和变性的模型研究

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...