Name: well-aligned vertically oriented zno nanorod arrays and their application in inverted small molecule solar cells
Uploaded: 2018-04-25T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne takke den nationale videnskab Rådet i Kina for den finansielle støtte af denne forskning under Kontraktnr. De fleste 106-2221-E-239-035, og de fleste 106-2119-M-033-00.

1. vækst af AZO spruttede frø lag på ITO substrat
<ol><li>Stick 4 anti-korrosions tape stykker (0,3 x 1,5 cm) på den ene side af indium tin oxid (ITO) substrat til at danne en firkant (1,5 x 1,5 cm). Sætte ITO i saltsyre i 15 min. til etch det udsatte område af ITO.</li>
	<li>Fjern tapen og rense prøven ved hjælp af en sonikator; Læg instrumenterne i ultralydsbad med deioniseret vand (DI) vand, acetone, ethanol og isopropanol igen i 30 min. Føntørre det mønstrede ITO med en komprimeret kvælstof pistol.</li...

<ol>
	<li>Dou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+polymer+solar+cells+featuring+a+spectrally+matched+low-bandgap+polymer.">Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-bandgap polymer.</a> Nat. Photonics. 6 (3), 180-185 (2012).</li><li>You, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+Oxide+Nanoparticles+as+an+Electron-Transport+Layer+in+High+Performance+and+Stable+Inverted+Polymer+Solar+Cells.">Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as an Electron-Transport Layer in High Performance and Stable Inverted Polymer Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Mater. 24 (38), 5267-5272 (2012).</li><li>Dou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+Investigation+of+Benzodithiophene-+and+Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based+Low-Bandgap+Polymers+Designed+for+Single+Junction+and+Tandem+Polymer+Solar+Cells.">Systematic Investigation of Benzodithiophene- and Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Low-Bandgap Polymers Designed for Single Junction and Tandem Polymer Solar Cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (24), 10071-10079 (2012).</li><li>Li, G., Zhu, R., Yang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+solar+cells.">Polymer solar cells.</a> Nat. Photonics. 6 (3), 153-161 (2012).</li><li>You, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+polymer+tandem+solar+cell+with+10.6%+power+conversion+efficiency.">A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency.</a> Nat. Commun. 4, 1446 (2013).</li><li>Chen, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Junction+Polymer+Solar+Cells+Exceeding+10%+Power+Conversion+Efficiency.">Single-Junction Polymer Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Power Conversion Efficiency.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (6), 1035-1041 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+high-performance+small+molecule+organic+solar+cells+via+a+large+planar+structure+and+an+electron-withdrawing+central+unit.">Developing high-performance small molecule organic solar cells via a large planar structure and an electron-withdrawing central unit.</a> Chem. Commun. 53, 451-454 (2017).</li><li>Zhou, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conductive+Conjugated+Polyelectrolyte+as+Hole-Transporting+Layer+for+Organic+Bulk+Heterojunction+Solar+Cells.">Conductive Conjugated Polyelectrolyte as Hole-Transporting Layer for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Mater. 26 (5), 780-785 (2014).</li><li>Lin, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhance+the+light-harvesting+capability+of+the+ITO-free+inverted+small+molecule+solar+cell+by+ZnO+nanorods.">Enhance the light-harvesting capability of the ITO-free inverted small molecule solar cell by ZnO nanorods.</a> Opt. Express. 24 (16), 17910-17915 (2016).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution-processed+small-molecule+solar+cells:+breaking+the+10%+power+conversion+efficiency.">Solution-processed small-molecule solar cells: breaking the 10% power conversion efficiency.</a> Sci. Rep. 3, 3356 (2013).</li><li>Farahat, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+environmentally+compatible+molecular+solar+cells+processed+from+halogen-free+solvents.">Toward environmentally compatible molecular solar cells processed from halogen-free solvents.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 4 (19), 7341-7351 (2016).</li><li>Lin, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonic+ITO-free+polymer+solar+cell.">Plasmonic ITO-free polymer solar cell.</a> Opt. Express. 22 (S2), A438-A445 (2014).</li><li>Donato, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RF+sputtered+ZnO-ITO+films+for+high+temperature+CO+sensors.">RF sputtered ZnO-ITO films for high temperature CO sensors.</a> Thin Solid Films. 517 (22), 6184-6187 (2009).</li><li>Lin, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sol-gel+processed+CuOx+thin+film+as+an+anode+interlayer+for+inverted+polymer+solar+cells.">Sol-gel processed CuOx thin film as an anode interlayer for inverted polymer solar cells.</a> Org. Electron. 11 (11), 1828-1834 (2010).</li><li>Vandewal, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+origin+of+the+open-circuit+voltage+of+polymer-fullerene+solar+cells.">On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells.</a> Nat. Mater. 8, 904-909 (2009).</li><li>Sharma, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-ray+diffraction:+a+powerful+method+of+characterizing+nanomaterials.">X-ray diffraction: a powerful method of characterizing nanomaterials.</a> Recent Research in Science and Technology. 4 (8), 77-79 (2012).</li><li>Huggett, J. M., Shaw, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+emission+scanning+electron+microscopy+a+high-resolution+technique+for+the+study+of+clay+minerals+in+sediments.">Field emission scanning electron microscopy a high-resolution technique for the study of clay minerals in sediments.</a> Clay Miner. 32, 197-203 (1997).</li><li>Lou, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+beam+homogenizing+system+design+for+photoluminescence.">Laser beam homogenizing system design for photoluminescence.</a> Appl. Opt. 53 (21), 4637-4644 (2014).</li><li>Huang, J. S., Lin, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influences+of+ZnO+sol-gel+thin+film+characteristics+on+ZnO+nanowire+arrays+prepared+at+low+temperature+using+all+solution-based+processing.">Influences of ZnO sol-gel thin film characteristics on ZnO nanowire arrays prepared at low temperature using all solution-based processing.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 103, 014304 (2008).</li><li>Leung, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+Management+with+Nanostructures+for+Optoelectronic+Devices.">Light Management with Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1479-1495 (2014).</li><li>Lee, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=White-light+electroluminescence+from+ZnO+nanorods/polyfluorene+by+solution-based+growth.">White-light electroluminescence from ZnO nanorods/polyfluorene by solution-based growth.</a> Nanotechology. 20 (42), (2009).</li></ol>

Ved at udnytte NRs mellemlægget, kan både Jsc og FF af enhederne forbedres. Overfladeruhed af NRs vil dog også indflydelse på de efterfølgende processer. Således, orientering og af NRs overflade morfologi bør omhyggeligt manipuleres. I lang tid forarbejdet sol-gel ETL som TiO2 og ZnO var almindeligt brugt i kvikskrankerne på grund af deres enkle procedurer. Dog krystalliseringen af sol-gel forarbejdet lag er generelt af typen amorf, og overfladen morfologi af lagene er ru i fleste tilfælde....

Organiske solceller (OPV) enheder har for nylig gennemgået en bemærkelsesværdig udvikling i anvendelsen af vedvarende energikilder. Sådanne organiske enheder har mange fordele, herunder løsningsprocessen kompatibilitet, lave omkostninger, lette vægt, fleksibilitet, etc.1,2,3,4,5 indtil nu, plastsolceller (PSC) med en PCE i mere end 10% er blevet udviklet ved at udnytte de konjugerede polymerer blandet med PC71BM6. Sammenlignet med polymer-baserede PSC'er, lille molekyle-baserede OPVs (SM-OPVs) har tiltrukket mere opmærksomhed når det kommer til at opdigte OPVs på grund af deres mange forskellige fordele, herunder veldefinerede kemiske strukturer, facile syntese og rensning, og generelt højere åbne kredsløb spænding (Voc)7,8,9. På nuværende tidspunkt, en 2-D struktur konjugeret lille molekyle SMPV1 (2,6-Bis[2,5-bis(3-octylrhodanine)-(3,3-dioctyl-2,2':5,2''-terthiophene)]-4,8-bis((5-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene) med BDT-T (benzo [1,2-b:4, 5-b'] dithiophene) som den centrale enhed, og 3-octylrodanine som fratagelse af elektron ende-gruppe10 er blevet udformet og brugt til blanding med PC71BM for lovende bæredygtig OPVs ansøgning. PCE af konventionelle lille molekyle solceller (SM-OPVs) baseret på SMPV1 blandet med PC71BM har nået mere end 8,0%10,11.
I fortiden, kunne PSC'er forbedret og optimeret blot ved at justere tykkelsen af det aktive lag. Men i modsætning til PSC'er, SM-OPVs i almindelighed har en kortere diffusion længde, som stærkt begrænser tykkelsen af det aktive lag. Derfor, for at øge den korte strømtæthed (Jsc) af SM-OPVs, udnytter nano-struktur12 eller NRs9 for at forbedre optisk absorption af SM-OPVs blev nødvendigt.
Blandt disse metoder er anti-refleksion NRs struktur generelt effektivt til lys høst af det aktive lag over en bred vifte af bølgelængder; Derfor, at vide, hvordan at vokse godt justeret lodret orienterede zinkoxid (ZnO) NRs er meget kritisk. Frø lag under laget ZnO NRs overfladeruhed har stor indflydelse på retningen af NN arrays; Derfor, for at deponere godt orienteret NRs, krystallisering af frø lag skal være netop kontrollerede9.
I dette arbejde, er AZO filmene udarbejdet af theRadio-frekvens (RF) sputtering teknik. Sammenlignet med andre teknikker, er RF sputtering kendt for at være en effektiv teknologi, der kan overdrages til industrien for det er en pålidelig deposition teknik, som giver mulighed for syntesen af høj renhed, ensartet, glat og selvbærende AZO tynde film til at vokse over stort område substrater. Udnytte RF sputtering deposition giver mulighed for dannelse af høj kvalitet AZO film, der udviser høj krystallisering med reduceret ruhed af overfladen. Derfor, i den efterfølgende vækst lag, retningslinjerne fra NRs er stærkt justeret, endnu mere så i forhold til ZnO film udarbejdet af metoden sol-gel. Brug af denne teknik, kan PCE inverteret lille molekyle solceller baseret på godt justeret lodret orienterede ZnO NR arrays nå 6,01%.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AZO target</td>
			<td>Ultimate Materials Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>AZO (2 wt% Al2O3 in ZnO) , 3&#8221;&#968;x 3mmt 
			+ 3mmt Cu B/P + Bonding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMPV1</td>
			<td>Luminescence Technology Corp.</td>
			<td>1651168-29-4</td>
			<td>2,6-Bis[2,5-bis(3-octylrhodanine)-(3,3-dioctyl-2,2&#39;:5,2&#39;&#39;-terthiophene)]-4,8-bis((5-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#39;]dithiophene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RF sputtering system</td>
			<td>Kao Duen Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>http://www.kaoduen.com.tw/index.php?action=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc Acetate Dihydrate</td>
			<td>J. T. Baker</td>
			<td>5970456</td>
			<td>4.39 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoethanolamine</td>
			<td>J. T. Baker</td>
			<td>141435</td>
			<td>1.22 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methoxyethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>109864</td>
			<td>40 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate</td>
			<td>J. T. Baker</td>
			<td>10196186</td>
			<td>1.49 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexamethylenetetramine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>100-97-0</td>
			<td>0.7 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indium tin oxide (ITO)</td>
			<td>RiTdisplay</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>coated glass substrates (&#60;10 &#937; sq&#8211;1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AFM</td>
			<td>Veeco</td>
			<td>Innova SPM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SEM</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>Nova 200 NanoSEM</td>
			<td>operation voltage: 10 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XRD</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>D8 X-ray diffractometer</td>
			<td>2&#952; range: 10&#8211;90 &#176;; step size: 0.008 &#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PL</td>
			<td>Horiba</td>
			<td>Jobin-Yvon HR800</td>
			<td>excitation source: 325 nm UV Laser 20 mW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>solar simulator</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>91192A</td>
			<td>AM 1.5G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer</td>
			<td>Keysight Technologies</td>
			<td>Agilent 4156C</td>
			<td>sweep from -1 to +1 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>108-88-3</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC71BM</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>609771-63-3</td>
			<td>11.25 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal evaporation system</td>
			<td>Kao Duen Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>Kao Duen PVD System</td>
			<td>http://www.kaoduen.com.tw/index.php?action=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7647-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MoO3</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>1313-27-5</td>
			<td>99.50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silver ingot</td>
			<td>ADMAT Inc.</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>100.00%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin Film Deposition Controller</td>
			<td>INFICON</td>
			<td>XTC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-corrosion tape (Polyimide Film)</td>
			<td>3M Taiwan Corporation</td>
			<td>none</td>
			<td>http://solutions.3m.com.tw/wps/portal/3M/zh_TW/InsulatingTape/home/product/Polyimide/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spin-coater</td>
			<td>Chemat Technology, Inc</td>
			<td>KW-4A</td>
			<td>http://www.chemat.com/chematscientific/KW-4A.aspx</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

well-aligned vertically oriented zno nanorod arrays and their application in inverted small molecule solar cells

Dette manuskript beskriver, hvordan at designe og fabrikere effektive omvendte solceller, som er baseret på en to-dimensionel konjugeret lille molekyle (SMPV1) og [6,6] - phenyl - C71-smørsyre methylester (PC71BM), ved at udnytte ZnO nanorods (NRs) dyrkes på en høj kvalitet Al-doped ZnO (AZO) frø lag. Inverterede SMPV1:PC71BM solceller med ZnO NRs, der voksede på både en spruttede og sol-gel forarbejdede AZO frø lag er opdigtet. Sammenlignet med den AZO tyndfilm udarbejdet af metoden sol-gel, udstiller sputtered AZO tynd filmen bedre krystallisering og lavere overfladeruhed efter røntgen diffraktion (XRD) og atomic force mikroskop (AFM) målinger. Orientering af ZnO NRs dyrkes på et spruttede AZO frø lag viser bedre lodret justering, som er til gavn for deposition af det efterfølgende aktive lag, danner bedre overflade morfologier. Generelt, den overflade morfologi af det aktive lag primært dominerer udfyldningsfaktor (FF) af enhederne. Derfor kan godt justeret ZnO NRs bruges til at forbedre carrier samling af det aktive lag og øge FF af solceller. Desuden, som en anti-refleksion struktur, kan det også udnyttes til at forbedre lys høst af laget absorption med power conversion effektivitet (PCE) af solceller nå 6,01%, højere end sol-gel-baserede solceller med en effektivitet på 4.74 %.

Den lagdelte struktur af enhederne bestod af en ITO substrat/AZO (40 nm) / ZnO NRs lag, SMPV1:PC71BM (80 nm) / MoO3 (5 nm) /Ag (150 nm) som vist i figur 1. I almindelighed, er AZO eller ZnO frø lag udbredt til at fungere som elektron transport layer (ETL) i PSC'er enheder. Bortset fra PSC'er har SM-OPVs normalt en kortere aktiv lag, begrænset af den kortere diffusion længde8. Derfor, yderligere at forbedre den ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

Godt justeret lodret orienterede ZnO Nanorod Arrays og deres anvendelse i omvendt lille molekyle solceller

Dette manuskript beskriver, hvordan at designe og fabrikere effektive inverteret SMPV1:PC71BM solceller med ZnO nanorods (NRs) dyrkes på en høj kvalitet Al-doped ZnO (AZO) frø lag. Den godt justeret lodret orienterede ZnO NRs udstille høje krystallinske egenskaber. Power conversion effektivitet af solceller kan nå 6,01%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

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Digital udskrivning af titandioxid for Dye sensibiliserede solceller

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Monovalent kation doping af CH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; PBI<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Til Effektive Perovskite solceller

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Elektrospinning af fotokatalytiske elektroder til farvesensibiliserede solceller

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...