Name: reversible cooling-induced deactivations to study cortical contributions to obstacle memory in the walking cat
Uploaded: 2017-12-11T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat at JoVE.com

Vi anerkender taknemmeligt støtte fra den canadiske institutter for sundhedsforskning, naturvidenskab og Engineering Research Rådet i Canada (NSERC) og Canada Foundation for Innovation. C.W. blev støttet af en Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate stipendium (NSERC).

Alle procedurer blev gennemført i overensstemmelse med National Research Council's Guide til pleje og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr (ottende udgave, 2011) og den canadiske Rådet på Animal Care's Guide til pleje og anvendelse af forsøgsdyr (1993), og blev godkendt af University of Western Ontario animalske brug underudvalget Universitet Rådets Animal Care.
Følgende procedure kan anvendes til eksperimenter studerer kortikale bidrag til bevægeapparatet kontrol i den omvandrende kat.
<p cla...

<ol>
	<li>Drew, T., Marigold, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+the+next+step:+cortical+contributions+to+the+control+of+locomotion.">Taking the next step: cortical contributions to the control of locomotion.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 33, 25-33 (2015).</li><li>Takakusaki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiology+of+gait:+From+the+spinal+cord+to+the+frontal+lobe.">Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe.</a> Mov. Disord. 28, 1483-1491 (2013).</li><li>Drew, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+cortical+activity+during+voluntary+gait+modifications+in+the+cat.+I.+cells+related+to+the+forelimbs.">Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. I. cells related to the forelimbs.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 70, 179-199 (1993).</li><li>Beloozerova, I. N., Sirota, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+motor+cortex+in+the+control+of+accuracy+of+locomotor+movements+in+the+cat.">The role of the motor cortex in the control of accuracy of locomotor movements in the cat.</a> J. Physiol. 461, 1-25 (1993).</li><li>McVea, D. A., Taylor, A. J., Pearson, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+working+memories+of+obstacles+established+by+foreleg+stepping+in+walking+cats+require+area+5+of+the+posterior+parietal+cortex.">Long-lasting working memories of obstacles established by foreleg stepping in walking cats require area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 9396-9404 (2009).</li><li>Lajoie, K., Andujar, J. -. E., Pearson, K. G., Drew, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+in+area+5+of+the+posterior+parietal+cortex+in+the+cat+contribute+to+interlimb+coordination+during+visually+guided+locomotion:+a+role+in+working+memory.">Neurons in area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex in the cat contribute to interlimb coordination during visually guided locomotion: a role in working memory.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 103, 2234-2254 (2010).</li><li>Beloozerova, I. N., Sirota, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+motor+and+visual+information+in+the+parietal+area+5+during+locomotion.">Integration of motor and visual information in the parietal area 5 during locomotion.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 90, 961-971 (2003).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Payne, B. R., Horel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cryoloop:+An+adaptable+reversible+cooling+deactivation+method+for+behavioral+or+electrophysiological+assessment+of+neural+function.">The cryoloop: An adaptable reversible cooling deactivation method for behavioral or electrophysiological assessment of neural function.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 86, 179-194 (1999).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Cornwell, P., Sun, J., Macneil, M. A., Payne, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+inactivation+of+visual+processing+operations+in+middle+suprasylvian+cortex+of+the+behaving+cat.">Reversible inactivation of visual processing operations in middle suprasylvian cortex of the behaving cat.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 2999-3003 (1994).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Payne, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+cat+posterior+parietal+cortex+to+visuospatial+discrimination.">Contributions of cat posterior parietal cortex to visuospatial discrimination.</a> Vis. Neurosci. 17, 701-709 (2000).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Malhotra, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+dissociation+of+'what'+and+'where'+processing+in+auditory+cortex.">Double dissociation of 'what' and 'where' processing in auditory cortex.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 11, 609-616 (2008).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Meredith, M. A., Kral, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-modal+plasticity+in+specific+auditory+cortices+underlies+visual+compensations+in+the+deaf.">Cross-modal plasticity in specific auditory cortices underlies visual compensations in the deaf.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 13, 1421-1427 (2010).</li><li>Kok, M. A., Stolzberg, D., Brown, T. A., Lomber, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociable+influences+of+primary+auditory+cortex+and+the+posterior+auditory+field+on+neuronal+responses+in+the+dorsal+zone+of+auditory+cortex.">Dissociable influences of primary auditory cortex and the posterior auditory field on neuronal responses in the dorsal zone of auditory cortex.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 113, 475-486 (2015).</li><li>Carrasco, A., Kok, M. A., Lomber, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+core+auditory+cortex+deactivation+on+neuronal+response+to+simple+and+complex+acoustic+signals+in+the+contralateral+anterior+auditory+field.">Effects of core auditory cortex deactivation on neuronal response to simple and complex acoustic signals in the contralateral anterior auditory field.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 25, 84-96 (2015).</li><li>Coomber, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+inactivation+by+cooling+in+small+animals.">Cortical inactivation by cooling in small animals.</a> Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5, 53 (2011).</li><li>Malmierca, M. S., Anderson, L. A., Antunes, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cortical+modulation+of+stimulus-specific+adaptation+in+the+auditory+midbrain+and+thalamus:+a+potential+neuronal+correlate+for+predictive+coding.">The cortical modulation of stimulus-specific adaptation in the auditory midbrain and thalamus: a potential neuronal correlate for predictive coding.</a> Front. Syst. Neurosci. 9, 19 (2015).</li><li>Antunes, F. M., Malmierca, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+auditory+cortex+deactivation+on+stimulus-specific+adaptation+in+the+medial+geniculate+body.">Effect of auditory cortex deactivation on stimulus-specific adaptation in the medial geniculate body.</a> J. Neurosci. 31, 17306-17316 (2011).</li><li>Peel, T. R., Johnston, K., Lomber, S. G., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+saccadic+deficits+following+large+and+reversible+inactivation+of+unilateral+frontal+eye+field.">Bilateral saccadic deficits following large and reversible inactivation of unilateral frontal eye field.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 111, 415-433 (2014).</li><li>Wong, C., Wong, G., Pearson, K. G., Lomber, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory-guided+stumbling+correction+in+the+hindlimb+of+quadrupeds+relies+on+parietal+area+5.">Memory-guided stumbling correction in the hindlimb of quadrupeds relies on parietal area 5.</a> Cereb. Cortex. , (2016).</li><li>Horsley, V., Clarke, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+function+of+the+cerebellum+examined+by+a+new+method.">The structure and function of the cerebellum examined by a new method.</a> Brain Behav Evol. 31, 45-124 (1908).</li><li>Lomber, S. G., Malhotra, S., Hall, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+specialization+in+non-primary+auditory+cortex+of+the+cat:+areal+and+laminar+contributions+to+sound+localization.">Functional specialization in non-primary auditory cortex of the cat: areal and laminar contributions to sound localization.</a> Hear. Res. 229, 31-45 (2007).</li><li>Johnston, K., Koval, M. J., Lomber, S. G., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macaque+dorsolateral+prefrontal+cortex+does+not+suppress+saccade-related+activity+in+the+superior+colliculus.">Macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not suppress saccade-related activity in the superior colliculus.</a> Cereb. Cortex. 24, 1373-1388 (2014).</li></ol>

Den beskrevne paradigme beskæftiger køling-induceret deaktiveringer af diskrete kortikale områder ved hjælp af cryoloop for at studere hukommelse-styrede hindring bevægelse i katten. Visuelle og taktile hindring hukommelse paradigmer er temmelig simpelt for dyr til at udføre som de udnytter naturalistiske bevægeapparatet adfærd, der opstår med en minimal indsats, når et dyr er motiveret til at følge en bevægende fødekilde. Størstedelen af uddannelsesperioden er således helliget acclimating dyret test være...

På naturalistiske, ujævnt terræn, kan sensoriske oplysninger om en hindring, som kan erhverves via vision eller touch, hurtigt ændre bevægelse for at undgå. Denne omhyggelig koordinering af stepping bevægelser indebærer flere kortikale regioner1,2. For eksempel, har områder af motoriske cortex3,4 og parietal cortex5,6,7 været impliceret i komplekse bevægeapparatet opgaver såsom hindring unddragelse. Quadrupedal dyr udvides trin modulationer kræves for hindring unddragelse til at omfatte både forben og hindlegs. Forsinkes fremadrettet bevægelse mellem de forben og hindleg hindringsfrihed, (der kan opstå som et dyr slidbaner omhyggeligt gennem en kompleks, naturalistiske miljø stalking bytte), er oplysninger om hindring vedligeholdes i hukommelsen brugt til at guide hindleg hen over forhindringen en gang gå CV'er.
Eksperimentelle teknikker har til formål at deaktivere diskrete kortikale områder kan bruges til at studere kortikale bidrag til hukommelse-styrede hindring locomotion. Køling-induceret kortikale deaktivering giver en reversibel, pålidelig og reproducerbar metode til vurdering af kortikale bidrag til en åbenlys adfærd8. Cryoloops fremstillet af rustfri stålrør er formet præcis det kortikale område af interesse, at sikre yderst selektiv og diskrete deaktivering af loci. Når implanteret, kølet methanol pumpes gennem lumen af en cryoloop køler regionen i cortex direkte under loop til < 20 ° C. Under denne kritisk temperatur hæmmes synaptisk transmission i regionen i cortex direkte under sløjfen. Sådanne inaktivering kan vendes ved blot at ophøre med strømmen af methanol. Denne metode har været brugt til at studere kortikale bidrag til sensoriske forarbejdning og adfærd9,10,11,12,13,14,15 , 16 , 17, samt motorstyring saccadic øje bevægelser18 og hukommelse-styrede hindring locomotion19.
Formålet med denne protokol er at bruge reversible køling-induceret deaktiveringer for at vurdere inddragelse af de parietale kortikale områder for bevægeapparatet koordinering i katten. Specifikt, blev hukommelse-styrede hindring bevægelse undersøgt med eller uden aktive parietal cortex. Disse metoder har været anvendt med held påvise rolle af parietal område 5 i hukommelse-styrede hindring unddragelse i den omvandrende kat19.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>IDS Imaging Development Systems GmbH</td>
			<td>Model: UI-5240CP-C-HQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intake tubing</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>25306</td>
			<td>Unflanged end is submerged in the methanol reservoir while the flanged end is connected to the pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump</td>
			<td>Fluid Metering, Inc.</td>
			<td>Model: QG 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nalgene Dewar vacuum flask</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F9401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon tubing</td>
			<td>Ezkem</td>
			<td>A051754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microprobe thermometer</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td>Model: BAT-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flanged tube end fittings</td>
			<td>Valco Instruments Co. Inc.</td>
			<td>CF-1BK</td>
			<td>Assorted colours available for colour coding. Packages include the same number of washers as fittings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washers</td>
			<td>Valco Instruments Co. Inc.</td>
			<td>CF-W1</td>
			<td>Extra washers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flanging kit</td>
			<td>Pro Liquid GmbH</td>
			<td>201553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing connector</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>25323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing cutter</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>25069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male thermocouple connector</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>SMPW-T-M</td>
			<td>Used to make cable connection to thermometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple wire</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>PP-T-24S</td>
			<td>Used to make cable connection to thermometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reversible cooling-induced deactivations to study cortical contributions to obstacle memory in the walking cat

På komplekse, naturalistiske terræn, kan sensoriske oplysninger om en miljømæssig hindring bruges hurtigt justere bevægeapparatet bevægelser til at undgå. For eksempel, i kat, kan visuelle oplysninger om en forestående hindring modulere stepping for unddragelse. Bevægeapparatet tilpasning kan også opstå uafhængigt af vision, som pludselig taktile input til benet af en forventet hindring kan ændre intensivering af alle fire ben for unddragelse. Sådanne komplekse bevægeapparatet koordinering indebærer supraspinal strukturer, såsom den parietale cortex. Denne protokol beskriver brugen af reversibel, køling-induceret kortikale deaktivering at vurdere parietal cortex bidrag til hukommelse-styrede hindring bevægelse i katten. Lille afkøling sløjfer, kendt som cryoloops, er specielt formet til at deaktivere diskrete områder af interesse at vurdere deres bidrag til en åbenlys adfærd. Sådanne metoder har været anvendt til at belyse rollen af parietal område 5 i hukommelse-styrede hindring unddragelse i kat.

Denne protokol har held været anvendt til at undersøge parietal cortex bidrag til hindring hukommelse i den omvandrende kat19. I denne undersøgelse, cryoloops blev implanteret bilateralt over parietale områder 5 og 7 i tre voksen (> 6 måneder) kvindelig katte (figur 5A). Dyrene blev vurderet i den taktile hindring hukommelse paradigme i mangel af afkøling (varme, kontrol tilstand), eller når området 5 eller 7 var bilateralt dea...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat at JoVE.com

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Komplekse bevægelse i naturalistiske miljøer, der kræver omhyggelig koordinering af lemmerne indebærer regioner af parietal cortex. Følgende protokol beskriver brugen af reversibel køling-induceret inaktivering at demonstrere af parietal område 5 i hukommelse-styrede hindring unddragelse i den omvandrende kat rolle.

Vendbar køling-induceret deaktiveringer at studere kortikale bidrag til hindring hukommelse i den omvandrende kat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Stereotaktisk Mikroinjektion af virale vektorer, der udtrykker Cre recombinase at undersøge den rolle, målgener i Kokain Konditioneret Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

En procedure til at undersøge effekten af ​​langvarig mad begrænsning på Heroin Søger i afholdende Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Afsløring beat Døvhed: Afsløring rytmeforstyrrelser med synkroniseret Finger Tapping og Sanselig Timing Opgaver

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

En Kognitiv Paradigm at undersøge interferens i Working Memory af distraktioner og afbrydelser

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Anvendelse af Stereotaktisk injektionsteknik at studere genetiske virkninger på Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Working Memory CABC-WM

Vurdering af arbejdshukommelse hos børn: Det omfattende vurderingsbatteri for børn - Arbejdshukommelse (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Udnytte den modificerede T-Maze for at vurdere funktionelle hukommelse resultater efter hjertestop

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Modificerede blod samling fra hale vener af ikke-bedøvede mus med en vakuum blod System til indsamling og monokel Forstørrelsesglas

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Vurdering af sammenhængen i forældrenes korte fortællinger om deres barn ved hjælp af den fem minutters tale prøve procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Måling af kontaktomkostningerne ved smartphone-brug, mens du går

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...