Name: measuring mrna levels over time during the yeast s. cerevisiae hypoxic response
Uploaded: 2017-08-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response at JoVE.com

Vi takker Lewis-Sigler Institutt for integrerende Genomics sekvensering Core anlegget ved Princeton University for teknisk rådgivning og RNA biblioteket forberedelse og sekvenser. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av tilskudd fra Rowan University og NIH NIGMS R15GM113187 til M.J.H.

1. inducing hypoksi
<ol><li>En dag eller mer før hypoksi time course: Forbered inkubator, filtrering system, vakuum, gass tank, flasker, stoppers, glass rør og rør, som Materialer tabell.</li>
	<li>Plass N2 tank, inkubator, vakuum og filtrering system i nærheten, aktivere rask behandling av celler.</li>
	<li>Forberede sterilt flytende YPD medier (1% gjærekstrakt, 2% pepton, 2% glukose) ved å blande komponenter i en glassflaske og autoklavering.</li>
	<li>Plan layout av flasker i inkuba...

<ol>
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I denne studien mRNA nivåene for alle gener ble målt under hypoksi i gjær S. cerevisiae. Målet var å analysere hvordan global gene expression endringer på grunn av veksten i et kontrollert nær-anoksisk miljø. Flere skritt ble tatt for å sikre at metoden beskrevet her var nøye kontrollert og reproduserbar. Først celler ble utsatt for et presist definert hypoxic miljø: 99,999% N2 i medierik (YPD). Andre studier av hypoksi har stengt kolbe eller tube til luft 32, bruke...

Mange organismer svare hypoksi eller lav O2, ved å endre gene expression 1,2,3. Dette svaret hjelper celler håndtere mangelen på et substrat kritisk for aerobic åndedrett og flere biosyntetiske reaksjoner, men også med en skiftende redoks staten 4. Flere microarray studier utført i S. cerevisiae viser at mRNA nivåene av hundrevis av gener endre svar hypoksi 5,6,7,8,9 , 10 , 11 , 12. nylig RNA-seq ble brukt til å karakterisere gene expression endringer over tid i hypoksi 13. Her, eksperimentelle detaljene blir presentert og drøftet.
Hypoksi kan oppnås på ulike måter, hver produserer et annet nivå av O2. Her, hypoksi ble etablert av kontinuerlig flyt ultra høy renhetsgrad N2 i flasker, som senker [O2] oppløst umiddelbart med reproduserbar kinetics 10. Det er mulig at det er noen O2 molekyler tilstede som bidrar til metabolisme og gene expression men dette miljøet anses svært nær anaerob. I fravær av O2, gjærceller ikke biosynthesize måltema, ergosterol og umettede fettsyrer 4,12,14. Tidligere studier har derfor tatt disse metabolitter som vokser gjær uten oksygen 5,10,15. Men mange hypoxic svar er formidlet av utarming av disse metabolitter og dermed fylle dem reverserer hypoxic gene expression svar 12,16. For å etterligne naturlig hypoksi, ble disse metabolitter ikke lagt til media. På kort tid at celler ble utsatt for hypoksi uten tilstedeværelse av disse viktige metabolitter, var det ingen merkbar økning i celledød (data ikke vist) eller en langvarig stress respons 13.
Svaret er også avhengig av belastningen og dens genotype. Spesielt viktig er alleler av kjente regulatorer hypoxic svar 2. S288C belastning bakgrunnen er svært ønskelig slik at resultatene kan sammenlignes med andre genomisk studier utført med denne belastningen. S288C inneholder imidlertid en delvis tap av funksjon allelet av i HAP1 gen 17, en transcriptional regulator som er kritiske for hypoxic respons. Denne allelet ble reparert i S288C bruker en wildtype Kopier fra Σ1278b press bakgrunn 11.
Genuttrykk er svært avhengig av mobilnettet miljø. Dermed når du utfører genomet hele mRNA analyse, er det viktig å opprettholde et konstant miljø mens varierende en annen parameter som tid, stimulans eller genotype. For å oppnå svært reproduserbar resultater, kan du vurdere disse tre metodene for studier og alle dens biologiske eller teknisk gjentak. Først skal den samme experimenter(s) utføre studien, siden tekniske praksis kan variere mellom forskere. Andre burde samme gruppe av ingredienser bli brukt i vekst medier for hver gruppe har en litt annen sammensetning som kan påvirke genuttrykk. Tredje, for å minimere celle syklus effekter, hvert punkt bør bestå av asynkrone celler i midten av Logg fasen av vekst (1-2 x 107 celler/mL).
Når karakterisere komplekse svar som gene expression svaret hypoksi, er en gang løpet fordelaktig for å bestemme the kinetics av ulike arrangementer. Bestemt tidspunkt bør velges som vil fange de store endringene av svaret. I denne studien ble tidspunkt mellom 0 og 4 h observert, fordi siste eksperimenter avdekket omfattende endringer i genuttrykk under denne perioden 13.
For å måle globale genuttrykk, var RNA-seq brukt 18,19. Denne metoden bruker neste generasjons sekvensering for å bestemme den relative overfloden av hver genet transkripsjon. Sammenlignet DNA microarray analyse, utstillinger RNA-seq høyere følsomhet (å oppdage mindre rikelig transkripsjoner), større dynamisk område (for å måle større fold endringer) og overlegen reproduserbarhet (å nøyaktig følge genuttrykk over tid). Mest mobilnettet RNA er vanligvis ribosomal RNA så mange metoder har blitt utviklet for å berike for bestemte RNA arter 20. Her, poly-T perler ble brukt til å rense poly-A-inneholder mRNA transkripsjoner, skjønt de ulike kommersielt - tilgjengelig rRNA uttømming kits kan også være effektiv i mRNA berikelse.
Her, var S. cerevisiae gene expression svaret hypoksi preget. Cellene ble utsatt for hypoksi og deretter samplet på åtte tidspunkt (0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180 og 240 min). Bekrefte reproduserbarhet og identifisere statistisk endret transkripsjoner, ble tre biologiske gjentak utført. RNA ble hentet av mekanisk avbrudd og kolonnen rensing, og deretter behandlet for RNA-seq analyse. Etter sekvensering rørledningen er beskrevet og programmering skript er angitt som tillater nøyaktig replikering av analysene utført. Spesielt ble Trimmomatic 21, TopHat2 22, HTseq 23, R statistiske miljø 24og DESeq2 pakken 25 brukt til å behandle RNA-seq data og identifisere 607 gener som endres vesentlig i løpet hypoksi. Viktigste komponenten analyse (PCA) og genuttrykk av replikat angitt reproduserbarhet av teknikken. Klynger og heatmaps avdekket omfattende uttrykk kinetikk, mens gene ontologi (gå) analyse viste at mange mobilnettet prosesser som aerobic åndedrett, er beriket i settet med oksygen regulert gener.

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:292px;">Enclosed dry incubator</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MaxQ 4000</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Set at 30&#176;C. Modify the door to allow entry of one Tygon tube. Alternatively, use the New Brunswick G25 incubator, which contains a tube port. Do not use an open-air water shaker, as condensation will collect in the tubes between flasks, possibly cross-contaminating cultures.</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:292px;">Micro-analysis Filter Holder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">XX1002530</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">25mm diameter, stainless steel support, no. 5 perforated silicone stopper mounts in standard 125mL filtering flask</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:292px;">Strong vacuum</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Edwards</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E-LAB 2</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">The &#8220;house&#8221; vacuum may be too weak. Alternatively, use an electric-power portable vacuum pump like the one listed here.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">1000-mL flask</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">To act as vacuum trap.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:292px;">~2-foot lengths of Heavy Wall Vacuum Tubing, inner diameter 3/8 in, outer diameter 7/8 in</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Tygon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">38TT</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Two pieces: the first connects vacuum to trap, and the second connects trap to filter system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">High-pressure N2 gas tank</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">99.999% purity, &#62;1000psi, with a regulator and gas flow controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Autoclaved 500mL flask</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Opening covered with aluminum foil. One for each yeast strain.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Autoclaved 250mL flasks</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Openings covered with aluminum foil. One for each time point plus two for water traps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Flask stoppers (size 6, two holes with 5mm diameter)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Sterilized with 70% ethanol. One for each flask.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:292px;">Glass tubing, length 9 cm or 17 cm, inner diameter 2 mm, outer diameter 5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Sterilized with 70% ethanol. Two tubes for each flask. Place into the holes of each stopper. See Figure 1 for placement of 9- vs 17- cm tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">~25-cm lengths of plastic tubing, inner diameter 5 mm</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Tygon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E-3603</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">One piece for each flask. Sterilized with 70% ethanol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Sterile filter discs</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HAWP02500</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">25mm diameter, 0.45 &#181;m pore size, one for each time point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:292px;">Sterile dH2O (~100mL)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">1-mL cuvettes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">For measuring OD600 (i.e., cell concentration)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">50-mL sterile centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">One for each time point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Clean and sterile tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">For freezing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">acid-washed beads</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G8772</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Keep at 4&#176;C for lysing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">74104</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">For RNA column purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Qiagen RLT buffer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Prepare by adding 10&#181;L of &#946;-Mercaptoethanol per 1mL of RLT buffer, keep at 4C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-mL collection tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">included in the Qiagen Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Buffer RPE</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">included in the Qiagen Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Buffer RW1</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">included in the Qiagen Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:292px;">DNase I stock and working solutions</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">79254</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">The DNase I enzyme comes as lyophilized powder in a glass vial. Using a sterile needle and syringe, inject 550&#181;L of RNase-free water (provided in Qiagen kit) into the vial. Mix by gently inverting the bottle. To avoid denaturing the enzyme, do not vortex. Using a pipet, remove this stock solution from the vial and store in freezer (-20&#176;C) in single-use aliquots (80&#181;L each). The stock solution should not be thawed and refrozen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Buffer RDD</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">included in the Qiagen DNase Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Ice cold 2-mL screw-cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">For lysing cells during RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">bead mill homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Biospec Mini-Beadbeater-24</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">112011</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Keep in cold room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DF0118</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for liquid YPD media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DF0886</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for liquid YPD media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">glucose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D16</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for liquid YPD media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Qubit assay tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32856</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for measuring nucleic acid concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Quant-iTTM dsDNA BR Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32853</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for measuring nucleic acid concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Quant-iTTM RNA Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q32855</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for measuring nucleic acid concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Q33216</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for measuring nucleic acid concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Commercial electrophoresis system</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>Bioanalyzer 2100</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for measuring nucleic acid quality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Next-generation sequencer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HiSeq 2500</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for sequencing libraries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">automated liquid handling system</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Wafergen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Apollo 324</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for creating sequencing libraries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">PrepX PolyA mRNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Wafergen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">400047</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for isolating mRNA from total RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">PrepX RNA SEQ for Illumina Library Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Wafergen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">400039</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">for creating strand-specific sequencing libraries from total RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:292px;">Barcode Splitter</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/repository?repository_id=7119c4f7a89efa57&#38;changeset_revision=e7b7cdc1834d</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Samtools, which includes the gzip command</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">http://www.htslib.org/download/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Trimmomatic</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">http://www.usadellab.org/cms/?page=trimmomatic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:292px;">Bowtie2 (installed before TopHat)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/bowtie2/index.shtml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">TopHat</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/index.shtml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">HTSeq</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">http://www-huber.embl.de/HTSeq/doc/overview.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">R (installed before R Studio)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">https://cran.rstudio.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">R Studio (free version)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:380px;">https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring mrna levels over time during the yeast s. cerevisiae hypoxic response

Omfattende endringer i genuttrykk megle vanligvis en stor del av en cellulær respons. Hver genet kan endre uttrykk med unike kinetics genet er regulert av bestemt tidspunktet for en av mange stimuli, signalnettverk trasé eller sekundære effekter. For å fange opp hele genet ble uttrykk svar hypoksi i gjær S. cerevisiae, RNA-seq analyse brukt til å overvåke mRNA nivåene av alle gener til bestemte tider etter eksponering for hypoksi. Hypoksi ble etablert av voksende celler i ~ 100% N2 gass. Viktigere, i motsetning til andre hypoxic studier, ble ergosterol og umettede fettsyrer ikke lagt til media fordi disse metabolitter påvirker genuttrykk. Tidspunkt ble valgt i området 0 - 4 h etter hypoksi fordi denne perioden fanger opp de store endringene i genuttrykk. På hvert punkt, midt Logg hypoxic celler var raskt filtrert og frosset, begrense eksponering for O2 og samtidig endringer i genuttrykk. Totalt RNA ble Hentet fra celler og brukes til å berike for mRNA, som ble deretter konvertert til cDNA. Fra denne cDNA, multiplex biblioteker ble opprettet og åtte eller mer ble sekvensert i ett kjørefelt av en neste generasjons sequencer. En post sekvensering rørledning er beskrevet, som inkluderer kvalitet base trimming, lese kartlegging og bestemme antall leser per genet. DESeq2 i R statistiske miljøet ble brukt til å identifisere tilblivelse det endres vesentlig på ett av punktene hypoxic tid. Analyse av tre biologiske replikat viste høy reproduserbarhet, gener av ulike kinetics og mange forventet O2-regulert gener. Disse metodene kan brukes til å studere hvordan cellene av ulike organismer reagerer hypoksi over tid og tilpasset for å studere genuttrykk under andre cellulære svar.

Hypoksi tid kurset og RNA-seq analyse var utført uavhengig tre ganger. For å undersøke reproduserbarhet av de tre replikat, ble genuttrykk data for alle gener analysert ved hjelp av viktigste komponenten analyse (PCA). Figur 2 viser hvordan prøvene endres over de to første viktigste komponentene, som sammen representerer 58.9% av variasjon. Denne analysen indikerte at hver gang løpet viser lignende endringer (som avbildet av lignende form av hver kurve)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response at JoVE.com

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Her presenterer vi en protokollen ved hjelp av RNA-seq overvåke mRNA nivåer over tid under hypoxic svaret S. cerevisiae celler. Denne metoden kan tilpasses til å analysere genuttrykk under en cellulær respons.

Måle mRNA nivåer Over tid under gjær S. cerevisiae Hypoxic svaret

Complex changes in gene expression typically mediate a large portion of a cellular response. Each gene may change expression with unique kinetics as the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genom-brede kartlegging av protein-DNA-interaksjoner med ChEC-seq i<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident ...

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

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Bestemmelse av den optimale Chromosomal plassering(er) gir et DNA i Escherichia coli bruker en ny Transposon-mediert tilnærming

The optimal chromosomal position(s) of a given DNA element was/were determined by transposon-mediated random insertion followed by fitness selection. In ...

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Kvantifisering av informasjonen kodet av Gene Expression nivåer under levetid modulering Under bredt kosttilskudd restriksjon i C. elegans

Sensory systems allow animals to detect, process, and respond to their environment. Food abundance is an environmental cue that has profound effects on ...

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Måle genuttrykk i bombet Bygg Aleurone lag med økt gjennomstrømming

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for ...

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Analyse i sanntid av transkripsjon faktor bindende, transkripsjon, oversettelse og omsetning vise globale hendelser under aktivering

Upon activation, cells rapidly change their functional programs and, thereby, their gene expression profile. Massive changes in gene expression occur, for ...

Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System (REQS)

Measuring Exercise Levels in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Rotating Exercise Quantification System REQS

Måle trening nivåer i Drosophila melanogaster bruke den roterende øvelse kvantifisering System (REQS)

Drosophila melanogaster is a new model organism for studies in exercise biology. To date, two main exercise systems, the Power Tower and the Treadwheel ...

Mating-based Overexpression Library Screening in Yeast

Parring-baserte overuttrykte biblioteket Screening i gjær

Budding yeast has been widely used as a model in studying proteins associated with human diseases. Genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful tool ...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Labeling with 4-thiouracil and the Quantification of Newly Synthesized mRNA As a Proxy for RNA Polymerase II Activity

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolsk merking med 4-thiouracil og kvantifisering av nylig syntetisert mRNA som en Proxy for RNA Polymerase II aktivitet

Global defects in RNA polymerase II transcription might be overlooked by transcriptomic studies analyzing steady-state RNA. Indeed, the global decrease in ...

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

Bruke i Vitro og i celle form å undersøke små molekyl indusert Pre-mRNA strukturelle endringer

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences ...

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Karakterisere Histone post-translasjonell modifikasjon endringer i gjær nevrodegenerative Proteinopathy modeller

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...