Name: a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-01-17T10:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

Vi takker Shigeo Kita for hans værdifulde forslag og diskussion. Vi takker også John og Sumire Eckstein for deres kritiske læsning af manuskriptet.

Bemærk: De prøver, der anvendes i denne undersøgelse var mikroorganismer, hurtigt frosset med propan i flydende kvælstof, fryse erstattede i acetone indeholdende 2% osmium dinitrogentetraoxid, og indlejret i epoxy harpiks1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,<su...

<ol>
	<li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+duplicates+in+early+G1+phase+in+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis:+an+ultrastructural+study.">The spindle pole body duplicates in early G1 phase in a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis: an ultrastructural study.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 279, 71-79 (2002).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+to+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis: variation in morphology and positional relationship to the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> Eur. J. Cell Biol. 82, 531-538 (2003).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+dynamic+ultrastructure+of+yeast+cells+by+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative and dynamic ultrastructure of yeast cells by electron microscopy.</a> Recent Res. Dev. Microbiology. 8, 219-243 (2004).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Ohkusu, M., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans+examined+by+freeze-substitution+electron+microscopy.">Dynamics of the spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans examined by freeze-substitution electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296, 257-265 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+with+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: variation in morphology and positional relationship with the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 59, 165-172 (2010).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Exophiala+yeast+cells+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Exophiala yeast cells determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Trends Microbiol. 2, 1-12 (2006).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 60, 321-335 (2011).</li><li>Biswas, S. K., Yamaguchi, M., Naoe, N., Takashima, T., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+three-dimensional+structural+analysis+of+Exophiala+dermatitidis+yeast+cells+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning.">Quantitative three-dimensional structural analysis of Exophiala dermatitidis yeast cells by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 52, 133-143 (2003).</li><li>Yamada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+Escherichia+coli.+cells+by+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+reveals+the+precise+cell+profiles+and+the+ribosome+density.">Structome analysis of Escherichia coli. cells by serial ultrathin sectioning reveals the precise cell profiles and the ribosome density.</a> Microscopy. 66, 283-294 (2017).</li><li>Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, M., Chikamatsu, K., Aono, A., Mitarai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+virulent+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis,+which+survives+with+only+700+ribosomes+at+density+per+0.1+fl+cytoplasm.">Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes at density per 0.1 fl cytoplasm.</a> PLoS ONE. 10, e0117109 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-voltage+electron+microscopy+tomography+and+structome+analysis+of+unique+spiral+bacteria+from+the+deep+sea.">High-voltage electron microscopy tomography and structome analysis of unique spiral bacteria from the deep sea.</a> Microscopy. 65, 363-369 (2016).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryote+or+eukaryote?+A+unique+microorganism+from+the+deep-sea.">Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep-sea.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 61, 423-431 (2012).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning+of+the+Myojin+parakaryote+discovered+in+the+deep+sea.">Ultrathin sectioning of the Myojin parakaryote discovered in the deep sea.</a> Cytologia. 78, 333-334 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Worman, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep-sea+microorganisms+and+the+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell.">Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell.</a> Jpn. J. Protozool. 47, 29-48 (2014).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+microorganisms:+from+influenza+virus+to+deep-sea+microorganisms.">An electron microscopic study of microorganisms: from influenza virus to deep-sea microorganisms.</a> JSM Mycotoxins. 65, 81-99 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Okada, H., Namiki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smart+specimen+preparation+for+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+of+yeast+cells.">Smart specimen preparation for freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning of yeast cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 58, 261-266 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Suzuki, Y., Furukawa, H., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis+cell+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis cell by freeze-substitution and serial sectioning electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219, 17-21 (2003).</li><li>Kozubowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ordered+kinetochore+assembly+in+the+human+pathogenic+basidiomycetous+yeast,+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Ordered kinetochore assembly in the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> mBio. 4, e00614-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Adachi, K., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specimen+support.">Specimen support.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 52-57 (2011).</li><li>Hayat, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+films.">Support films.</a> Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Application. , 216 (2000).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Kita, S., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning.">Ultrathin sectioning.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 40-52 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Aoyama, T., Yamada, N., Chibana, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity+of+the+plasma-polymerized+naphthalene+film+(Super+support+film)+and+other+support+films+and+grids+in+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative measurement of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the plasma-polymerized naphthalene film (Super support film) and other support films and grids in electron microscopy.</a> Microscopy. 65, 444-450 (2016).</li><li>Kita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+method+for+obtaining+serial+ultrathin+sections+using+new+small+tools.">Reliable method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections using new small tools.</a> Kenbikyo. 46, 253-257 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Shimizu, M., Yamaguchi, T., Ohkusu, M., Kawamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+use+of+uranyl+acetate+solution+in+section+staining+in+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Repeated use of uranyl acetate solution in section staining in transmission electron microscopy.</a> Plant Morphology. 17, 57-59 (2005).</li><li>Hayworth, K. J., Kasthuri, N., Schalek, R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automating+the+collection+of+ultrathin+serial+sections+for+large+volume+TEM+reconstructions.">Automating the collection of ultrathin serial sections for large volume TEM reconstructions.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 12, 86-87 (2006).</li><li>Hildebrand, D. G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+serial-section+electron+microscopy+in+larval+zebrafish.">Whole-brain serial-section electron microscopy in larval zebrafish.</a> Nature. 545, 345-349 (2017).</li><li>Denk, W., Horstmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+block-face+scanning+electron+microscopy+to+reconstruct+three-dimensional+tissue+nanostructure.">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure.</a> PLoS Biol. 2, e329 (2004).</li><li>Heymann, J. A. 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Metoden præsenteres her kræver ikke dyrt udstyr. Det kræver kun en aluminium rack (figur 3), tre-spalten gitre (figur 6 c), afsnit-bedrift loops (figur 10a), vand-overflade-raising loop (fig. 11a) og en farvning røret (Figur 13). Der er mange funktioner i den aktuelle metode. Den store del af modellen bruges til at justere modellen overflade og kniv kanten, så de står...

Korrekt seriel ultratynde skæring teknik er uundværlig til at studere celler og celle komponenter tre dimensioner på elektron mikroskopisk plan. Vi har studeret dynamikken i spindel pole krop i celle cyklus af gærceller, og afsløret morfologiske ændringer af deres ultrastruktur under cellecyklus og tidspunktet for dobbeltarbejde1,2,3, 4,5. I 2006, vi opfandt et nyt ord 'structome' ved at kombinere 'struktur' og '-ome', og definerede det som 'kvantitative og tre-dimensionelle strukturelle oplysninger af en hele cellen på elektron mikroskopisk plan' 6,7.
Af structome analyse, som kræver serial ultratynde skæring teknik, konstateredes det, at en gær celle af Saccharomyces cerevisiae og Exophiala dermatitidis havde omkring 200.000 ribosomer7,8, en Escherichia coli celle havde 26.000 ribosomer9, en Mycobacterium tuberculosis celle fået 1.700 ribosomer10 og Myojin spiral bakterier havde kun 300 ribosomer11. Disse oplysninger er nyttige i ikke kun estimering vækstrate i hver organisme, men også i identifikation af arter9.
Yderligere, structome analyse førte til opdagelsen af en ny organisme; Parakaryon myojinensis blev fundet i det dybe hav ud for kysten af Japan, hvis cellestruktur var en mellemting mellem dem i prokaryoter og eukaryoter12,13,14,15. I øjeblikket er seriel ultratynde skæring teknik anses for at være så svært, at det ville tage lang tid at mestre. I denne undersøgelse, har vi udviklet en pålidelig metode, hvor nogen kan udføre seriel ultratynde skæring uden besvær.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Formvar making apparatus</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>652</td>
			<td>W 180 x D 180 x H 300 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Co. Ltd., Osaka</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>76 x 26 x 1.3 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum rack with 4-mm holes</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>658</td>
			<td>W 30 x D 25 x H 3 mm, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SMZ 645</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SM-LW 61 Ji</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Tilting mechanism equipped, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic trimming blade</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>5240</td>
			<td>EM-240, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for trimming</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for ultrathin sectioning</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ultracut S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesa cut</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Neoprene W solution</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit nickel grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2458</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit copper grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2459</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section-holding loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>526</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-surface-raising loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>527</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining tube</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>463</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-specimen holder</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EM-11170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy

Observere celler og celle komponenter i tre dimensioner med høj forstørrelse i transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi kræver forberedelse seriel ultratynde dele af modellen. Selvom forbereder seriel ultratynde afsnit anses for at være meget vanskeligt, er det ret nemt, hvis den rette metode bruges. I dette papir vise vi en trinvis procedure for sikkert at opnå seriel ultratynde sektioner af mikroorganismer. De centrale punkter i denne metode er: 1) til at bruge den store del af prøven og justere modellen overflade og kniv kanten, så de er parallelle med hinanden; 2) at skære seriel sektioner i grupper og undgå problemer med adskiller sektioner ved hjælp af et par af hår tråde, når du henter en gruppe af serielle sektioner på slids gitre; 3) til at bruge en sektion-bedrift loop og undgå at blande rækkefølgen af sektionsgrupper; 4) at bruge en 'vand-overflade-raising loop"og sørg for sektionerne er placeret på toppen af vandet og at de rører gitteret først, for at placere dem i den ønskede position på Grid-net; 5) at bruge støtte filmen på en aluminium rack og gøre det lettere at inddrive sektioner på nettene og undgå rynker på filmens støtte; og 6) til at bruge en farvnings-rør og undgå ved et uheld bryde støtte film med pincet. Denne nye metode gør det muligt at opnå seriel ultratynde sektioner uden besvær. Metoden gør det muligt at analysere cellestrukturer af mikroorganismer i høj opløsning i 3D, som ikke kan opnås ved hjælp af automatiske indsamling af tape ultramicrotome metode og seriel blok-ansigt eller fokuseret ion beam scanning Elektron Mikroskopi.

I denne protokol anvendtes tre slids gitre for opsamle seriel sektioner. Gitrene er lavet af nikkel og kobber. De serielle sektioner er placeret på den midterste spalte. Spalter på begge sider er nødvendige for at se afsnittene når afhente dem med gitteret. For at holde gitrene parallelt med seriel sektioner, når picking dem med pincet (Figur 11 d), håndtaget er bøjet (figur 6 c, højre). Et lille håndtag er fordelagtige ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy

Denne undersøgelse præsenterer pålidelige og lette procedurerne for opnåelse af serielle ultratynde sektioner af en mikroorganisme uden dyrt udstyr i transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi.

En metode til at indhente seriel ultratynde sektioner af mikroorganismer i transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi

Observing cells and cell components in three dimensions at high magnification in transmission electron microscopy requires preparing serial ultrathin ...

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Encifrede Nanometer Electron-Beam litografi med en Aberration-korrigeret Scanning transmissions elektron mikroskop

We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ...

Graphene-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy of AlN Film on Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrate for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

Graphene-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy af AlN Film på Nano-mønstrede Sapphire Substrat for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

This protocol demonstrates a method for graphene-assisted quick growth and coalescence of AlN on nano-pattened sapphire substrate (NPSS). Graphene layers ...

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Mikroskopi med biasing og fremstilling af asymmetriske overliggere baseret på blandet faset en-VOx

Resistive switching crossbar architecture is highly desired in the field of digital memories due to low cost and high-density benefits. Different ...

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Udførelse in situ lukket celle gasreaktioner i transmissionselektronmikroskopet

Gas reactions studied by in situ electron microscopy can be used to capture the real-time morphological and microchemical transformations of materials at ...